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Article

Functional benefits of ultra‑high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice on cognition, apathy, and bone health in older adults: A 12‑month randomized controlled trial

  • Authors:
    • Kentaro Matsuzaki
    • Shozo Yano
    • Yoko Kuroda
    • Hiroko Nakahata
    • Tatsushi Matsuda
    • Hitoshi Kinoshita
    • Katsumi Yoshino
    • Osamu Shido
    • Hiroko Kishi
    • Michio Hashimoto
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane 693‑8501, Japan, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane 693‑8501, Japan, Department of Internal Medicine III, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, Shimane 693‑8501, Japan, PLUS Co., Ltd., Suita, Osaka 594‑0062, Japan, Satoyama Food Co., Ltd., Akana, Shimane 690‑3512, Japan, Shimane Institute for Industrial Technology, Matsue, Shimane 690‑0816, Japan
  • Article Number: 192
    |
    Published online on: August 11, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12942
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Abstract

Age‑related cognitive and psychological impairments are frequently accompanied by bone mineral density decline in older adults. Ultra‑high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice (UBR) may support cognitive and bone health; however, the interplay between these domains remains unclear. The present randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the effects of daily UBR consumption for 12 months on cognitive function, mental health and bone status in community‑dwelling older adults. In this study, 44 participants aged 65‑85 years were randomly assigned to either a white rice (WR) group or a UBR group. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini‑Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cognitive Assessment for Dementia, iPad version (CADi). Apathy and depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Starkstein Apathy Scale and the Zung Self‑Rating Depression Scale, respectively. The calcaneal bone area ratio was assessed using quantitative ultrasound and expressed as a percentage of the young adult mean (%YAM). At 12 months, the UBR group showed significantly higher MMSE scores compared with the WR group after adjustment for baseline values and age (P=0.046), although change scores were not significantly different. CADi total scores increased and execution time decreased significantly in the UBR group (P<0.05). Apathy scores were also significantly lower in the UBR group (P=0.008). Additionally, %YAM was significantly higher in the UBR group, and partial correlations indicated significant associations between cognitive, apathy and bone health indicators. No adverse events were reported. These findings suggest that daily UBR consumption may help preserve cognitive and motivational functions and support bone health in older adults. Further investigation in larger, prospectively registered trials is warranted. This study was retrospectively registered in February 2024, at UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000053587.
View Figures

Figure 1

Flow diagram of the study. Of the 54
participants screened for eligibility, 44 participants were
randomized into the WR (n=22) and UBR (n=22) treatment arms. In
each group, 20 participants completed the 12-month intervention
trial. WR, white rice; UBR, ultra-high hydrostatic pressurized
brown rice.

Figure 2

Change amount (Δ) in (A) CADi
execution time (CADi time), (B) CADi time subitem ‘Delayed
Recognition’ and (C) apathy score from baseline to 12 months. Data
are the mean ± SEM. *P<0.05. CADi, Cognitive
Assessment for Dementia, iPad version; WR, white rice intake group;
UBR, ultra-high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice intake
group.

Figure 3

Change (Δ) in (A) calcaneal SOS and
(B) %YAM from baseline to 12 months. Data are presented as mean ±
SEM. *P<0.05. %YAM, percentage of the Young Adult
Mean; SOS, speed of sound; WR, white rice intake group; UBR,
ultra-high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice intake group.

Figure 4

Scatter plots showing partial
correlations adjusted for age and baseline values after 12 months
of intervention: (A) MMSE vs. apathy score; (B) MMSE vs. SDS; (C)
apathy score vs. SDS; (D) %YAM vs. CADi time; (E) %YAM vs. CADi
total; (F) %YAM vs. SDS; (G) %YAM vs. apathy score; (H) MMSE
subitem ‘Recall 3 words’ vs. apathy score; (I) CADi subitem
‘Delayed Recognition’ vs. apathy score. Open circles=WR intake
group; gray circles=UBR intake group. MMSE, Mini-Mental State
Examination; CADi, Cognitive Assessment for Dementia, iPad version;
SDS, Self-rating Depression Scale; %YAM, percentage of the Young
Adult Mean.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Matsuzaki K, Yano S, Kuroda Y, Nakahata H, Matsuda T, Kinoshita H, Yoshino K, Shido O, Kishi H, Hashimoto M, Hashimoto M, et al: Functional benefits of ultra‑high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice on cognition, apathy, and bone health in older adults: A 12‑month randomized controlled trial. Exp Ther Med 30: 192, 2025.
APA
Matsuzaki, K., Yano, S., Kuroda, Y., Nakahata, H., Matsuda, T., Kinoshita, H. ... Hashimoto, M. (2025). Functional benefits of ultra‑high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice on cognition, apathy, and bone health in older adults: A 12‑month randomized controlled trial. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 192. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12942
MLA
Matsuzaki, K., Yano, S., Kuroda, Y., Nakahata, H., Matsuda, T., Kinoshita, H., Yoshino, K., Shido, O., Kishi, H., Hashimoto, M."Functional benefits of ultra‑high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice on cognition, apathy, and bone health in older adults: A 12‑month randomized controlled trial". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.4 (2025): 192.
Chicago
Matsuzaki, K., Yano, S., Kuroda, Y., Nakahata, H., Matsuda, T., Kinoshita, H., Yoshino, K., Shido, O., Kishi, H., Hashimoto, M."Functional benefits of ultra‑high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice on cognition, apathy, and bone health in older adults: A 12‑month randomized controlled trial". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 4 (2025): 192. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12942
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Matsuzaki K, Yano S, Kuroda Y, Nakahata H, Matsuda T, Kinoshita H, Yoshino K, Shido O, Kishi H, Hashimoto M, Hashimoto M, et al: Functional benefits of ultra‑high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice on cognition, apathy, and bone health in older adults: A 12‑month randomized controlled trial. Exp Ther Med 30: 192, 2025.
APA
Matsuzaki, K., Yano, S., Kuroda, Y., Nakahata, H., Matsuda, T., Kinoshita, H. ... Hashimoto, M. (2025). Functional benefits of ultra‑high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice on cognition, apathy, and bone health in older adults: A 12‑month randomized controlled trial. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 192. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12942
MLA
Matsuzaki, K., Yano, S., Kuroda, Y., Nakahata, H., Matsuda, T., Kinoshita, H., Yoshino, K., Shido, O., Kishi, H., Hashimoto, M."Functional benefits of ultra‑high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice on cognition, apathy, and bone health in older adults: A 12‑month randomized controlled trial". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.4 (2025): 192.
Chicago
Matsuzaki, K., Yano, S., Kuroda, Y., Nakahata, H., Matsuda, T., Kinoshita, H., Yoshino, K., Shido, O., Kishi, H., Hashimoto, M."Functional benefits of ultra‑high hydrostatic pressurized brown rice on cognition, apathy, and bone health in older adults: A 12‑month randomized controlled trial". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 4 (2025): 192. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12942
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