Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
May-2025 Volume 29 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2025 Volume 29 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Anti‑atherosclerotic effect of aged garlic extract: Mode of action and therapeutic benefits (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Satomi Miki
    • Miyuki Takashima
    • Jun-Ichiro Suzuki
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Central Research Institute, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan, Drug Discovery Laboratory, Wananga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hiroshima 739-1195, Japan
    Copyright: © Miki et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 104
    |
    Published online on: March 26, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12854
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by plaque buildup within the arteries that obstructs blood flow and significantly increases the morbidity and mortality rates associated with cardiovascular diseases caused by impaired blood flow due to vascular stenosis or occlusion, such as angina and myocardial infarction. The development of atherosclerosis involves a complex interplay of endothelial dysfunction, accumulation of oxidized low‑density lipoprotein and macrophage‑driven inflammation. The risk factors for atherosclerosis include chronic inflammation, hyperlipidemia and hypertension. Effective management of these risk factors can prevent and delay the onset and progression of atherosclerosis. Garlic and its processed preparations have previously been utilized to mitigate cardiovascular risk factors and continue to be used in traditional medicine in several countries. Among these preparations, aged garlic extract (AGE) has been shown to improve atherosclerosis in clinical trials and animal studies. AGE contains various compounds with potential anti‑atherosclerotic properties, such as S‑1‑propenylcysteine, S‑allylcysteine and other sulfur‑containing constituents, which may help prevent the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The present manuscript reviewed and discussed the anti‑atherogenic effect of AGE and its constituents by highlighting their mode of action and potential benefits for prevention and therapy in the management of atherosclerosis.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Mani V, Durmus C, Khushaim W, Ferreira DC, Timur S, Arduini F and Salama KN: Multiplexed sensing techniques for cardiovascular disease biomarkers-A review. Biosens Bioelectron. 216(114680)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Khatana C, Saini NK, Chakrabarti S, Saini V, Sharma A, Saini RV and Saini AK: Mechanistic insights into the oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced atherosclerosis. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2020(5245308)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Heo KS, Fujiwara K and Abe JI: Shear stress and atherosclerosis. Mol Cells. 37:435–440. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

J M, L N, A V, E C, V L, K BS, L L, T G, M P and P M: Wall shear stress alteration: A local risk factor of atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 24:143–151. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Singh P and Ali SA: Multifunctional role of S100 protein family in the immune system: An update. Cells. 11(2274)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Schiopu A and Cotoi OS: S100A8 and S100A9: DAMPs at the crossroads between innate immunity, traditional risk factors, and cardiovascular disease. Mediators Inflamm. 2013(828354)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Averill MM, Kerkhoff C and Bornfeldt KE: S100A8 and S100A9 in cardiovascular biology and disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 32:223–229. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Tietge UJF: Hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular disease: Inflammation, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 25:94–95. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Ross R and Harker L: Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Science. 193:1094–1100. 1976.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Bornfeldt KE and Tabas I: Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and atherosclerosis. Cell Metab. 14:575–585. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Aronson D and Rayfield EJ: How hyperglycemia promotes atherosclerosis: Molecular mechanisms. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 1(1)2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Zhang L and Lei S: Changes of junctions of endothelial cells in coronary sclerosis: A review. Chronic Dis Transl Med. 2:22–26. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Chistiakov DA, Orekhov AN and Bobryshev YV: Endothelial barrier and its abnormalities in cardiovascular disease. Front Physiol. 6(365)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV and Orekhov AN: Macrophage-mediated cholesterol handling in atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med. 20:17–28. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Chistiakov DA, Melnichenko AA, Myasoedova VA, Grechko AV and Orekhov AN: Mechanisms of foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl). 95:1153–1165. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Falk E: Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 47 (8 Suppl):C7–C12. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Rahman K: Garlic and aging: New insights into an old remedy. Ageing Res Rev. 2:39–56. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Kodera Y, Kurita M, Nakamoto M and Matsutomo T: Chemistry of aged garlic: Diversity of constituents in aged garlic extract and their production mechanisms via the combination of chemical and enzymatic reactions. Exp Ther Med. 19:1574–1584. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Allison GL, Lowe GM and Rahman K: Aged garlic extract and its constituents inhibit platelet aggregation through multiple mechanisms. J Nutr. 136 (3 Suppl):782S–788S. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Hoshino T, Kashimoto N and Kasuga S: Effects of garlic preparations on the gastrointestinal mucosa. J Nutr. 131 (3S):1109S–1113S. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Sumiyoshi H, Kanezawa A, Masamoto K, Harada H, Nakagami S, Yokota A, Nishikawa M and Nakagawa S: Chronic toxicity test of garlic extract in rats. J Toxicol Sci. 9:61–75. 1984.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In Japanese).

