Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
April-2023 Volume 25 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2023 Volume 25 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Metagenomic next‑generation sequencing of BALF for the clinical diagnosis of severe community‑acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: A single‑center study

  • Authors:
    • Xiaohui Zhang
    • Yuhong Qin
    • Wei Lei
    • Jian-An Huang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China, Clinical Laboratory Center, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Soochow, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
  • Article Number: 178
    |
    Published online on: March 10, 2023
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.11877
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The diagnostic methods of conventional microbiological tests (CMTs) for severe community‑acquired pneumonia (SCAP) may be too complicated or impossible to use in polymicrobial infections, and it may be difficult to identify unexpected pathogens. CMTs are also limited due to the early application of broad‑spectrum or prophylactic antimicrobial drugs and the fastidious or slow‑growing pathogenic microorganisms. The present study aimed to investigate the value of mNGS compared with CMTs in the clinical diagnosis of SCAP in immunocompromised individuals. Therefore, 37 patients diagnosed with SCAP in immunocompromised adult patients were enrolled from the Respiratory Intensive Care Unit of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (Soochow, China) between May 1, 2019, and March 30, 2022. A bronchoalveolar lavage fluid sample from each individual was divided in half. Half was sent to the microbiology laboratory directly for examination, and the other one was sent for DNA extraction and sequencing. In addition, other relevant specimens (such as blood) were sent for CMTs, including culture or smear, T‑spot, acid‑fast stain, antigen detection, multiplex PCR and direct microscopic examination. Based on a composite reference standard, the diagnostic outcomes were compared between CMTs and mNGS. Among the enrolled patients, 31 patients were diagnosed with microbiologically confirmed pneumonia, with 16 (43.2%) having monomicrobial infections, while 15 (40.5%) had polymicrobial infections. Fungi were the most common etiologic pathogens in immunosuppressive individuals. Pneumocystis jirovecii (45.9%) and Aspergillus spp. (18.9%) were the most common etiologic pathogens. Initial screening test validity of mNGS [sensitivity=96.8%; specificity=33.3%; positive predictive value (PPV)=88.2%; negative predictive value (NPV)=66.6%; likelihood ratio (LR)+, 1.45; LR‑, 0.10) was higher compared with that of CMTs (sensitivity=38.7%; specificity=82.3; PPV=92.3%; NPV=20.8%; LR+, 2.3; LR‑, 0.74). The total diagnostic accuracy of mNGS was superior to CMTs and it was statistically significantly different [86.5% (32/37) vs. 45.9% (17/37); P<0.001]. In conclusion, the total diagnostic accuracy of mNGS was superior to CMTs for SCAP in immunocompromised patients as an important diagnostic method.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Spasovska K, Grozdanovski K, Milenkovic Z, Bosilkovski M, Cvetanovska M, Kuzmanovski N, Kapsarov K and Atanasovska E: Evaluation of severity scoring systems in patients with severe community acquired pneumonia. Rom J Intern Med. 59:394–402. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Qu J, Zhang J, Chen Y, Huang Y, Xie Y, Zhou M, Li Y, Shi D, Xu J, Wang Q, et al: Etiology of severe community acquired pneumonia in adults identified by combined detection methods: A multi-center prospective study in China. Emerg Microbes Infect. 11:556–566. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Lopardo GD, Fridman D, Raimondo E, Albornoz H, Lopardo A, Bagnulo H, Goleniuk D, Sanabria M and Stamboulian D: Incidence rate of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: A population based prospective active surveillance study in three cities in South America. BMJ. 8(e019439)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Quah J, Jiang B, Tan PC, Siau C and Tan TY: Impact of microbial Aetiology on mortality in severe community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis. 18(451)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Wu XJ, Gu SC, Cai Y, Zhai TS and Zhan QY: Etiology of severe community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 44:892–896. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In Chinese).

