Negbenebor NA, Heath CR and Usatine RP: Melasma. J Fam Pract. 72:133–137. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

de Abreu L, Ramos-E-Silva M, Quintella LP, Buçard AM, Bravo BSF, de Almeida AM and Moreira ACMS: Dermoscopic classification of melasma: Concordance study and correlation with the melanophages count. J Cosmet Dermatol. 21:5887–5894. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Khunger N, Kandhari R, Singh A and Ramesh V: A clinical, dermoscopic, histopathological and immunohistochemical study of melasma and facial pigmentary demarcation lines in the skin of color. Dermatol Ther. 33(e14515)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Goandal NF, Rungby J and Karmisholt KE: The role of sex hormones in the pathogenesis of melasma. Ugeskr Laeger. 184(V10210769)2022.PubMed/NCBI(In Danish).

Zhou Y, Zeng HL, Wen XY, Jiang L, Fu CH, Hu YB, Lei XX, Zhang L, Yu X, Yang SY, et al: Selaginellin inhibits melanogenesis via the MAPK signaling pathway. J Nat Prod. 85:838–845. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Filoni A, Mariano M and Cameli N: Melasma: How hormones can modulate skin pigmentation. J Cosmet Dermatol. 18:458–463. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Sarkar R, Ailawadi P and Garg S: Melasma in Men: A review of clinical, etiological, and management issues. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 11:53–59. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

Sarkar R, Jagadeesan S, Basavapura Madegowda S, Verma S, Hassan I, Bhat Y, Minni K, Jha A, Das A, Jain G, et al: Clinical and epidemiologic features of melasma: A multicentric cross-sectional study from India. Int J Dermatol. 58:1305–1310. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kheradmand M, Afshari M, Damiani G, Abediankenari S and Moosazadeh M: Melasma and thyroid disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Dermatol. 58:1231–1238. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Rostami Mogaddam M, Safavi Ardabili N, Iranparvar Alamdari M, Maleki N and Aghabalaei Danesh M: Evaluation of the serum zinc level in adult patients with melasma: Is there a relationship with serum zinc deficiency and melasma? J Cosmet Dermatol. 17:417–422. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Nelson B, Sitohang IBS, Marissa M, Indriatmi W and Wisnu W: A comparative study of melasma severity after hyperthyroid therapy in hyperthyroid subjects with melasma. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 30:31–34. 2021.PubMed/NCBI

Sastrini Sekarnesia I, Sitohang IBS, Agustin T, Wisnu W and Hoemardani ASD: A comparison of serum zinc levels in melasma and non-melasma patients: A preliminary study of thyroid dysfunction. Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat. 29:59–62. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

Ghassemi M, Hosseinchi S, Seirafianpour F, Dodangeh M and Goodarzi A: Non-alcoholic fatty liver and lipid profile status in patients with melasma: A case-control study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 20:3656–3660. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Nie Y and Jiang R: . The Effect of ShuganJieyu Formula on Treating Female Melasma and Its Influence on Sexual Hormone Levels. Journal of Dermatology and Venereology. 42:249–251. 2020.

Yu T, Feng Y, Yu H, et al: Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Compound Muni Ziqi Granules in the Adjuvant Treatment of Chloasma: A Systematic Review. J China Pharmacy. 29:405–409. 2018.

