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Article Open Access

Petasites japonicus‑propolis mixture attenuates airway inflammation in a mouse model of PM10 and ovalbumin‑induced respiratory disease

  • Authors:
    • Ji Hyeon Park
    • Jae Young Shin
    • Denis Nchang Che
    • Mi Yeung Kim
    • Yong Kap Hur
    • Geun Seoup Song
    • Byoung Ok Cho
    • Seon Il Jang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Research Institute, Unique Biotech Co., Ltd., Iksan, Jeonbuk 54576, Republic of Korea, Institute of Health Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 55069, Republic of Korea, Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
    Copyright: © Park et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 200
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    Published online on: August 14, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12950
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Abstract

Airway inflammation driven by particulate matter (PM) exposure underlies diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. Although conventional anti‑inflammatory therapies exist, they often cause significant side effects. Natural plant extracts offer non‑toxic alternatives with comparable efficacy. The present study evaluated the effects of Petasites japonicus-propolis (PJP) mixture in a mouse model co‑exposed to PM (intranasal) and ovalbumin (OVA; intraperitoneal) over 30 days. PJP was administered orally at 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg daily for 9 days. PJP reduced sneezing and nasal rubbing. Serum levels of total IgE and OVA‑specific IgG1 were decreased by PJP. In addition, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and nasal lavage fluid showed lower histamine and IL‑4 concentrations. In lung tissue, PJP reduced the epithelial thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration (goblet cells, eosinophils and mast cells). At the molecular level, PJP downregulated suppression of tumorigenicity 2, IL‑33, TNF‑α and IL‑4 expression, and inhibited NF‑κB phosphorylation. PJP attenuated PM/OVA‑induced airway inflammation by suppressing NF‑κB signaling and associated cytokine responses, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for inflammatory respiratory diseases.
View Figures

Figure 1

Schematic representation of the
experimental protocol to evaluate the effects of PJP on the
OVA-PM-induced respiratory disease mouse model. i.p,
intraperitoneal; i.n, intranasal; p.o, per os; OVA, ovalbumin;
alum, aluminum hydroxide; PM, particulate matter; PJP, Petasites
japonicus propolis extract; Dexa, dexamethasone.

Figure 2

PJP reduces nasal allergy symptoms
and the levels of OVA-specific immunoglobulins in serum. (A) Number
of sneezing events and (B) nasal rubbing were measured for 15 min
following the final OVA challenge on day 30. (C) Serum levels of
OVA-specific IgE. (D) Serum levels of OVA-specific IgG1. Each bar
represents the mean ± SEM (n=6). #P<0.05 vs. normal
group. *P<0.05 vs. OVA + PM group. ns, not
significantly different from the OVA + PM group; OVA, ovalbumin;
PM, particulate matter; PJP, Petasites japonicus propolis
extract; Dex, dexamethasone.

Figure 3

PJP reduces histamine and IL-4 levels
in NLF and BALF. (A) Levels of histamine in BALF. (B) Levels of
histamine in NLF. (C) Levels of IL-4 in BALF. (D) Levels of IL-4 in
NLF. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM (n=6).
#P<0.05 vs. normal group. *P<0.05 vs.
OVA + PM group. OVA, ovalbumin; PM, particulate matter; PJP,
Petasites japonicus propolis extract; Dex, dexamethasone;
NLF, nasal lavage fluid; BALF, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.

Figure 4

Inhibitory effects of PJP on ST2,
IL-33, TNF-α and IL-4 expression in the lung tissue of
OVA-PM-induced respiratory disease mice, analyzed by western
blotting. Each bar represents the mean ± SD (n=6).
#P<0.05 vs. normal group. *P<0.05 vs.
OVA + PM group. ns, not significantly different from the OVA + PM
group; OVA, ovalbumin; PM, particulate matter; PJP, Petasites
japonicus propolis extract; Dex, dexamethasone; ST2,
suppression of tumorigenicity 2.

Figure 5

Effects of PJP on NF-κB
phosphorylation in lung tissue. (A) Phosphorylation of NF-κB in
lung tissue was analyzed by western blotting. The protein levels of
NF-κB and p-NF-κB were semi-quantified and compared among groups.
(B) Immunohistochemical analysis of NF-κB levels in lung tissue
observed at a magnification of x100. Positive staining indicates
the localization and activation of NF-κB in the tissue sections.
Scale bar, 200 µm. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM (n=6).
#P<0.05 vs. normal group. *P<0.05 vs.
OVA + PM group. OVA, ovalbumin; PM, particulate matter; PJP,
Petasites japonicus propolis extract; Dex, dexamethasone;
p-, phosphorylated.

