Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
December-2025 Volume 30 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2025 Volume 30 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Thermal‑denatured PDRN exhibits increased in vitro pharmacological activities: A functional role of single‑stranded DNA random coils

  • Authors:
    • Hye-Won Lim
    • Yu-Hua Huang
    • Hye-Seung Baek
    • Hong-Gyum Kim
    • Kyu Earn Kim
    • Chang-Jin Lim
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: NOVELVITA Inc., Chuncheon, Gangwon 24398, Republic of Korea, R&D Center, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24398, Republic of Korea, Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
  • Article Number: 232
    |
    Published online on: September 25, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12982
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) is a DNA‑based remedy that is broadly utilized for the treatment of wounds, inflammatory diseases and other diverse disorders. The present study aimed to clarify which conformational state of PDRNs, single‑stranded DNA (ssDNA) random coil or double‑stranded DNA (dsDNA) helical form, was responsible for its in vitro pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory, skin whitening and anti‑wrinkling properties. A PDRN solution was subjected to thermal denaturation at a high temperature, which generated heated PDRN (PDRN‑H) with augmented ssDNA random coils. Skin in vitro beneficial properties of PDRN and PDRN‑H were analyzed and compared using the non‑celled in vitro models. PDRN itself was shown to exhibit positive effects, such as a scavenging or inhibitory effect, in all tests done, such as 2,2‑diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), [2,2'‑azino‑bis(3‑ethylbenzothiazoline‑6‑sulfonic acid)] (ABTS), superoxide and nitrite scavenging assays, and tyrosinase, elastase and collagenase inhibition assays. However, PDRN‑H exhibited 10.3‑ and 1.6‑fold higher activities in the DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays compared with PDRN, respectively. PDRN‑H showed 2.2‑ and 4.7‑fold higher activities in the superoxide and nitrite scavenging assays compared with PDRN, respectively. PDRN‑H also displayed 2.3‑ and 1.8‑fold higher activities compared with PDRN in the inhibition assays of L‑tyrosine hydroxylase and L‑DOPA oxidase activities of tyrosinase, respectively. PDRN‑H was able to suppress elastase and collagenase activities and the degrees of their inhibition activities were 3.9‑ and 2.2‑fold higher than those of PDRN, respectively. Although both PDRN and PDRN‑H demonstrate in vitro beneficial properties for the skin, such as antioxidant, anti‑inflammatory, skin whitening and antiwrinkle properties, PDRN‑H exerts remarkably higher skin beneficial properties than PDRN due to its augmented single‑stranded DNA random coils. Overall, these findings suggest that the single‑stranded DNA random coils of PDRNs serve as an active player for the in vitro pharmacological properties.
View Figures

Figure 1

The light absorbances at (A) 260 nm
and (B) dsDNA levels of PDRN and PDRN-H. They were measured using a
(A) spectrophotometer and (B) a specific dsDNA detection kit.
***P<0.001 vs. the non-thermal control (PDRN). dsDNA,
double-stranded DNA; PDRN, polydeoxyribonucleotide; PDRN-H, heated
polydeoxyribonucleotide.

Figure 2

Electrophoretic evidence for the
enhanced single-stranded DNA forms in PDRN-H, in comparison to that
in PDRN. (A) 2% agarose gel electrophoretogram stained with
ethidium bromide; (B) the scanning densitometric patterns of PDRN
and PDRN-H lanes in (A) using Image J; (C) area comparison under
the profiles of PDRN and PDRN-H obtained in (B). bp, base pairs;
dsDNA, doublestranded DNA; PDRN, polydeoxyribonucleotide; PDRN-H,
heated polydeoxyribonucleotide.

Figure 3

In vitro scavenging activities
of PDRN and PDRN-H against (A) DPPH radical and (B) ABTS radical
cations (ABTS•+). AA at 1 µg/ml was used as a positive
control. **P<0.01 vs. the non-thermal control (PDRN).
AA, ascorbic acid; PDRN, polydeoxyribonucleotide; PDRN-H, heated
polydeoxyribonucleotide; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS,
2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid).

