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Drug‑related problems in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: A single‑center prospective study

  • Authors:
    • Xingxing Liu
    • Yue Li
    • Zhen Mao
    • Xin Wang
    • Shan Zhao
    • Qiu Han
    • Jia Liu
    • Yan Zhou
    • Shi Li
    • Bing Chen
    • Yongfu Hang
    • Wan Yan
    • Xiaoye Jin
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmacy, Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Guiyang Guizhou 550003, P.R. China, Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China, Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 107
    |
    Published online on: February 12, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13102
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Abstract

Currently, there is a lack of data on drug‑related problems (DRPs) in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in China. The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence and determinants of DRPs in pediatric patients with CKD and to inform evidence‑based pharmacotherapy for this population. For this purpose, a single‑center prospective study was conducted at the Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital (Guiyang, China) between January and December 2023. The Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) taxonomy [version 9.1 (v9.1)] was adapted to reflect the unique characteristics of pediatric patients with CKD; all identified DRPs were classified according to the modified PCNE v9.1 and were subsequently analyzed. The results demonstrated that among the 383 hospitalized children with CKD, 136 patients (35.51%) experienced 203 DRPs; the majority of problems pertained to treatment effectiveness (190; 93.60%) and of the 223 underlying causes identified, 79 (35.43%) were related to drug selection. Clinical pharmacists initiated 254 interventions; 243 (95.67%) were fully accepted and implemented. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that DRPs are common in pediatric patients with CKD. The implementation of a pharmacist‑led medication reconciliation model, supported by an adapted PCNE tool, was associated with a high intervention acceptance rate. However, the present study was conducted in a single center and the findings obtained need to be validated in other centers, thereby providing more valuable references for the identification and management of DRPs in children with CKD.
View Figures

Figure 1

Flowchart of the present study. CKD,
chronic kidney disease; DRPs, drug related problems.

Figure 2

Types of DRPs for pediatric patients
with chronic kidney disease at Guiyang Maternal and Child Health
Care Hospital (Guiyang, China). DRPs, drug related problems.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liu X, Li Y, Mao Z, Wang X, Zhao S, Han Q, Liu J, Zhou Y, Li S, Chen B, Chen B, et al: Drug‑related problems in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: A single‑center prospective study. Exp Ther Med 31: 107, 2026.
APA
Liu, X., Li, Y., Mao, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, S., Han, Q. ... Jin, X. (2026). Drug‑related problems in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: A single‑center prospective study. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 107. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13102
MLA
Liu, X., Li, Y., Mao, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, S., Han, Q., Liu, J., Zhou, Y., Li, S., Chen, B., Hang, Y., Yan, W., Jin, X."Drug‑related problems in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: A single‑center prospective study". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.4 (2026): 107.
Chicago
Liu, X., Li, Y., Mao, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, S., Han, Q., Liu, J., Zhou, Y., Li, S., Chen, B., Hang, Y., Yan, W., Jin, X."Drug‑related problems in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: A single‑center prospective study". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 4 (2026): 107. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13102
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu X, Li Y, Mao Z, Wang X, Zhao S, Han Q, Liu J, Zhou Y, Li S, Chen B, Chen B, et al: Drug‑related problems in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: A single‑center prospective study. Exp Ther Med 31: 107, 2026.
APA
Liu, X., Li, Y., Mao, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, S., Han, Q. ... Jin, X. (2026). Drug‑related problems in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: A single‑center prospective study. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 107. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13102
MLA
Liu, X., Li, Y., Mao, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, S., Han, Q., Liu, J., Zhou, Y., Li, S., Chen, B., Hang, Y., Yan, W., Jin, X."Drug‑related problems in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: A single‑center prospective study". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.4 (2026): 107.
Chicago
Liu, X., Li, Y., Mao, Z., Wang, X., Zhao, S., Han, Q., Liu, J., Zhou, Y., Li, S., Chen, B., Hang, Y., Yan, W., Jin, X."Drug‑related problems in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: A single‑center prospective study". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 4 (2026): 107. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13102
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