6 

Montull B, Menendez R, Torres A, Reyes S, Mendez R, Zalacain R, Capelastegui A, Rajas O, Borderías L, Martin-Villasclaras J, et al: Predictors of severe sepsis among patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS One. 11(e0145929)2016.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ewig S, Birkner N, Strauss R, Schaefer E, Pauletzki J, Bischoff H, Schraeder P, Welte T and Hoeffken G: New perspectives on community-acquired pneumonia in 388 406 patients. Results from a nationwide mandatory performance measurement programme in healthcare quality. Thorax. 64:1062–1069. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Miao Q, Ma Y, Wang Q, Pan J, Zhang Y, Jin W, Yao Y, Su Y, Huang Y, Wang M, et al: Microbiological diagnostic performance of metagenomic next-generation sequencing when applied to clinical practice. Clin Infect Dis. 67 (Suppl 2):S231–S240. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Gu W, Miller S and Chiu CY: Clinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing for pathogen detection. Annu Rev Pathol. 14:319–338. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Simnera PJ, Miller S and Carroll KC: Understanding the promises and hurdles of metagenomic next-generation sequencing as a diagnostic tool for infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 66:778–788. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Wilson MR, O'Donovan BD, Gelfand JM, Sample HA, Chow FC, Betjemann JP, Shah MP, Richie MB, Gorman MP, Hajj-Ali RA, et al: Chronic meningitis investigated via metagenomic next-generation sequencing. JAMA Neurol. 75:947–955. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Goldberg B, Sichtig H, Geyer C, Ledeboer N and Weinstock GM: Making the leap from research laboratory to clinic: Challenges and opportunities for next-generation sequencing in infectious disease diagnostics. MBio. 6:e01888–e018815. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Schlaberg R, Chiu CY, Miller S, Procop GW and Weinstock G: Professional Practice Committee and Committee on Laboratory Practices of the American Society for Microbiology; Microbiology Resource Committee of the College of American Pathologists. Validation of metagenomic next-generation sequencing tests for universal pathogen detection. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 141:776–786. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Wilson MR, Sample HA, Zorn KC, Arevalo S, Yu G, Neuhaus J, Federman S, Stryke D, Briggs B, Langelier C, et al: Clinical metagenomic sequencing for diagnosis of meningitis and encephalitis. N Engl J Med. 380:2327–2340. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Simner PJ, Miller HB, Breitwieser FP, Pinilla Monsalve G, Pardo CA, Salzberg SL, Sears CL, Thomas DL, Eberhart CG and Carroll KC: Development and optimization of metagenomic next-generation sequencing methods for cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics. J Clin Microbiol. 56:e00472–18. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Zhang Y, Ai JW, Cui P, Zhang WH, Wu HL and Ye MZ: A cluster of cases of pneumocystis pneumonia identified by shotgun metagenomics approach. J Infect. 78:158–169. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Pan T, Tan R, Qu H, Weng X, Liu Z, Li M and Liu J: Next-generation sequencing of the BALF in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. J Infect. 79:61–74. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Blauwkamp TA, Thair S, Rosen MJ, Blair L, Lindner MS, Vilfan LD, Kawli T, Christians FC, Venkatasubrahmanyam S, Wall GD, et al: Analytical and clinical validation of a microbial cell-free DNA sequencing test for infectious disease. Nat Microbiol. 4:663–674. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Ivy MI, Thoendel MJ, Jeraldo PR, Greenwood-Quaintance KE, Hanssen AD, Abdel MP, Chia N, Yao JZ, Tande AJ, Mandrekar JN and Patel R: Direct detection and identification of prosthetic joint infection pathogens in synovial fluid by metagenomic shotgun sequencing. J Clin Microbiol. 56:e00402–18. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Burnham P, Dadhania D, Heyang M, Chen F, Westblade LF, Suthanthiran M, Lee JR and De Vlaminck I: Urinary cell-free DNA is a versatile analyte for monitoring infections of the urinary tract. Nat Commun. 9(2412)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Cao B, Huang Y, She DY, Cheng QJ, Fan H, Tian XL, Xu JF, Zhang J, Chen Y, Shen N, et al: Diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Chinese Thoracic Society, Chinese Medical Association. Clin Respir J. 12:1320–1360. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Peng JM, Du B, Qin HY, Wang Q and Shi Y: Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the diagnosis of suspected pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. J Infect. 82:22–27. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Chen X, Ding SZ, Lei C, Qin JL, Guo T, Yang DH, Yang M, Qing J, He WL, Song M, et al: Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing in pneumonia. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2020(6839103)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Li Y, Sun B, Tang X, Liu YL, He HY, Li XY, Wang R, Guo F and Tong ZH: Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing for bronchoalveolar lavage diagnostics in critically ill patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 39:369–374. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Zhang P, Chen Y, Li S, Li C, Zhang S, Zheng W, Chen Y, Ma J, Zhang X, Huang Y and Liu S: Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for the clinical diagnosis and prognosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by severe pneumonia: A retrospective study. PeerJ. 8(e9623)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Phua J, Ngerng W, See K, Tay C, Kiong T, Lim H, Chew M, Yip H, Tan A, Khalizah H, et al: Characteristics and outcomes of culture-negative versus culture-positive severe sepsis. Crit Care. 17(R202)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Han D, Li Z, Li R, Tan P, Zhang R and Li JM: mNGS in clinical microbiology laboratories: On the road to maturity. Crit Rev Microbiol. 45:668–685. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Duan H, Li X, Mei A, Li P, Liu Y, Li X, Li W, Wang C and Xie S: The diagnostic value of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in infectious diseases. BMC Infect Dis. 21(62)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Grumaz S, Stevens P, Grumaz C, Decker SO, Weigand MA, Hofer S, Brenner T, von Haeseler A and Sohn K: Next-generation sequencing diagnostics of bacteremia in septic patients. Genome Med. 8(73)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Abril MK, Barnett AS, Wegermann K, Fountain E, Strand A, Heyman BM, Blough BA, Swaminathan AC, Sharma-Kuinkel B, Ruffin F, et al: Diagnosis of capnocytophaga canimorsus sepsis by whole-genome next-generation sequencing. Open Forum Infect Dis. 3(ofw144)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Wu X, Li Y, Zhang M, Li M, Zhang R, Lu X, Gao W and Li Q, Xia Y, Pan P and Li Q: Etiology of Severe community-acquired pneumonia in adults based on metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A prospective multicenter study. Infect Dis Ther. 9:1003–1015. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Sun T, Wu X, Cai Y, Zhai T, Huang L, Zhang Y and Zhan Q: Metagenomic next-generation sequencing for pathogenic diagnosis and antibiotic management of severe community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised adults. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 11(661589)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Griffiths P and Reeves M: Pathogenesis of human cytomegalovirus in the immunocompromised host. Nat Rev Microbiol. 19:759–773. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Lee ARYB, Wong SY, Chai LYA, Lee SC, Lee MX, Muthiah MD, Tay SH, Teo CB, Tan BKJ, Chan YH, et al: Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 376(e068632)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Fulkerson HL, Nogalski MT, Collins-McMillen D and Yurochko AD: Overview of human cytomegalovirus pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol. 2244:1–18. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Bateman CM, Kesson A, Powys M, Wong M and Blyth E: Cytomegalovirus infections in children with primary and secondary immune deficiencies. Viruses. 13(2001)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang X, Qin Y, Lei W and Huang J: Metagenomic next‑generation sequencing of BALF for the clinical diagnosis of severe community‑acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: A single‑center study. Exp Ther Med 25: 178, 2023.
APA
Zhang, X., Qin, Y., Lei, W., & Huang, J. (2023). Metagenomic next‑generation sequencing of BALF for the clinical diagnosis of severe community‑acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: A single‑center study. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 25, 178. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.11877
MLA
Zhang, X., Qin, Y., Lei, W., Huang, J."Metagenomic next‑generation sequencing of BALF for the clinical diagnosis of severe community‑acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: A single‑center study". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 25.4 (2023): 178.
Chicago
Zhang, X., Qin, Y., Lei, W., Huang, J."Metagenomic next‑generation sequencing of BALF for the clinical diagnosis of severe community‑acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: A single‑center study". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 25, no. 4 (2023): 178. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.11877
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang X, Qin Y, Lei W and Huang J: Metagenomic next‑generation sequencing of BALF for the clinical diagnosis of severe community‑acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: A single‑center study. Exp Ther Med 25: 178, 2023.
APA
Zhang, X., Qin, Y., Lei, W., & Huang, J. (2023). Metagenomic next‑generation sequencing of BALF for the clinical diagnosis of severe community‑acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: A single‑center study. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 25, 178. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.11877
MLA
Zhang, X., Qin, Y., Lei, W., Huang, J."Metagenomic next‑generation sequencing of BALF for the clinical diagnosis of severe community‑acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: A single‑center study". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 25.4 (2023): 178.
Chicago
Zhang, X., Qin, Y., Lei, W., Huang, J."Metagenomic next‑generation sequencing of BALF for the clinical diagnosis of severe community‑acquired pneumonia in immunocompromised patients: A single‑center study". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 25, no. 4 (2023): 178. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2023.11877
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team