Figure 4

In vitro scavenging activities
of PDRN and PDRN-H against (A) superoxide radical anions and (B)
nitrite ions. AA at 20 µg/ml was used as a positive control.
**P<0.01 vs. the non-thermal control (PDRN). AA,
ascorbic acid; PDRN, polydeoxyribonucleotide; PDRN-H, heated
polydeoxyribonucleotide.

Figure 5

Inhibitory activities of PDRN and
PDRN-H on the activities of tyrosinase. Their inhibitory activities
on tyrosine hydroxylase and L-DOPA oxidase activities of tyrosinase
were determined using (A) L-tyrosine or (B) L-DOPA as its
substrate, respectively. KA at 2 and 10 µg/ml was used as a
positive control in panels A and B, respectively.
**P<0.01 vs. the non-thermal control (PDRN). KA,
Kojic acid; PDRN, polydeoxyribonucleotide; PDRN-H, heated
polydeoxyribonucleotide; L-DOPA, L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine.

Figure 6

Inhibitory activities of PDRN and
PDRN-H on the activities of (A) elastase and (B) collagenase. EGCG
at 20 µg/ml was used as a positive control. **P<0.01
vs. the non-thermal control (PDRN). PDRN, polydeoxyribonucleotide;
PDRN-H, heated polydeoxyribonucleotide; EGCG, epigallocatechin
gallate.
View References

1 

Tonello G, Daglio M, Zaccarelli N, Sottofattori E, Mazzei M and Balbi A: Characterization and quantitation of the active polynucleotide fraction (PDRN) from human placenta, a tissue repair stimulating agent. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 14:1555–1560. 1996.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Pan SY, Chan MKS, Wong MBF, Klokol D and Chernykh V: Placental therapy: An insight to their biological and therapeutic properties. J Med Ther. 1:1–6. 2017.

3 

Kim TH, Heo SY, Han JS and Jung WK: Anti-inflammatory effect of polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRN) extracted from red alga (Porphyra sp.) (Ps-PDRN) in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides: A comparative study with commercial PDRN. Cell Biochem Funct. 41:889–897. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Shu Z, Ji Y, Liu F, Jing Y, Jiao C, Li Y, Zhao Y, Wang G and Zhang J: Proteomics analysis of the protective effect of polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) sperm in a hydrogen peroxide-induced RAW264.7 cell injury model. Mar Drugs. 22(325)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Kim TH, Kim SC, Park WS, Choi IW, Kim HW, Kang HW, Kim YM and Jung WK: PCL/gelatin nanofibers incorporated with starfish polydeoxyribonucleotides for potential wound healing applications. Mater Des. 229(111912)2023.

6 

Kim M, Kim WJ, Lee HK, Kwon YS and Choi YM: Efficacy in vitro antioxidation and in vivo skin barrier recovery of composition containing mineral-cation-phyto DNA extracted from Aloe vera adventitious root. Asian J Beauty Cosmetol. 21:231–246. 2023.

7 

Lee KS, Lee S, Wang H, Lee G, Kim S, Ryu YH, Chang NH and Kang YW: Analysis of skin regeneration and barrier-improvement efficacy of polydeoxyribonucleotide isolated from Panax ginseng (C.A. Mey.) adventitious root. Molecules. 28(7240)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Kim E, Choi S, Kim SY, Jang SJ, Lee S, Kim H, Jang JH, Seo HH, Lee JH, Choi SS and Moh SH: Wound healing effect of polydeoxyribonucleotide derived from Hibiscus sabdariffa callus via Nrf2 signaling in human keratinocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 728(150335)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Shin J, Park G, Lee J and Bae H: The effect of polydeoxyribonucleotide on chronic non-healing wound of an amputee: A case report. Ann Rehabil Med. 42:630–633. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Yun J, Park S, Park HY and Lee KA: Efficacy of polydeoxyribonucleotide in promoting the healing of diabetic wounds in a murine model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes: A pilot experiment. Int J Mol Sci. 24(1932)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Picciolo G, Mannino F, Irrera N, Altavilla D, Minutoli L, Vaccaro M, Arcoraci V, Squadrito V, Picciolo G, Squadrito F and Pallio G: PDRN, a natural bioactive compound, blunts inflammation and positively reprograms healing genes in an ‘in vitro’ model of oral mucositis. Biomed Pharmacother. 138(111538)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Hwang L, Jin JJ, Ko IG, Kim S, Cho YA, Sung JS, Choi CW and Chang BS: Polydeoxyribonucleotide attenuates airway inflammation through A2AR signaling pathway in PM10-exposed mice. Int Neurourol J. 25 (Suppl 1):S19–S26. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Noh TK, Chung BY, Kim SY, Lee MH, Kim MJ, Youn CS, Lee MW and Chang SE: Novel anti-melanogenesis properties of polydeoxyribonucleotide, a popular wound healing booster. Int J Mol Sci. 17(1448)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Ko IG, Jin JJ, Hwang L, Kim SH, Kim CJ, Han JH, Lee S, Kim HI, Shin HP and Jeon JW: Polydeoxyribonucleotide exerts protective effect against CCl4-induced acute liver injury through inactivation of NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway in mice. Int J Mol Sci. 21(7894)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Kim SE, Ko IG, Jin JJ, Hwang L, Kim CJ, Kim SH, Han JH and Jeon JW: Polydeoxyribonucleotide exerts therapeutic effect by increasing VEGF and inhibiting inflammatory cytokines in ischemic colitis rats. Biomed Res Int. 2020(2169083)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Khan A, Wang G, Zhou F, Gong L, Zhang J, Qi L and Cui H: Polydeoxyribonucleotide: A promising skin anti-aging agent. Chin J Plast Reconstr Surg. 4:187–193. 2022.

17 

Marini HR, Puzzolo D, Micali A, Adamo EB, Irrera N, Pisani A, Pallio G, Trichilo V, Malta C, Bitto A, et al: Neuroprotective effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide in a murine model of cadmium toxicity. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018(4285694)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Lee S, Won KY and Joo S: Protective effect of polydeoxyribonucleotide against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice. Int Neurourol J. 24 (Suppl 2):S88–S95. 2020.

19 

Jo S, Baek A, Cho Y, Kim SH, Baek D, Hwang J, Cho SR and Kim HJ: Therapeutic effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide in an in vitro neuronal model of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Sci Rep. 13(6004)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Baek A, Baek D, Kim SH, Kim J, Notario GR, Lee DW, Kim HJ and Cho SR: Polydeoxyribonucleotide ameliorates IL-1β-induced impairment of chondrogenic differentiation in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Rep. 14(26076)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Galeano M, Pallio G, Irrera N, Mannino F, Bitto A, Altavilla D, Vaccaro M, Squadrito G, Arcoraci V, Colonna MR, et al: Polydeoxyribonucleotide: A promising biological platform to accelerate impaired skin wound healing. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 14(1103)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Jung HJ, Cho YW, Lim HW, Choi H, Ji DJ and Lim CJ: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic and skin whitening activities of Phryma leptostachya var. asiatica Hara extract. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 21:72–78. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Thring TSA, Hili P and Naughton DP: Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase and anti-oxidant activities of extracts from 21 plants. BMC Complement Altern Med. 9(27)2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Mandal S, Hazra B, Sarkar R, Biswas S and Mandal N: Assessment of the antioxidant and reactive oxygen species scavenging activity of methanolic extract of Caesalpinia crista leaf. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011(173768)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Gharibzahedi SMT, Razavi SH and Mousavi M: Characterizing the natural canthaxanthin/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Carbohydr Polym. 10:1147–1153. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Masuda T, Yamashita D, Takeda Y and Yonemori S: Screening for tyrosinase inhibitors among extracts of seashore plants and identification of potent inhibitors from Garcinia subelliptica. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 69:197–201. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Wittenauer J, Mäckle S, Sußmann D, Schweiggert-Weisz U and Carle R: Inhibitory effects of polyphenols from grape pomace extract on collagenase and elastase activity. Fitoterapia. 101:179–187. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Chattuwatthana T and Okello E: Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase and antioxidant activities of Pueraria candollei var. mirifica root extract and Coccinia grandis fruit juice extract: An in vitro study. Eur J Med Plants. 5:318–327. 2015.

29 

Andrés CMC, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Andrés Juan C, Plou FJ and Pérez-Lebeña E: Superoxide anion chemistry-its role at the core of the innate immunity. Int J Mol Sci. 24(1841)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Forman HJ and Zhang H: Targeting oxidative stress in disease: Promise and limitations of antioxidant therapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 20:689–709. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Sharma JN, Al-Omran A and Parvathy SS: Role of nitric oxide in inflammatory diseases. Inflammopharmacology. 15:252–259. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Akdeniz N, Aktaş A, Erdem T, Akyüz M and Özdemir S: Nitric oxide levels in atopic dermatitis. The Pain Clinic. 16:401–405. 2004.

33 

Suschek CV, Feibel D, von Kohout M and Opländer C: Enhancement of nitric oxide bioavailability by modulation of cutaneous nitric oxide stores. Biomedicines. 10(2124)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Masum MN, Yamauchi K and Mitsunaga T: Tyrosinase inhibitors from natural and synthetic sources as skin-lightening agents. Rev Agric Sci. 7:41–58. 2019.

35 

Kim YJ, Kim MJ, Kweon DK, Lim ST and Lee SJ: Polydeoxyribonucleotide activates mitochondrial biogenesis but reduces MMP-1 activity and melanin biosynthesis in cultured skin cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 191:540–554. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Squadrito F, Bitto A, Irrera N, Pizzino G, Pallio G, Minutoli L and Altavilla D: Pharmacological activity and clinical use of PDRN. Front Pharmacol. 8(224)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Belletti S, Uggeri J, Gatti R, Govoni P and Guizzardi S: Polydeoxyribonucleotide promotes cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer repair in UVB-exposed dermal fibroblasts. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 23:242–249. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Irrera N, Bitto A, Vaccaro M, Mannino F, Squadrito V, Pallio G, Arcoraci V, Minutoli L, Ieni A, Lentini M, et al: PDRN, a bioactive natural compound, ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis through NF-κB pathway inhibition and Wnt/β-catenin signaling modulation. Int J Mol Sci. 21(1215)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Echart CL, Graziadio B, Somaini S, Ferro LI, Richardson PG, Fareed J and Iacobelli M: The fibrinolytic mechanism of defibrotide: Effect of defibrotide on plasmin activity. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 20:627–634. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Baker DE and Demaris K: Defibrotide. Hosp Pharm. 51:847–854. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Lim H, Huang Y, Baek H, Kim H, Kim KE and Lim C: Thermal‑denatured PDRN exhibits increased in vitro pharmacological activities: A functional role of single‑stranded DNA random coils. Exp Ther Med 30: 232, 2025.
APA
Lim, H., Huang, Y., Baek, H., Kim, H., Kim, K.E., & Lim, C. (2025). Thermal‑denatured PDRN exhibits increased in vitro pharmacological activities: A functional role of single‑stranded DNA random coils. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 232. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12982
MLA
Lim, H., Huang, Y., Baek, H., Kim, H., Kim, K. E., Lim, C."Thermal‑denatured PDRN exhibits increased in vitro pharmacological activities: A functional role of single‑stranded DNA random coils". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.6 (2025): 232.
Chicago
Lim, H., Huang, Y., Baek, H., Kim, H., Kim, K. E., Lim, C."Thermal‑denatured PDRN exhibits increased in vitro pharmacological activities: A functional role of single‑stranded DNA random coils". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 6 (2025): 232. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12982
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Lim H, Huang Y, Baek H, Kim H, Kim KE and Lim C: Thermal‑denatured PDRN exhibits increased in vitro pharmacological activities: A functional role of single‑stranded DNA random coils. Exp Ther Med 30: 232, 2025.
APA
Lim, H., Huang, Y., Baek, H., Kim, H., Kim, K.E., & Lim, C. (2025). Thermal‑denatured PDRN exhibits increased in vitro pharmacological activities: A functional role of single‑stranded DNA random coils. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 30, 232. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12982
MLA
Lim, H., Huang, Y., Baek, H., Kim, H., Kim, K. E., Lim, C."Thermal‑denatured PDRN exhibits increased in vitro pharmacological activities: A functional role of single‑stranded DNA random coils". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30.6 (2025): 232.
Chicago
Lim, H., Huang, Y., Baek, H., Kim, H., Kim, K. E., Lim, C."Thermal‑denatured PDRN exhibits increased in vitro pharmacological activities: A functional role of single‑stranded DNA random coils". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 30, no. 6 (2025): 232. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.12982
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team