22 

Efendy JL, Simmons DL, Campbell GR and Campbell JH: The effect of the aged garlic extract, ‘Kyolic’, on the development of experimental atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 132:37–42. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Weiss N, Ide N, Abahji T, Nill L, Keller C and Hoffmann U: Aged garlic extract improves homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction in macro- and microcirculation. J Nutr. 136 (3 Suppl):750S–754S. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Shaikh K, Kinninger A, Cherukuri L, Birudaraju D, Nakanishi R, Almeida S, Jayawardena E, Shekar C, Flores F, Hamal S, et al: Aged garlic extract reduces low attenuation plaque in coronary arteries of patients with diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Exp Ther Med. 19:1457–1461. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Gómez-Arbeláez D, Lahera V, Oubiña P, Valero-Muñoz M, de Las Heras N, Rodríguez Y, García RG, Camacho PA and López-Jaramillo P: Aged garlic extract improves adiponectin levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study. Mediators Inflamm. 2013(285795)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Matsumoto S, Nakanishi R, Li D, Alani A, Rezaeian P, Prabhu S, Abraham J, Fahmy MA, Dailing C, Flores F, et al: Aged garlic extract reduces low attenuation plaque in coronary arteries of patients with metabolic syndrome in a prospective randomized double-blind study. J Nutr. 146:427S–432S. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Wlosinska M, Nilsson AC, Hlebowicz J, Hauggaard A, Kjellin M, Fakhro M and Lindstedt S: The effect of aged garlic extract on the atherosclerotic process-a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. BMC Complement Med Ther. 20(132)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Williams MJA, Sutherland WHF, McCormick MP, Yeoman DJ and de Jong SA: Aged garlic extract improves endothelial function in men with coronary artery disease. Phytother Res. 19:314–319. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Budoff M: Aged garlic extract retards progression of coronary artery calcification. J Nutr. 136 (3 Suppl):741S–744S. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Hom C, Budoff M and Luo Y: The effects of aged garlic extract on coronary artery calcification progression and blood pressure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 65(A1472)2015.

31 

Budoff MJ, Takasu J, Flores FR, Niihara Y, Lu B, Lau BH, Rosen RT and Amagase H: Inhibiting progression of coronary calcification using aged garlic extract in patients receiving statin therapy: A preliminary study. Prev Med. 39:985–991. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Zeb I, Ahmadi N, Flores F and Budoff MJ: Randomized trial evaluating the effect of aged garlic extract with supplements versus placebo on adipose tissue surrogates for coronary atherosclerosis progression. Coron Artery Dis. 29:325–328. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Ahmadi N, Nabavi V, Hajsadeghi F, Zeb I, Flores F, Ebrahimi R and Budoff M: Aged garlic extract with supplement is associated with increase in brown adipose, decrease in white adipose tissue and predict lack of progression in coronary atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol. 168:2310–2314. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Larijani VN, Ahmadi N, Zeb I, Khan F, Flores F and Budoff M: Beneficial effects of aged garlic extract and coenzyme Q10 on vascular elasticity and endothelial function: The FAITH randomized clinical trial. Nutrition. 29:71–75. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Zeb I, Ahmadi N, Nasir K, Kadakia J, Larijani VN, Flores F, Li D and Budoff MJ: Aged garlic extract and coenzyme Q10 have favorable effect on inflammatory markers and coronary atherosclerosis progression: A randomized clinical trial. J Cardiovasc Dis Res. 3:185–190. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Budoff MJ, Ahmadi N, Gul KM, Liu ST, Flores FR, Tiano J, Takasu J, Miller E and Tsimikas S: Aged garlic extract supplemented with B vitamins, folic acid and L-arginine retards the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: A randomized clinical trial. Prev Med. 49:101–107. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Yeh YY and Yeh SM: Homocysteine-lowering action is another potential cardiovascular protective factor of aged garlic extract. J Nutr. 136 (3 Suppl):745S–749S. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Miki S, Suzuki JI, Takashima M, Ishida M, Kokubo H and Yoshizumi M: S-1-Propenylcysteine promotes IL-10-induced M2c macrophage polarization through prolonged activation of IL-10R/STAT3 signaling. Sci Rep. 11(22469)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Morihara N, Hino A, Miki S, Takashima M and Suzuki JI: Aged garlic extract suppresses inflammation in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 61(1700308)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Morihara N, Hino A, Yamaguchi T and Suzuki JI: Aged garlic extract suppresses the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice. J Nutr. 146:460S–463S. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Li X, Li C, Zhang W, Wang Y, Qian P and Huang H: Inflammation and aging: Signaling pathways and intervention therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 8(239)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

