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Article Open Access

Ginkgo biloba extract 50 dropping pills improve vascular cognitive impairment through anti‑oxidative and anti‑inflammatory effects

  • Authors:
    • Fu-Ling Wang
    • Wen-Lan Li
    • Hong Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China, Research Institute, Zhejiang Shangyao Jiuxu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinhua, Zhejiang 321016, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 215
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    Published online on: June 12, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13210
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Abstract

The aim of the present study was to investigate the improvement effect of Ginkgo biloba extract 50 dropping pill (GBE50DP) on vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) induced by cerebral ischemia and its mechanism. The VCI rat model was established by 2‑vessel occlusion and randomly divided into the control, model, positive and GBE50DP administration groups. The administration groups were then administered GBE50DP intragastrically for 8 weeks. The social behavior and ability of learning and memory of each group were tested through the Morris water maze and eight‑arm maze experiment. The content of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in the hippocampus of rats were detected using ELISA. Hematoxylin & eosin staining and Terminal‑deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling staining were used to observe the morphological changes of nerve cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats. The expression of Caspase‑3, Bcl‑2, Bax, cytochrome c (Cyto‑C), fibroblast‑associated antigen (Fas) and poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase‑1 (PARP‑1) proteins in the hippocampal CA1 region of rats was detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. The blood components of GBE50DP were analyzed using liquid chromatography‑tandem mass spectrometry. The model rats showed significant cognitive impairment; compared with the model group, in the GBE50DP administration groups, the social behavior of rats was markedly improved; the content of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in the hippocampus was markedly increased and that of malondialdehyde, IL‑1β, IL‑6 and TNF‑α was significantly decreased. The pathological changes and expression of Cyto‑C, Bax, Bcl‑2, Caspase‑3, Fas and PARP‑1 proteins in brain tissue were markedly improved. The index components of GBE50DP in blood included ginkgolide A, B, C and K and bilobalide, as well as flavonoids such as rutin and quercetin. In conclusion, GBE50DP improved the social behavior, ability of learning and memory in VCI rats, decreased nerve cell damage and protected nerve cells from apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, thereby improving cognitive dysfunction.
View Figures

Figure 1

Effect of GBE50DP on escape latency
(n=12). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 vs.
Control group; #P<0.05 and ##P<0.01 vs.
Model group. GBE50DP, Ginkgo biloba extract 50 dropping
pill; -L, low dose group; -M, medium dose group; -H, high dose
group.

Figure 2

Effects of GBE50DP on oxidative
stress and inflammation in the hippocampus. (A) Effect of GBE50DP
on the contents of SOD, MDA, GSH Px and CAT in the hippocampus
(n=8); (B) Effect of GBE50DP on the contents of IL-1β, IL-6 and
TNF-α in the hippocampus (n=8). *P<0.05,
**P<0.01 and ***P<0.001 vs. Control
group; #P<0.05 and ##P<0.01 vs. Model
group. GBE50DP, Ginkgo biloba extract 50 dropping pill; SOD,
superoxide dismutase; MDA, malondialdehyde; GSH Px, glutathione
peroxidase; CAT, catalase; -L, low dose group; -M, medium dose
group; -H, high dose group.

Figure 3

H&E staining results of the
hippocampal CA1 region (scale bar, 50 µm). H&E, hematoxylin
& eosin. GBE50DP, Ginkgo biloba extract 50 dropping
pill; -L, low dose group; -M, medium dose group; -H, high dose
group.

Figure 4

Effect of GBE50DP on neuronal
apoptosis in the hippocampal CA1 region. (A) TUNEL staining results
of the hippocampal CA1 region (scale bar 50 µm). (B) Number of
apoptotic cells in the hippocampal CA1 region (n=3).
***P<0.001 vs. Control group;
###P<0.001 vs. Model group. GBE50DP, Ginkgo
biloba extract 50 dropping pill; -L, low dose group; -M, medium
dose group; -H, high dose group.

Figure 5

Effect of GBE50DP on the expression
of apoptosis-related proteins in the hippocampal CA1 region. (A)
Expression of Cyto-C, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Fas and PARP-1 in the
hippocampal CA1 region (scale bar, 50, µm). (B) Integral optical
densities of Cyto-C, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Fas, and PARP-1 in the
hippocampal CA1 region (n=3). ***P<0.001 vs. Control
group; ###P<0.001 vs. Model group. Cyto-C, cytochrome
c; PARP-1 Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; GBE50DP, Ginkgo
biloba extract 50 dropping pill; -L, low dose group; -M, medium
dose group; -H, high dose group.

Figure 6

Relative expression levels of Cyto-C,
Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Fas and PARP-1 in the hippocampal CA1
region. Western blot bands and quantified bar charts of each
protein, n=3. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and
***P<0.001 vs. Control group; #P<0.05
and ##P<0.01 vs. Model group. Cyto-C, cytochrome
c; PARP-1 Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; GBE50DP, Ginkgo
biloba extract 50 dropping pill; -L, low dose group; -M, medium
dose group; -H, high dose group.

Figure 7

MS1 and MS2 spectra of the compounds
in positive and negative ion modes and fragmentation pathway of the
compounds.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang F, Li W and Li H: <em>Ginkgo biloba</em> extract 50 dropping pills improve vascular cognitive impairment through anti‑oxidative and anti‑inflammatory effects. Exp Ther Med 32: 215, 2026.
APA
Wang, F., Li, W., & Li, H. (2026). <em>Ginkgo biloba</em> extract 50 dropping pills improve vascular cognitive impairment through anti‑oxidative and anti‑inflammatory effects. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 32, 215. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13210
MLA
Wang, F., Li, W., Li, H."<em>Ginkgo biloba</em> extract 50 dropping pills improve vascular cognitive impairment through anti‑oxidative and anti‑inflammatory effects". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32.2 (2026): 215.
Chicago
Wang, F., Li, W., Li, H."<em>Ginkgo biloba</em> extract 50 dropping pills improve vascular cognitive impairment through anti‑oxidative and anti‑inflammatory effects". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32, no. 2 (2026): 215. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13210
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang F, Li W and Li H: <em>Ginkgo biloba</em> extract 50 dropping pills improve vascular cognitive impairment through anti‑oxidative and anti‑inflammatory effects. Exp Ther Med 32: 215, 2026.
APA
Wang, F., Li, W., & Li, H. (2026). <em>Ginkgo biloba</em> extract 50 dropping pills improve vascular cognitive impairment through anti‑oxidative and anti‑inflammatory effects. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 32, 215. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13210
MLA
Wang, F., Li, W., Li, H."<em>Ginkgo biloba</em> extract 50 dropping pills improve vascular cognitive impairment through anti‑oxidative and anti‑inflammatory effects". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32.2 (2026): 215.
Chicago
Wang, F., Li, W., Li, H."<em>Ginkgo biloba</em> extract 50 dropping pills improve vascular cognitive impairment through anti‑oxidative and anti‑inflammatory effects". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32, no. 2 (2026): 215. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13210
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