Kwon SH, Na JI, Choi JY and Park KC: Melasma: Updates and perspectives. Exp Dermatol. 28:704–708. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Fatima S, Braunberger T, Mohammad TF, Kohli I and Hamzavi IH: The role of sunscreen in melasma and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. Indian J Dermatol. 65:5–10. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Eide MJ and Weinstock MA: Association of UV index, latitude, and melanoma incidence in nonwhite populations-US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program, 1992 to 2001. Arch Dermatol. 141:477–481. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Singh G, Chatterjee M, Grewal R and Verma R: Incidence and care of environmental dermatoses in the high-altitude region of ladakh, India. Indian J Dermatol. 58:107–112. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Passeron T and Picardo M: Melasma, a photoaging disorder. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 31:461–465. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Herraiz C, Garcia-Borron JC, Jiménez-Cervantes C and Olivares C: MC1R signaling. Intracellular partners and pathophysiological implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 1863 (10 Pt A):2448–2461. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kim M, Shibata T, Kwon S, Park TJ and Kang HY: Ultraviolet-irradiated endothelial cells secrete stem cell factor and induce epidermal pigmentation. Sci Rep. 8(4235)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Seo EY, Jin SP, Sohn KC, Park CH, Lee DH and Chung JH: UCHL1 regulates melanogenesis through controlling MITF stability in human melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 137:1757–1765. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Xing X, Xu Z, Chen L, Jin S, Zhang C and Xiang L: Tranexamic acid inhibits melanogenesis partially via stimulation of TGF-β1 expression in human epidermal keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol. 31:633–640. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kumaran MS, Narayan RV, Kaushik A, Bishnoi A, Vinay K and Parsad D: Clinico-epidemiological profile and long term follow up in melasma. Dermatol Ther. 34(e15143)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Holmo NF, Ramos GB, Salomão H, Werneck RI, Mira MT, Miot LDB and Miot HA: Complex segregation analysis of facial melasma in Brazil: Evidence for a genetic susceptibility with a dominant pattern of segregation. Arch Dermatol Res. 310:827–831. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Desai S, Ayres E, Bak H, Manco M, Lynch S, Raab S, Du A, Green D, Skobowiat C, Wangari-Talbot J and Zheng Q: Effect of a tranexamic acid, kojic acid, and niacinamide containing serum on facial dyschromia: A clinical evaluation. J Drugs Dermatol. 18:454–459. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

Suryaningsih BE, Sadewa AH, Wirohadidjojo YW and Soebono H: Association between heterozygote Val92Met MC1R gene polymorphisms with incidence of melasma: A study of Javanese women population in Yogyakarta. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 12:489–495. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Handa S, De D, Khullar G, Radotra BD and Sachdeva N: The clinicoaetiological, hormonal and histopathological characteristics of melasma in men. Clin Exp Dermatol. 43:36–41. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Sun M, Xie HF, Tang Y, Lin SQ, Li JM, Sun SN, Hu XL, Huang YX, Shi W and Jian D: G protein-coupled estrogen receptor enhances melanogenesis via cAMP-protein kinase (PKA) by upregulating microphthalmia-related transcription factor-tyrosinase in melanoma. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 165(Pt B):236–246. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Campuzano-García AE, Torres-Alvarez B, Hernández-Blanco D, Fuentes-Ahumada C, Cortés-García JD and Castanedo-Cázares JP: DNA methyltransferases in malar melasma and their modification by sunscreen in combination with 4% Niacinamide, 0.05% Retinoic Acid, or Placebo. Biomed Res Int. 2019(9068314)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kim NH, Choi SH, Kim CH, Lee CH, Lee TR and Lee AY: Reduced MiR-675 in exosome in H19 RNA-related melanogenesis via MITF as a direct target. J Invest Dermatol. 134:1075–1082. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kim JY, Lee TR and Lee AY: Reduced WIF-1 expression stimulates skin hyperpigmentation in patients with melasma. J Invest Dermatol. 133:191–200. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kim NH, Choi SH, Yi N, Lee TR and Lee AY: Arginase-2, a miR-1299 target, enhances pigmentation in melasma by reducing melanosome degradation via senescence-induced autophagy inhibition. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 30:521–530. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Karami Fath M, Azami J, Masoudi A, Mosaddeghi Heris R, Rahmani E, Alavi F, Alagheband Bahrami A, Payandeh Z, Khalesi B, Dadkhah M, et al: Exosome-based strategies for diagnosis and therapy of glioma cancer. Cancer Cell Int. 22(262)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kohli I, Chaowattanapanit S, Mohammad TF, Nicholson CL, Fatima S, Jacobsen G, Kollias N, Lim HW and Hamzavi IH: Synergistic effects of long-wavelength ultraviolet A1 and visible light on pigmentation and erythema. Br J Dermatol. 178:1173–1180. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Lim HW, Kohli I, Ruvolo E, Kolbe L and Hamzavi IH: Impact of visible light on skin health: The role of antioxidants and free radical quenchers in skin protection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 86 (3S):S27–S37. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Babbush KM, Babbush RA and Khachemoune A: The therapeutic use of antioxidants for melasma. J Drugs Dermatol. 19:788–792. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Handel AC, Miot LD and Miot HA: Melasma: A clinical and epidemiological review. An Bras Dermatol. 89:771–782. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Katiyar S and Yadav D: Correlation of oxidative stress with melasma: An overview. Curr Pharm Des. 28:225–231. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ogbechie-Godec OA and Elbuluk N: Melasma: An up-to-date comprehensive review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 7:305–318. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Chun L: Clinical efficacy of glutathione combined with vitamin C in the treatment of female chloasma and its effect on estrogen and progesterone levels. J Contemporary Medicine. 28:60–62. 2022.