He Y, Chen Y, Yao L, Wang J, Sha X and Wang Y: The inflamm-aging model identifies key risk factors in atherosclerosis. Front Genet. 13(865827)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Raj R, Thomas S and Gorantla V: Accelerated atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review. F1000Res. 11(466)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Adawi M, Firas S and Blum A: Rheumatoid Arthritis and Atherosclerosis. IMAJ. 21:460–463. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

45 

Sreejit G, Abdel Latif A, Murphy AJ and Nagareddy PR: Emerging roles of neutrophil-borne S100A8/A9 in cardiovascular inflammation. Pharmacol Res. 161(105212)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Roh JS and Sohn DH: Damage-associated molecular patterns in inflammatory diseases. Immune Netw. 18(e27)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Wlosinska M, Nilsson AC, Hlebowicz J, Fakhro M, Malmsjö M and Lindstedt S: Aged garlic extract reduces IL-6: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial in females with a low risk of cardiovascular disease. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021(6636875)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Xu C, Mathews AE, Rodrigues C, Eudy BJ, Rowe CA, O'Donoughue A and Percival SS: Aged garlic extract supplementation modifies inflammation and immunity of adults with obesity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 24:148–155. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Lee HH, Han MH, Hwang HJ, Kim GY, Moon SK, Hyun JW, Kim WJ and Choi YH: Diallyl trisulfide exerts anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by suppressing the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB pathway. Int J Mol Med. 35:487–495. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Lee HH, Jeong JW, Hong SH, Park C, Kim BW and Choi YH: Diallyl trisulfide suppresses the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators in BV2 microglia by decreasing the NF-κB pathway activity associated with toll-like Receptor 4 and CXCL12/CXCR4 pathway blockade. J Cancer Prev. 23:134–140. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Suzuki JI, Kodera Y, Miki S, Ushijima M, Takashima M, Matsutomo T and Morihara N: Anti-inflammatory action of cysteine derivative S-1-propenylcysteine by inducing MyD88 degradation. Sci Rep. 8(14148)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Suzuki J, Miki S, Ushijima M and Kodera Y: Regulation of immune response by S-1-propenylcysteine through autophagy-mediated protein degradation. Exp Ther Med. 19:1570–1573. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Chen Y, Xue R, Jin X and Tan X: Antiarthritic activity of diallyl disulfide against freund's adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol. 37:291–303. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Cao S, Li Y, Song R, Meng X, Fuchs M, Liang C, Kachler K, Meng X, Wen J, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, et al: L-arginine metabolism inhibits arthritis and inflammatory bone loss. Ann Rheum Dis. 83:72–87. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Prasad K and Mishra M: Mechanism of hypercholesterolemia-induced atherosclerosis. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 23(212)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Davis CE, Rifkind BM, Brenner H and Gordon DJ: A single cholesterol measurement underestimates the risk of coronary heart disease. An empirical example from the lipid research clinics mortality follow-up study. JAMA. 264:3044–3046. 1990.PubMed/NCBI

57 

Minatel IO, Francisqueti FV, Corrêa CR and Pereira Lima GPP: Antioxidant activity of Ƴ-oryzanol: A complex network of interactions. Int J Mol Sci. 17(1107)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Ranneh Y, Ali F, Akim AM, Hamid HA, Khazaai H and Fadel A: Crosstalk between reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory markers in developing various chronic diseases: A review. Appl Biol Chem. 60:327–338. 2017.

59 

Yeh YY and Liu L: Cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: Human and animal studies. J Nutr. 131 (3S):989S–993S. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D and Lin RIS: A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. 64:866–870. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

61 

Lau BHS: Suppression of LDL oxidation by garlic compounds is a possible mechanism of cardiovascular health benefit. J Nutr. 136 (3 Suppl):765S–768S. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Poznyak AV, Sadykhov NK, Kartuesov AG, Borisov EE, Melnichenko AA, Grechko AV and Orekhov AN: Hypertension as a risk factor for atherosclerosis: Cardiovascular risk assessment. Front Cardiovasc Med. 9(959285)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Visseren F, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Bäck M, Benetos A, Biffi A, Boavida JM, Capodanno D, et al: 2021 ESC guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 42:3227–3337. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

64 

Maraj I, Makaryus JN, Ashkar A, McFarlane SI and Makaryus AN: Hypertension management in the high cardiovascular risk population. Int J Hypertens. 2013(382802)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

65 

Ried K, Frank OR and Stocks NP: Aged garlic extract reduces blood pressure in hypertensives: A dose-response trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 67:64–70. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

66 

Ried K, Travica N and Sali A: The effect of aged garlic extract on blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors in uncontrolled hypertensives: The AGE at heart trial. Integr Blood Press Control. 9:9–21. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

67 

Ried K, Travica N and Sali A: The effect of kyolic aged garlic extract on gut microbiota, inflammation, and cardiovascular markers in hypertensives: The GarGIC trial. Front Nutr. 5(122)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

68 

Matsutomo T, Ushijima M, Kodera Y, Nakamoto M, Takashima M, Morihara N and Tamura K: Metabolomic study on the antihypertensive effect of S-1-propenylcysteine in spontaneously hypertensive rats using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 1046:147–155. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

69 

Matsutomo T, Ushijima M, Kunimura K and Ohtani M: Metabolomic study reveals the acute hypotensive effect of S-1-propenylcysteine accompanied by alteration of the plasma histidine level in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 168:148–154. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Ushijima M, Takashima M, Kunimura K, Kodera Y, Morihara N and Tamura K: Effects of S-1-propenylcysteine, a sulfur compound in aged garlic extract, on blood pressure and peripheral circulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharm Pharmacol. 70:559–565. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

71 

Cruz C, Correa-Rotter R, Sánchez-González DJ, Hernández-Pando R, Maldonado PD, Martínez-Martínez CM, Medina-Campos ON, Tapia E, Aguilar D, Chirino YI and Pedraza-Chaverri J: Renoprotective and antihypertensive effects of S-allylcysteine in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 293:F1691–F1698. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

72 

Halim RM, Kamisah Y, Aziz NF, Sudirman UM, Ahmad NAN, Kok-Yong C and Zainalabidin S: Pakistan veterinary journal S-allylcysteine supplementation effects on vascular and bone health in ovariectomized wistar rats. Pakistan Vet J. 41(507)2021.

73 

Trimm E and Red-Horse K: Vascular endothelial cell development and diversity. Nat Rev Cardiol. 20:197–210. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

74 

Badimon L, Peña E, Arderiu G, Padró T, Slevin M, Vilahur G and Chiva-Blanch G: C-reactive protein in atherothrombosis and angiogenesis. Front Immunol. 9(430)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

75 

Čejková S, Králová-Lesná I and Poledne R: Monocyte adhesion to the endothelium is an initial stage of atherosclerosis development. Cor Vasa. 58:e419–e425. 2016.

76 

Glass CK and Witztum JL: Atherosclerosis. The road ahead. Cell. 104:503–516. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

77 

Schiopu A, Nadig SN, Cotoi OS, Hester J, Van Rooijen N and Wood KJ: Inflammatory Ly-6C(hi) monocytes play an important role in the development of severe transplant arteriosclerosis in hyperlipidemic recipients. Atherosclerosis. 223:291–298. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

78 

Woollard KJ and Geissmann F: Monocytes in atherosclerosis: Subsets and functions. Nat Rev Cardiol. 7:77–86. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

79 

Hilgendorf I, Swirski FK and Robbins CS: Monocyte fate in atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 35:272–279. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

80 

Pang J, Maienschein-Cline M and Koh TJ: Enhanced proliferation of Ly6C+ monocytes/macrophages contributes to chronic inflammation in skin wounds of diabetic mice. J Immunol. 206:621–630. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

81 

Ho SE, Ide N and Lau BH: S-allyl cysteine reduces oxidant load in cells involved in the atherogenic process. Phytomedicine. 8:39–46. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

82 

Ide N and Lau BH: S-allylcysteine attenuates oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 25:619–624. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

83 

Ide N and Lau BH: Garlic compounds minimize intracellular oxidative stress and inhibit nuclear factor-kappa b activation. J Nutr. 131 (3S):1020S–1026S. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

84 

Ide N and Lau BH: Garlic compounds protect vascular endothelial cells from oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced injury. J Pharm Pharmacol. 49:908–911. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

85 

Ide N, Lau BH, Ryu K, Matsuura H and Itakura Y: Antioxidant effects of fructosyl arginine, a Maillard reaction product in aged garlic extract. J Nutr Biochem. 10:372–376. 1999.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

86 

Hiramatsu K, Tsuneyoshi T, Ogawa T and Morihara N: Aged garlic extract enhances heme oxygenase-1 and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit expression via the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway in human endothelial cells. Nutr Res. 36:143–149. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

87 

Tsuneyoshi T, Kunimura K and Morihara N: S-1-Propenylcysteine augments BACH1 degradation and heme oxygenase 1 expression in a nitric oxide-dependent manner in endothelial cells. Nitric Oxide. 84:22–29. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

88 

Tsuneyoshi T: BACH1 mediates the antioxidant properties of aged garlic extract. Exp Ther Med. 19:1500–1503. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

89 

Kim KM, Chun SB, Koo MS, Choi WJ, Kim TW, Kwon YG, Chung HT, Billiar TR and Kim YM: Differential regulation of NO availability from macrophages and endothelial cells by the garlic component S-allyl cysteine. Free Radic Biol Med. 30:747–756. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

90 

Geddo F, Querio G, Asteggiano A, Antoniotti S, Porcu A, Occhipinti A, Medana C and Gallo MP: Improving endothelial health with food-derived H2S donors: An in vitro study with S-allyl cysteine and with a black-garlic extract enriched in sulfur-containing compounds. Food Funct. 14:4163–4172. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

91 

Tsuneyoshi T, Kanamori Y, Matsutomo T and Morihara N: Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol suppresses monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells by attenuation of JNK signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 465:408–413. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

92 

Lei YP, Chen HW, Sheen LY and Lii CK: Diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide suppress oxidized LDL-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule and E-selectin expression through protein kinase A- and B-dependent signaling pathways. J Nutr. 138:996–1003. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

93 

Miki S, Inokuma KI, Takashima M, Nishida M, Sasaki Y, Ushijima M, Suzuki JI and Morihara N: Aged garlic extract suppresses the increase of plasma glycated albumin level and enhances the AMP-activated protein kinase in adipose tissue in TSOD mice. Mol Nutr Food Res. 61(1600797)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

94 

Adams MR, Jessup W, Hailstones D and Celermajer DS: L-arginine reduces human monocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium and endothelial expression of cell adhesion molecules. Circulation. 95:662–668. 1997.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

95 

Cooke JP, Singer AH, Tsao P, Zera P, Rowan RA and Billingham ME: Antiatherogenic effects of L-arginine in the hypercholesterolemic rabbit. J Clin Invest. 90:1168–1172. 1992.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

96 

Tsao PS, McEvoy LM, Drexler H, Butcher EC and Cooke JP: Enhanced endothelial adhesiveness in hypercholesterolemia is attenuated by L-arginine. Circulation. 89:2176–2182. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

97 

Kunimura K, Miki S, Takashima M and Suzuki JI: S-1-propenylcysteine improves TNF-α-induced vascular endothelial barrier dysfunction by suppressing the GEF-H1/RhoA/Rac pathway. Cell Commun Signal. 19(17)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

98 

Mehta JL, Sanada N, Hu CP, Chen J, Dandapat A, Sugawara F, Satoh H, Inoue K, Kawase Y, Jishage K, et al: Deletion of LOX-1 reduces atherogenesis in LDLR knockout mice fed high cholesterol diet. Circ Res. 100:1634–1642. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

99 

Febbraio M, Podrez EA, Smith JD, Hajjar DP, Hazen SL, Hoff HF, Sharma K and Silverstein RL: Targeted disruption of the class B scavenger receptor CD36 protects against atherosclerotic lesion development in mice. J Clin Invest. 105:1049–1056. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

100 

Kunjathoor VV, Febbraio M, Podrez EA, Moore KJ, Andersson L, Koehn S, Rhee JS, Silverstein R, Hoff HF and Freeman MW: Scavenger receptors class A-I/II and CD36 are the principal receptors responsible for the uptake of modified low density lipoprotein leading to lipid loading in macrophages. J Biol Chem. 277:49982–49988. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

101 

Morihara N, Ide N and Weiss N: Aged garlic extract inhibits CD36 expression in human macrophages via modulation of the PPARgamma pathway. Phytother Res. 24:602–608. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

102 

Ide N, Keller C and Weiss N: Aged garlic extract inhibits homocysteine-induced CD36 expression and foam cell formation in human macrophages. J Nutr. 136 (3 Suppl):755S–758S. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

103 

Morihara N, Ide N and Weiss N: Aged garlic extract inhibits homocysteine-induced scavenger receptor CD36 expression and oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol uptake in human macrophages in vitro. J Ethnopharmacol. 134:711–716. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

104 

Matsuo M: ABCA1 and ABCG1 as potential therapeutic targets for the prevention of atherosclerosis. J Pharmacol Sci. 148:197–203. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

105 

Malekpour-Dehkordi Z, Javadi E, Doosti M, Paknejad M, Nourbakhsh M, Yassa N, Gerayesh-Nejad S and Heshmat R: S-Allylcysteine, a garlic compound, increases ABCA1 expression in human THP-1 macrophages. Phytother Res. 27:357–361. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

106 

Lammers B, Zhao Y, Foks AC, Hildebrand RB, Kuiper J, van Berkel TJC and van Eck M: Leukocyte ABCA1 remains atheroprotective in splenectomized LDL receptor knockout mice. PLoS One. 7(e48080)2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

107 

Yvan-Charvet L, Ranalletta M, Wang N, Han S, Terasaka N, Li R, Welch C and Tall AR: Combined deficiency of ABCA1 and ABCG1 promotes foam cell accumulation and accelerates atherosclerosis in mice. J Clin Invest. 117:3900–3908. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

108 

Wang X, Collins HL, Ranalletta M, Fuki IV, Billheimer JT, Rothblat GH, Tall AR and Rader DJ: Macrophage ABCA1 and ABCG1, but not SR-BI, promote macrophage reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. J Clin Invest. 117:2216–2224. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

109 

Van Eck M, Singaraja RR, Ye D, Hildebrand RB, James ER, Hayden MR and Van Berkel TJ: Macrophage ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 overexpression inhibits atherosclerotic lesion progression in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 26:929–934. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

110 

Wu J, He S, Song Z, Chen S, Lin X, Sun H, Zhou P, Peng Q, Du S, Zheng S and Liu X: Macrophage polarization states in atherosclerosis. Front Immunol. 14(1185587)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

111 

Bisgaard LS, Mogensen CK, Rosendahl A, Cucak H, Nielsen LB, Rasmussen SE and Pedersen TX: Bone marrow-derived and peritoneal macrophages have different inflammatory response to oxLDL and M1/M2 marker expression-implications for atherosclerosis research. Sci Rep. 6(35234)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

112 

Khallou-Laschet J, Varthaman A, Fornasa G, Compain C, Gaston AT, Clement M, Dussiot M, Levillain O, Graff-Dubois S, Nicoletti A and Caligiuri G: Macrophage plasticity in experimental atherosclerosis. PLoS One. 5(e8852)2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

113 

Seifert R, Kuhlmann MT, Eligehausen S, Kiefer F, Hermann S and Schäfers M: Molecular imaging of MMP activity discriminates unstable from stable plaque phenotypes in shear-stress induced murine atherosclerosis. PLoS One. 13(e0204305)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

