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Review Open Access

Gut microbiota‑metabolism axis in digestive tumors: Emerging targets for novel therapies (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Zhendong Yang
    • Siyu Wu
    • Xueying Yang
    • Bowen Sui
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: The First Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 113
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    Published online on: February 17, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13108
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Abstract

Digestive tumors, including malignancies associated with the gastrointestinal tract, represent a notable global health burden. Advances in microbiome research have highlighted that the gut microbiota‑metabolism axis and its associated metabolic derivatives are key modulators of tumorigenesis, immune evasion and treatment responses. The present review aimed to comprehensively discuss how key microbial metabolites, such as polyamines, short‑chain fatty acids, bile acids and other compounds reshape the tumor microenvironment, modulate cellular signaling and affect immune responses. By integrating insights from microbiology, immunology, oncology and metabolic changes in digestive tumors, evidence suggests that the microbiota contributes to cancer progression through mechanisms involving epigenetic regulation, metabolic reprogramming, genotoxicity and production of inflammatory mediators. Beneficial bacteria, such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, exhibit antitumor activity, whereas pathogenic species, such as Helicobacter pylori and Fusobacterium nucleatum, are associated with oncogenic properties. Based on a literature search, microbiota‑targeted therapy seems to be promising for the management of pathological conditions, especially digestive diseases. Further investigations into the pharmaceutical application of microbiota through prebiotics, probiotics and metabolite‑targeted interventions, along with multi‑omics integration and microbiome‑host interactome validation, would be promising for improving personalized medicine and precision oncology.
View Figures

Figure 1

Comparative image of microbial
composition shift across cancer specific and healthy individuals is
depicted, where the key elements and their approximate frequencies
are represented as pie and bar charts relatively associated with
bacterial composition.

Figure 2

The interaction between the gut
microbiota and the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a schematic
diagram of bidirectional gut microbiota-TME interaction in
digestive tumors is represented, where initiates from dysbiosis
(diet, inflammation), and follows by producing microbial
metabolites (propionate, colibactin), and circulatory
repetition.

Figure 3

Tumor microenvironment and gut
microbiota crosstalk in health and digestive tumors is
depicted.
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Spandidos Publications style
Yang Z, Wu S, Yang X and Sui B: Gut microbiota‑metabolism axis in digestive tumors: Emerging targets for novel therapies (Review). Exp Ther Med 31: 113, 2026.
APA
Yang, Z., Wu, S., Yang, X., & Sui, B. (2026). Gut microbiota‑metabolism axis in digestive tumors: Emerging targets for novel therapies (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 113. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13108
MLA
Yang, Z., Wu, S., Yang, X., Sui, B."Gut microbiota‑metabolism axis in digestive tumors: Emerging targets for novel therapies (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.4 (2026): 113.
Chicago
Yang, Z., Wu, S., Yang, X., Sui, B."Gut microbiota‑metabolism axis in digestive tumors: Emerging targets for novel therapies (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 4 (2026): 113. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13108
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yang Z, Wu S, Yang X and Sui B: Gut microbiota‑metabolism axis in digestive tumors: Emerging targets for novel therapies (Review). Exp Ther Med 31: 113, 2026.
APA
Yang, Z., Wu, S., Yang, X., & Sui, B. (2026). Gut microbiota‑metabolism axis in digestive tumors: Emerging targets for novel therapies (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 113. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13108
MLA
Yang, Z., Wu, S., Yang, X., Sui, B."Gut microbiota‑metabolism axis in digestive tumors: Emerging targets for novel therapies (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.4 (2026): 113.
Chicago
Yang, Z., Wu, S., Yang, X., Sui, B."Gut microbiota‑metabolism axis in digestive tumors: Emerging targets for novel therapies (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 4 (2026): 113. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13108
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