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Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
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Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
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May-2026 Volume 31 Issue 5

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International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

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International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

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Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

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Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

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International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

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Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

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International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

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Review Open Access

Immune cross talk and therapeutic advances in lactate metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Min Liu
    • Kui Su
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 139
    |
    Published online on: March 19, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13135
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Abstract

The excessive buildup of lactic acid within the tumor microenvironment (TME) serves as a hallmark of metabolic reprogramming in cancer. New studies have revealed that lactic acid is an energy metabolic product and a core biological signal that regulates the malignant process of tumors. It plays multiple roles in metabolic reprogramming, protein lactate modification, immune escape, drug resistance generation, epigenetic regulation and metastatic spread. It also has significant negative implications for patient survival. In this review, the advances in understanding the metabolic mechanisms of lactate in the TME and its crosstalk with various of immune cells were systematically reviewed and its therapeutic potential in the following ways was explored: Targeting lactate synthesis (e.g., lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors); interfering with lactate catabolism (e.g., monocarboxylate transporter blockers); and regulating lactate shuttling (microenvironmental cell‑to‑cell communication). The review aimed to identify new targets and ideas for anticancer strategies by analyzing the lactate metabolic network.

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liu M and Su K: Immune cross talk and therapeutic advances in lactate metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (Review). Exp Ther Med 31: 139, 2026.
APA
Liu, M., & Su, K. (2026). Immune cross talk and therapeutic advances in lactate metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 139. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13135
MLA
Liu, M., Su, K."Immune cross talk and therapeutic advances in lactate metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.5 (2026): 139.
Chicago
Liu, M., Su, K."Immune cross talk and therapeutic advances in lactate metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 5 (2026): 139. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13135
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Liu M and Su K: Immune cross talk and therapeutic advances in lactate metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (Review). Exp Ther Med 31: 139, 2026.
APA
Liu, M., & Su, K. (2026). Immune cross talk and therapeutic advances in lactate metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 139. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13135
MLA
Liu, M., Su, K."Immune cross talk and therapeutic advances in lactate metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.5 (2026): 139.
Chicago
Liu, M., Su, K."Immune cross talk and therapeutic advances in lactate metabolism in the tumor microenvironment (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 5 (2026): 139. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13135
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