114 

Li J, Lei HT, Cao L, Mi YN, Li S and Cao YX: Crocin alleviates coronary atherosclerosis via inhibiting lipid synthesis and inducing M2 macrophage polarization. Int Immunopharmacol. 55:120–127. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

115 

Aharoni S, Lati Y, Aviram M and Fuhrman B: Pomegranate juice polyphenols induce a phenotypic switch in macrophage polarization favoring a M2 anti-inflammatory state. Biofactors. 41:44–51. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

116 

Bi Y, Chen J, Hu F, Liu J, Li M and Zhao L: M2 macrophages as a potential target for antiatherosclerosis treatment. Neural Plast. 2019(6724903)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

117 

Zhang XN, Zhao N, Guo FF, Wang YR, Liu SX and Zeng T: Diallyl disulfide suppresses the lipopolysaccharide-driven inflammatory response of macrophages by activating the Nrf2 pathway. Food Chem Toxicol. 159(112760)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

118 

Xiang AH, Peters RK, Kjos SL, Ochoa C, Marroquin A, Goico J, Tan S, Wang C, Azen SP, Liu CR, et al: Effect of thiazolidinedione treatment on progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in premenopausal women at high risk for type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 90:1986–1991. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

119 

Pioglitazone inhibits progression of atherosclerosis. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 5(512)2008.

120 

Nakayama T, Komiyama N, Yokoyama M, Namikawa S, Kuroda N, Kobayashi Y and Komuro I: Pioglitazone induces regression of coronary atherosclerotic plaques in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance: A randomized prospective study using intravascular ultrasound. Int J Cardiol. 138:157–165. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

121 

Chen R, McVey DG, Shen D, Huang X and Ye S: Phenotypic switching of vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc. 12(e031121)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

122 

Durham AL, Speer MY, Scatena M, Giachelli CM and Shanahan CM: Role of smooth muscle cells in vascular calcification: Implications in atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Cardiovasc Res. 114:590–600. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

123 

Hom C, Luo Y and Budoff MJ: The effects of aged garlic extract on coronary artery calcification progression. J Nutr Food Sci. S5(005)2015.

124 

Yamakawa T, Matsutomo T, Hofmann T and Kodera Y: Aged garlic extract and one of the constituent, (+)-(2S,3R)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, inhibits alkaline phosphatase activity induced by inflammation factors in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Food Nutr Sci. 5:177–184. 2014.

125 

Jackson SP: The growing complexity of platelet aggregation. Blood. 109:5087–5095. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

126 

Bye AP, Unsworth AJ and Gibbins JM: Platelet signaling: A complex interplay between inhibitory and activatory networks. J Thromb Haemost. 14:918–930. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

127 

Asada Y, Yamashita A, Sato Y and Hatakeyama K: Pathophysiology of atherothrombosis: Mechanisms of thrombus formation on disrupted atherosclerotic plaques. Pathol Int. 70:309–322. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

128 

Steiner M and Li W: Aged garlic extract, a modulator of cardiovascular risk factors: A dose-finding study on the effects of AGE on platelet functions. J Nutr. 131 (3S):980S–984S. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

129 

Rahman K and Billington D: Dietary supplementation with aged garlic extract inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in humans. J Nutr. 130:2662–2665. 2000.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

130 

Macan H, Uykimpang R, Alconcel M, Takasu J, Razon R, Amagase H and Niihara Y: Aged garlic extract may be safe for patients on warfarin therapy. J Nutr. 136 (3 Suppl):793S–795S. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

131 

Li Z, Delaney MK, O'Brien KA and Du X: Signaling during platelet adhesion and activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 30:2341–2349. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

132 

Yacoub D, Théorêt JF, Villeneuve L, Abou-Saleh H, Mourad W, Allen BG and Merhi Y: Essential role of protein kinase C delta in platelet signaling, alpha IIb beta 3 activation, and thromboxane A2 release. J Biol Chem. 281:30024–30035. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

133 

Lannan KL, Sahler J, Kim N, Spinelli SL, Maggirwar SB, Garraud O, Cognasse F, Blumberg N and Phipps RP: Breaking the mold: Transcription factors in the anucleate platelet and platelet-derived microparticles. Front Immunol. 6(48)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

134 

Morihara N and Hino A: Aged garlic extract suppresses platelet aggregation by changing the functional property of platelets. J Nat Med. 71:249–256. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