Figure 6

Histological changes in OVA +
PM-induced respiratory disease mice treated with PJP. (A) H&E
and PAS staining of nasal and lung tissues observed at a
magnification of x100 (top and middle panels, respectively). The
red bar indicates epithelial thickness, and black arrows indicate
PAS-positive areas. The bottom row shows a magnified image of the
lung tissue from the middle row. (B) Thickness of the epithelium
and (C) goblet cell count in nasal tissue (expressed as % of total
epithelial cells). (D) Inflammation score and (E) PAS-positive area
in lung tissue. Scale bar, 200 µm. Each bar represents the mean ±
SEM (n=6). #P<0.05 vs. normal group.
*P<0.05 vs. OVA + PM group. ns, not significantly
different from the OVA + PM group; OVA, ovalbumin; PM, particulate
matter; PJP, Petasites japonicus propolis extract; Dex,
dexamethasone; PAS, periodic acid-schiff.

Figure 7

Histological evaluation of nasal
tissue observed at a magnification of x100. (A) SR staining
revealed eosinophil infiltration. Arrows indicate eosinophils. (B)
TB staining highlighted mast cell infiltration. Circles indicate
mast cells. Magnified areas show higher-resolution views. Scale
bar, 200 µm. OVA, ovalbumin; PM, particulate matter; PJP,
Petasites japonicus propolis extract; Dex, dexamethasone;
SR, sirius red; TB, toluidine blue.

Figure 8

Immunohistochemical analysis of ST2
expression in nasal tissue observed at a magnification of x100. ST2
in nasal tissue was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining.
Positive staining indicated the localization and expression levels
of ST2 in the tissue sections. Arrows indicate ST2-positive
staining in the nasal epithelium, and the magnified panel displays
an enlarged view of these stained areas. Scale bar, 200 µm. OVA,
ovalbumin; PM, particulate matter; PJP, Petasites japonicus
propolis extract; Dex, dexamethasone; ST2, suppression of
tumorigenicity 2.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Park J, Shin JY, Che DN, Kim MY, Hur YK, Song GS, Cho BO and Jang SI: <em>Petasites japonicus</em>‑propolis mixture attenuates airway inflammation in a mouse model of PM<sub>10</sub> and ovalbumin‑induced respiratory disease. Exp Ther Med 30: 200, 2025.
APA
Park, J., Shin, J.Y., Che, D.N., Kim, M.Y., Hur, Y.K., Song, G.S. ... Jang, S.I. (2025). <em>Petasites japonicus</em>‑propolis mixture attenuates airway inflammation in a mouse model of PM<sub>10</sub> and ovalbumin‑induced respiratory disease. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 200. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12950
MLA
Park, J., Shin, J. Y., Che, D. N., Kim, M. Y., Hur, Y. K., Song, G. S., Cho, B. O., Jang, S. I."<em>Petasites japonicus</em>‑propolis mixture attenuates airway inflammation in a mouse model of PM<sub>10</sub> and ovalbumin‑induced respiratory disease". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.4 (2025): 200.
Chicago
Park, J., Shin, J. Y., Che, D. N., Kim, M. Y., Hur, Y. K., Song, G. S., Cho, B. O., Jang, S. I."<em>Petasites japonicus</em>‑propolis mixture attenuates airway inflammation in a mouse model of PM<sub>10</sub> and ovalbumin‑induced respiratory disease". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 4 (2025): 200. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12950
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Park J, Shin JY, Che DN, Kim MY, Hur YK, Song GS, Cho BO and Jang SI: <em>Petasites japonicus</em>‑propolis mixture attenuates airway inflammation in a mouse model of PM<sub>10</sub> and ovalbumin‑induced respiratory disease. Exp Ther Med 30: 200, 2025.
APA
Park, J., Shin, J.Y., Che, D.N., Kim, M.Y., Hur, Y.K., Song, G.S. ... Jang, S.I. (2025). <em>Petasites japonicus</em>‑propolis mixture attenuates airway inflammation in a mouse model of PM<sub>10</sub> and ovalbumin‑induced respiratory disease. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 200. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12950
MLA
Park, J., Shin, J. Y., Che, D. N., Kim, M. Y., Hur, Y. K., Song, G. S., Cho, B. O., Jang, S. I."<em>Petasites japonicus</em>‑propolis mixture attenuates airway inflammation in a mouse model of PM<sub>10</sub> and ovalbumin‑induced respiratory disease". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.4 (2025): 200.
Chicago
Park, J., Shin, J. Y., Che, D. N., Kim, M. Y., Hur, Y. K., Song, G. S., Cho, B. O., Jang, S. I."<em>Petasites japonicus</em>‑propolis mixture attenuates airway inflammation in a mouse model of PM<sub>10</sub> and ovalbumin‑induced respiratory disease". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 4 (2025): 200. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12950
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