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Case Report Open Access

Secondary pulmonary lymphoma diagnosed by minimal residual disease detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A case report

  • Authors:
    • Yingying Hu
    • Zheng Lv
    • Lehao Ren
    • Xin Zhao
    • Hong Liu
    • Yin Yuan
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 114
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    Published online on: February 17, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13109
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Abstract

The present study reports 2 cases of non‑Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) that achieved complete remission following cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin (doxorubicin), oncovin (vincristine) and prednisone chemotherapy. Both patients subsequently developed respiratory distress and rapid progression. The initial diagnosis was pulmonary infection, based on the symptoms of cough, white sputum and fever, abnormal laboratory results of high white blood cells, C‑reactive protein and procalcitonin and most notably, chest CT scans showing ground‑glass opacities and patchy shadows. Following treatment with a number of antibiotics, the pulmonary symptoms of the patients and their imaging manifestations improved at first. The repeated negative results of sputum culture and next‑generation sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) confirmed that the pathogens were eliminated. However, later, the symptoms and signs of both patients continued to progress. Secondary pulmonary lymphoma was not confirmed until the discovery of lymphocytes with abnormal phenotypes following minimal residual disease (MRD) testing in BALF. Both patients ultimately succumbed to respiratory failure. The present report outlines the first 2 reported cases of NHL diagnosed through MRD detection in BALF alongside a review of the relevant literature.
View Figures

Figure 1

Chest CT scans of the patient in Case
1. (A and B) Chest CT at admission in October 2024: (A) shows the
upper lobes of both lungs; (B) shows the lower lobe of the left
lung as well as the middle and lower lobes of the right lung. Both
revealed large ground-glass opacities, patchy shadows and multiple
nodules, as well as enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. (C and D)
Chest CT at discharge in October 2024: (C) shows the upper lobes of
both lungs; (D) shows the lower lobe of the left lung as well as
the middle and lower lobes of the right lung. Both revealed
decreased patchy shadows and multiple nodules. (E and F) Chest CT
at admission in November 2024: (E) shows the upper lobes of both
lungs; (F) shows the lower lobe of the left lung as well as the
middle and lower lobes of the right lung. Both revealed large
consolidation, segmental atelectasis and mediastinal lymph nodes.
(G and H) Chest CT at discharge in November 2024: (G) shows the
upper lobes of both lungs; (H) shows the lower lobe of the left
lung as well as the middle and lower lobes of the right lung. Both
revealed that the lung disease was locally alleviated.

Figure 2

Representative flow cytometry plots of
BALF from the patient in Case 1. P1: Cell aggregates were excluded
via FSC-H/FSC-A gating; P2: Cell debris was eliminated via
SSC-A/FSC-H gating; P3: CD45+ cells; P4:
CD4-CD8+ cells; P5:
CD4+CD8- cells; P6:
CD4-CD8- cells; lin: lymphocytes; 3+:
CD3+ lymphocytes; dan: monocytes; li: granulocytes.
Panel-marker correspondence: Panel 3 (APC-Cy7-A)= CD3; Panel 4
(PerCP-Cy5-5-A)=CD4; Panel 8 (PE-Cy7-A)=CD8; Panel 7 (V450-A)=CD7;
Panel 5 (APC-A)=CD5; Panel tcrrd (PE-A)=TCRγδ; Panel tcrab
(FITC-A)=TCRαβ; Panel vd1 (PE-Cy7-A)=TCRVδ1; Panel vd2
(V450-A)=TCRVδ2.

Figure 3

Representative flow cytometry plots
of bone marrow from the patient in Case 1. P1: Cell aggregates were
excluded via FSC-H/FSC-A gating; P2: Cell debris was eliminated via
SSC-A/FSC-H gating; lin: lymphocytes; nk: NK cells; 3+5+:
CD3+CD5+ cells; 3+8+:
CD3+CD4-CD8+ cells; 3+4+:
CD3+CD4+CD8- cells; 3+4-8-:
CD3+CD4-CD8- cells; dan:
monocytes; li: granulocytes; hong: erythrocytes; lin and P7:
CD3+CD4-CD8- cells. Panel-marker
correspondence: Panel 3 (APC-Cy7-A)=CD3; Panel 4
(PerCP-Cy5-5-A)=CD4; Panel 8 (PE-Cy7-A)=CD8; Panel TCRrd
(PE-A)=TCRγδ; Panel TCRab (FITC-A)=TCRαβ; Panel tcrvd1
(PE-Cy7-A)=TCRVδ1; Panel tcrvd2 (V450-A)=TCRVδ2. Values in the
bottom left corner of the figure refer to the quadrants of the plot
in the bottom right corner.

Figure 4

Representative flow cytometry plots
of peripheral blood from the patient in Case 1. P1: Cell aggregates
were excluded via FSC-H/FSC-A gating; P2: Cell debris was
eliminated via SSC-A/FSC-H gating; P3:
CD4-CD8- cells; P4:
CD4-CD8+ cells; P5:
CD4+CD8- cells; P6:
CD3+CD56- cells; lin: lymphocytes; 3+8+:
CD3+CD4-CD8+ cells; 3+4+:
CD3+CD4+CD8- cells; 3+8-4-:
CD3+CD4-CD8- cells; dan:
monocytes; li: granulocytes; hong: erythrocytes; lin and 3+8-4-:
CD3+CD4-CD8- cells; lin and P3:
CD4-CD8- cells. Panel-marker correspondence:
Panel 4 (PerCP-Cy5-5-A)=CD4; Panel TCRrd (PE-A)=TCRγδ; Panel TCRab
(FITC-A)=TCRαβ; Panel vd1 (PE-Cy7-A)=TCRVδ1; Panel vd2
(V450-A)=TCRVδ2. Given that the proportion of some cell populations
is markedly low, magnifying the cell particles during data analysis
resulted in linear shapes rather than dot-like cell clusters.

Figure 5

Chest CT scans of the patient in Case
2. (A and B) Chest CT at admission in November 2024: (A) shows the
upper lobes of both lungs; (B) shows the lower lobe of the left
lung as well as the middle and lower lobes of the right lung. Both
revealed large areas of ground-glass opacity and patchy shadows. (C
and D) Chest CT at discharge in November 2024: (C) shows the upper
lobes of both lungs; (D) shows the lower lobe of the left lung as
well as the middle and lower lobes of the right lung. Both revealed
that the lung-infiltrating shadow was progressing.

Figure 6

Representative flow cytometry plots
of BALF from the patient in Case 2. P1: Cell aggregates were
excluded via FSC-H/FSC-A gating; P2: Cell debris was eliminated via
SSC-A/FSC-H gating; P3: CD38++ plasma cells; P4:
CD45+ cells; P5: phenotypically normal B cells; P7:
phenotypically abnormal monoclonal B cells; lin: lymphocytes; dan:
monocytes; li: granulocytes. Panel-marker correspondence: Panel 38
(FITC-A)=CD38; Panel 10 (APC-A)=CD10; Panel 5 (BV605-A)=CD5; Panel
79b (PE-A)=CD79b; Panel 5 (APC-A)=CD5. The two plots labeled ‘Kappa
FITC-A’ and ‘Lambda PE-A’ are identical. The first plot serves to
set the gate using granulocytes as the background, thereby allowing
the second plot to clearly determine whether this cell population
expresses Kappa or Lambda, and classify this cell population into
Q1/Q2/Q3/Q4 based on the results. Given that the proportion of a
number of cell populations is markedly low, magnifying the cell
particles during data analysis resulted in linear shapes rather
than dot-like cell clusters.

Figure 7

Representative flow cytometry plots
of bone marrow from the patient in Case 2. P1: Cell aggregates were
excluded via FSC-H/FSC-A gating; P2: Cell debris was eliminated via
SSC-A/FSC-H gating; P3: CD38++ plasma cells; P4:
phenotypically abnormal monoclonal B cells; P5: CD5+ T
cells; lin: lymphocytes; dan: monocytes; li: granulocytes; hong:
erythrocytes. The two plots labeled ‘Kappa FITC-A’ and ‘Lambda
PE-A’ are identical. The first plot serves to set the gate using
granulocytes as the background, thereby allowing the second plot to
clearly determine whether this cell population expresses Kappa or
Lambda, and classify this cell population into Q1/Q2/Q3/Q4 based on
the results.

Figure 8

Literature review screening
process.
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Spandidos Publications style
Hu Y, Lv Z, Ren L, Zhao X, Liu H and Yuan Y: Secondary pulmonary lymphoma diagnosed by minimal residual disease detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A case report. Exp Ther Med 31: 114, 2026.
APA
Hu, Y., Lv, Z., Ren, L., Zhao, X., Liu, H., & Yuan, Y. (2026). Secondary pulmonary lymphoma diagnosed by minimal residual disease detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A case report. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 114. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13109
MLA
Hu, Y., Lv, Z., Ren, L., Zhao, X., Liu, H., Yuan, Y."Secondary pulmonary lymphoma diagnosed by minimal residual disease detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A case report". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.4 (2026): 114.
Chicago
Hu, Y., Lv, Z., Ren, L., Zhao, X., Liu, H., Yuan, Y."Secondary pulmonary lymphoma diagnosed by minimal residual disease detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A case report". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 4 (2026): 114. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13109
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Spandidos Publications style
Hu Y, Lv Z, Ren L, Zhao X, Liu H and Yuan Y: Secondary pulmonary lymphoma diagnosed by minimal residual disease detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A case report. Exp Ther Med 31: 114, 2026.
APA
Hu, Y., Lv, Z., Ren, L., Zhao, X., Liu, H., & Yuan, Y. (2026). Secondary pulmonary lymphoma diagnosed by minimal residual disease detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A case report. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 114. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13109
MLA
Hu, Y., Lv, Z., Ren, L., Zhao, X., Liu, H., Yuan, Y."Secondary pulmonary lymphoma diagnosed by minimal residual disease detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A case report". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.4 (2026): 114.
Chicago
Hu, Y., Lv, Z., Ren, L., Zhao, X., Liu, H., Yuan, Y."Secondary pulmonary lymphoma diagnosed by minimal residual disease detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid: A case report". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 4 (2026): 114. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13109
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