135 

Allison GL, Lowe GM and Rahman K: Aged garlic extract may inhibit aggregation in human platelets by suppressing calcium mobilization. J Nutr. 136 (3 Suppl):789S–792S. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

136 

Rahman K, Lowe GM and Smith S: Aged garlic extract inhibits human platelet aggregation by altering intracellular signaling and platelet shape change. J Nutr. 146:410S–415S. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

137 

Allison GL, Lowe GM and Rahman K: Aged garlic extract inhibits platelet activation by increasing intracellular cAMP and reducing the interaction of GPIIb/IIIa receptor with fibrinogen. Life Sci. 91:1275–1280. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

138 

Qi R, Liao F, Inoue K, Yatomi Y, Sato K and Ozaki Y: Inhibition by diallyl trisulfide, a garlic component, of intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization without affecting inositol-1,4, 5-trisphosphate [IP(3)] formation in activated platelets. Biochem Pharmacol. 60:1475–1483. 2000.

139 

Tian KJ, Yang Y, Chen GS, Deng NH, Tian Z, Bai R, Zhang F and Jiang ZS: Omics research in atherosclerosis. Mol Cell Biochem: Oct 24, 2024 (Epub ahead of print).

140 

Duan M, Zhao WL, Zhou L, Novák P, Zhu X and Yin K: Omics research in vascular calcification. Clin Chim Acta. 511:319–328. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

141 

Wu X and Zhang H: Omics approaches unveiling the biology of human atherosclerotic plaques. Am J Pathol. 194:482–498. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

142 

Das V, Zhang X, Djordjevic D, Bergman Q, Narayanan S, Shungin D, Chemaly M, Karadimou G, Vuckovic S, Prasad I, et al: Multi-omics integration from a large human biobank identifies key molecular mechanisms and signatures of atherosclerotic plaque instability. Atherosclerosis. 395 (Suppl 1)(S117757)2024.

143 

Sánchez-Cabo F, Fuster V, Silla-Castro JC, González G, Lorenzo-Vivas E, Alvarez R, Callejas S, Benguría A, Gil E, Núñez E, et al: Subclinical atherosclerosis and accelerated epigenetic age mediated by inflammation: A multi-omics study. Eur Heart J. 44:2698–2709. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

144 

Kardassis D, Vindis C, Stancu CS, Toma L, Gafencu AV, Georgescu A, Alexandru-Moise N, Molica F, Kwak BR, Burlacu A, et al: Unravelling molecular mechanisms in atherosclerosis using cellular models and omics technologies. Vascul Pharmacol. 158(107452)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (Epub ahead of print).

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Miki S, Takashima M and Suzuki J: Anti‑atherosclerotic effect of aged garlic extract: Mode of action and therapeutic benefits (Review). Exp Ther Med 29: 104, 2025.
APA
Miki, S., Takashima, M., & Suzuki, J. (2025). Anti‑atherosclerotic effect of aged garlic extract: Mode of action and therapeutic benefits (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 29, 104. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12854
MLA
Miki, S., Takashima, M., Suzuki, J."Anti‑atherosclerotic effect of aged garlic extract: Mode of action and therapeutic benefits (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 29.5 (2025): 104.
Chicago
Miki, S., Takashima, M., Suzuki, J."Anti‑atherosclerotic effect of aged garlic extract: Mode of action and therapeutic benefits (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 29, no. 5 (2025): 104. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12854
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Miki S, Takashima M and Suzuki J: Anti‑atherosclerotic effect of aged garlic extract: Mode of action and therapeutic benefits (Review). Exp Ther Med 29: 104, 2025.
APA
Miki, S., Takashima, M., & Suzuki, J. (2025). Anti‑atherosclerotic effect of aged garlic extract: Mode of action and therapeutic benefits (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 29, 104. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12854
MLA
Miki, S., Takashima, M., Suzuki, J."Anti‑atherosclerotic effect of aged garlic extract: Mode of action and therapeutic benefits (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 29.5 (2025): 104.
Chicago
Miki, S., Takashima, M., Suzuki, J."Anti‑atherosclerotic effect of aged garlic extract: Mode of action and therapeutic benefits (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 29, no. 5 (2025): 104. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12854
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team