Hu Y, Wang P and Han K: Hydrogen attenuated inflammation response and oxidative in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy via Nrf2 mediated the inhibition of NLRP3 and NF-κB. Neuroscience. 485:23–36. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Zhu Q, Wu Y, Li Y, Chen Z, Wang L, Xiong H, Dai E, Wu J, Fan B, Ping L and Luo X: Positive effects of hydrogen-water bathing in patients of psoriasis and parapsoriasis en plaques. Sci Rep. 8(8051)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Chilicka K, Rogowska AM and Szyguła R: Effects of topical hydrogen purification on skin parameters and acne vulgaris in adult women. Healthcare (Basel). 9(144)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Yoon YS, Sajo ME, Ignacio RM, Kim SK, Kim CS and Lee KJ: Positive Effects of hydrogen water on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 37:1480–1485. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

He L: New ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of melasma. J Dermatology and Venereology. 34:13–14. 2012.

Flori E, Mastrofrancesco A, Mosca S, Ottaviani M, Briganti S, Cardinali G, Filoni A, Cameli N, Zaccarini M, Zouboulis CC and Picardo M: Sebocytes contribute to melasma onset. iScience. 25(103871)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Kim M, Lee J, Park TJ and Kang HY: Paracrine crosstalk between endothelial cells and melanocytes through clusterin to inhibit pigmentation. Exp Dermatol. 27:98–100. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Ayhan E: Intralesional tranexamic acid in treatment of telangiectasia: Reversible effect and resistance to therapy. Clin Exp Dermatol. 44:e209–e210. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Geddes ER, Stout AB and Friedman PM: Retrospective analysis of the treatment of melasma lesions exhibiting increased vascularity with the 595-nm pulsed dye laser combined with the 1927-nm fractional low-powered diode laser. Lasers Surg Med. 49:20–26. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Song T, Zhang X, Gao N, et al: Therapeutic efficacy of intense pulsed light combined with Nd: YAG laser for treatment of chloasma. Chinese Journal of Medical Physics. 38:1535–1537. 2021.

Espósito ACC, Brianezi G, de Souza NP, Miot LDB, Marques MEA and Miot HA: Exploring pathways for sustained melanogenesis in facial melasma: An immunofluorescence study. Int J Cosmet Sci. 40:420–424. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Phansuk K, Vachiramon V, Jurairattanaporn N, Chanprapaph K and Rattananukrom T: Dermal pathology in melasma: An update review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 15:11–19. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Espósito ACC, Brianezi G, de Souza NP, Miot LDB and Miot HA: Exploratory study of epidermis, basement membrane zone, upper dermis alterations and wnt pathway activation in melasma compared to adjacent and retroauricular skin. Ann Dermatol. 32:101–108. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Rodríguez-Arámbula A, Torres-Álvarez B, Cortés-García D, Fuentes-Ahumada C and Castanedo-Cázares JP: CD4, IL-17, and COX-2 Are associated with subclinical inflammation in malar melasma. Am J Dermatopathol. 37:761–766. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Gautam M, Patil S, Nadkarni N, Sandhu M, Godse K and Setia M: Histopathological comparison of lesional and perilesional skin in melasma: A cross-sectional analysis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 85:367–373. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Li Y, Yang CY, Man MQ, Gu H, Wu WJ, Tu Y, Ding DM and He L: Disruption of epidermal permeability barrier enhances UV-induced hyperpigmentation. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 36:156–158. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Sohn E: Skin microbiota's community effort. Nature. 563:S91–S93. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Yan S: Skin Barrier and Melasma. Dermatology Bulletin. 39:430–434. 2022.

Nofal A, Ibrahim AM, Nofal E, Gamal N and Osman S: Topical silymarin versus hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma: A comparative study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 18:263–270. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Zou P, Du Y, Yang C and Cao Y: Trace element zinc and skin disorders. Front Med (Lausanne). 9(1093868)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar