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Article

Effects of spironolactone on cytotoxic damage in osteoblasts

  • Authors:
    • So Young Park
    • Kwang Sik Suh
    • Hyun-Sook Kim
    • Soo Jin Yun
    • Hyunji Sang
    • Sang Ouk Chin
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28503, Republic of Korea
  • Article Number: 122
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    Published online on: February 27, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13117
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Abstract

ic hyperglycemia in diabetes elevates oxidative stress, damaging pancreatic β‑cells and worsening complications. Oxidative stress also disrupts osteoblast function, suppresses their maturation and triggers apoptosis, thereby contributing to bone fragility. Spironolactone, an aldosterone receptor antagonist prescribed for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, has potential protective effects on skeletal health. The present study examined whether spironolactone could protect osteoblasts from damage and restore their differentiation under oxidative conditions caused by 2‑deoxy‑D‑ribose (dRib). MC3T3‑E1 pre‑osteoblastic cells were incubated with spironolactone (0‑100 µM) and 15 mM dRib. Cell toxicity (through lactate dehydrogenase release), markers of differentiation (collagen content, alkaline phosphatase activity and mineral deposition), inflammatory cytokine levels (TNF‑α and IL‑6), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial superoxide levels, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers (activating transcription factor 6 and inositol‑requiring enzyme 1), mitochondrial integrity (mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels), glyoxalase I activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels were analyzed by ELISA. Pretreatment with spironolactone reduced dRib‑induced toxicity and improved differentiation markers in MC3T3‑E1 cells. It also lowered the elevated cytokine levels, ROS production, mitochondrial oxidative burden and ER stress responses caused by dRib. Furthermore, spironolactone preserved mitochondrial performance and enhanced antioxidant defenses by increasing GSH levels and glyoxalase I activity, thereby promoting the detoxification of harmful byproducts. These findings suggested that spironolactone may protect osteoblasts by mitigating oxidative and inflammatory stress, stabilizing mitochondrial function and enhancing differentiation. Overall, this highlights the possible benefits of spironolactone in the management of diabetes‑related bone fragility.
View Figures

Figure 1

Effects of SP on the differentiation
in dRib-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. (A) Collagen content, (B) ALP
activity and (C) mineralization were assessed in cells exposed to
dRib (15 mM) with or without spironolactone (20-100 µM)
pretreatment. All data are presented as percentages relative to the
untreated control group, which was set to 100%. Data are expressed
as mean ± SEM from independent in vitro experiments.
*P<0.05 vs. untreated cells; #P<0.05
vs. cells treated with dRib alone. ALP, alkaline phosphatase; SP,
spironolactone; dRib, 2-deoxy-D-ribose.

Figure 2

Effects of SP on endoplasmic reticulum
stress in dRib-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. Osteoblasts were
pre-incubated with spironolactone before treatment with 15 mM dRib
for 24 h. The control values for (A) ATF-6 and (B) IRE1 were
49.35±0.354 and 2.845±0.154 ng/mg, respectively.
*P<0.05 vs. untreated cells; #P<0.05
vs. cells treated with dRib alone. ATF-6, activating transcription
factor 6; IRE1, inositol-requiring enzyme 1; SP, spironolactone;
dRib, 2-deoxy-D-ribose.

Figure 3

Effects of SP on inflammatory cytokine
production in dRib-treated MC3T3-E1 cells. (A) TNF-α and (B) IL-6
levels were assessed in cells exposed to dRib (15 mM) with or
without spironolactone (50, 70 or 100 µM) pretreatment. Osteoblasts
were pre-incubated with spironolactone before treatment with 15 mM
dRib for 48 h. The control values for TNF-α and IL-6 were
16.19±2.3143 pg/mg and 0.547±0.029 ng/mg, respectively.
*P<0.05 vs. untreated cells; #P<0.05
vs. cells treated with dRib alone. SP, spironolactone; dRib,
2-deoxy-D-ribose.

Figure 4

Effects of SP on glyoxalase I
activity and reduced GSH levels in dRib-treated cells. Osteoblasts
were pre-incubated with SP before treatment with 15 mM dRib for 48
h. The control values for (A) glyoxalase I activity and (B) GSH
were 0.32±0.004 ΔOD/min/mg and 68.05±7.47 µg/mg, respectively.
*P<0.05 vs. untreated cells; #P<0.05
vs. cells treated with dRib alone. SP, spironolactone; dRib,
2-deoxy-D-ribose; GSH, glutathione.

Figure 5

Inhibitory effect of SP on
dRib-induced oxidative stress in cells. Osteoblasts were
pre-incubated with SP before treatment with 15 mM dRib for 48 h.
(A) Changes in levels of ROS, which were measured using the
dichlorofluorescein fluorescence method. (B) Mitochondrial
superoxide levels were detected using MitoSOX Red mitochondrial
superoxide indicator. *P<0.05 vs. untreated cells;
#P<0.05 vs. cells treated with dRib alone. SP,
spironolactone; dRib, 2-deoxy-D-ribose; ROS, reactive oxygen
species.

Figure 6

Effects of SP on the dRib-induced
mitochondrial dysfunction in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells.
Osteoblasts were pre-incubated with SP before treatment with 15 mM
dRib for 48 h. (A) Mitochondrial depolarization (loss of MMP) and
(B) ATP levels were measured. *P<0.05 vs. untreated
cells; #P<0.05 vs. cells treated with dRib alone. SP,
spironolactone; dRib, 2-deoxy-D-ribose; MMP, mitochondrial membrane
potential.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Park SY, Suh KS, Kim H, Yun SJ, Sang H and Chin SO: Effects of spironolactone on cytotoxic damage in osteoblasts. Exp Ther Med 31: 122, 2026.
APA
Park, S.Y., Suh, K.S., Kim, H., Yun, S.J., Sang, H., & Chin, S.O. (2026). Effects of spironolactone on cytotoxic damage in osteoblasts. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 122. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13117
MLA
Park, S. Y., Suh, K. S., Kim, H., Yun, S. J., Sang, H., Chin, S. O."Effects of spironolactone on cytotoxic damage in osteoblasts". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.5 (2026): 122.
Chicago
Park, S. Y., Suh, K. S., Kim, H., Yun, S. J., Sang, H., Chin, S. O."Effects of spironolactone on cytotoxic damage in osteoblasts". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 5 (2026): 122. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13117
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Park SY, Suh KS, Kim H, Yun SJ, Sang H and Chin SO: Effects of spironolactone on cytotoxic damage in osteoblasts. Exp Ther Med 31: 122, 2026.
APA
Park, S.Y., Suh, K.S., Kim, H., Yun, S.J., Sang, H., & Chin, S.O. (2026). Effects of spironolactone on cytotoxic damage in osteoblasts. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 122. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13117
MLA
Park, S. Y., Suh, K. S., Kim, H., Yun, S. J., Sang, H., Chin, S. O."Effects of spironolactone on cytotoxic damage in osteoblasts". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.5 (2026): 122.
Chicago
Park, S. Y., Suh, K. S., Kim, H., Yun, S. J., Sang, H., Chin, S. O."Effects of spironolactone on cytotoxic damage in osteoblasts". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 5 (2026): 122. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13117
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