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Impact of high‑dose vitamin D3 supplementation on hematological, hepatic and immune biomarkers, and viral load in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A randomized, double‑blind, multicenter controlled trial

  • Authors:
    • Fatima Majeed
    • Javeria Saleem
    • Ruhma Shahzad
    • Hafiz Waqas Ahmed
    • Muhammad Yaqoob
    • Joham Faryal
    • Enrique Roche
    • Ana M. Celorrio San Miguel
    • Diego Fernández‑Lázaro
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Public Health, University of Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan, Department of Public Health, Green International University, Lahore 54000 Pakistan, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Mayo Hospital Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore 54600, Pakistan, Peterborough City Hospital, University of Cambridge, Peterborough, PE 9 GZ Cambridgeshire, UK, Department of Applied Biology‑Nutrition, Institute of Bioengineering, University Miguel Hernández, 03202 Elche, Spain, Doctoral School, University of León, Vegazana University Campus, 24071 Leon, Spain, Nutrition for Sport and Exercise Working Group, Spanish Nutrition Society (SEÑ), 28010 Madrid, Spain
    Copyright: © Majeed et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY 4.0].
  • Article Number: 11
    |
    Published online on: November 19, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijfn.2025.52
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Abstract

Vitamin D plays an essential role in certain critical physiological processes, such as in the control of infections. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on hematological, immunological and hepatic biomarkers, as well as viral load in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A multicenter, double‑blind, randomized, placebo‑controlled clinical trial (1:1) was conducted according the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials recommendations. Following screening, 95 patients diagnosed with HIV and who were on antiretroviral therapy were randomly assigned to two groups as follows: The experimental group (n=48) supplemented with 100,000 IU vitamin D3, and the placebo group (n=47) treated with 1 ml olive oil, for 24 weeks. The results revealed a significant improvement (P<0.001) in the circulating vitamin D concentration, the total count of CD4 cells, leukocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, neutrophil percentage, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit values in the vitamin D3‑supplemented group compared to the placebo group. However, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between both groups (the vitamin D3‑supplemented group and the placebo group) regarding the levels of alkaline phosphatase, serum bilirubin, serum glutamic‑oxaloacetic and glutamic‑pyruvic transaminases, as well as the HIV viral load. Althogether, these findings indicated that nutritional supplementation with 100,000 IU vitamin D3 enhanced immune cell counts (CD4) and selected hematological parameters in HIV‑infected individuals under antiretroviral treatment. These results support the potential role of targeted vitamin D supplementation as an adjunctive strategy to optimize immune‑related hematological indices in this population.
View Figures

Figure 1

Flow diagram demonstrating the
selection of participants according to the CONSORT criteria
(19).

Figure 2

Mean Pre and Post 25 (OH)-D levels in
treatment group.
View References

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Spandidos Publications style
Majeed F, Saleem J, Shahzad R, Ahmed H, Yaqoob M, Faryal J, Roche E, Celorrio San Miguel A and Fernández‑Lázaro D: Impact of high‑dose vitamin D3 supplementation on hematological, hepatic and immune biomarkers, and viral load in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A randomized, double‑blind, multicenter controlled trial. Int J Funct Nutr 6: 11, 2025.
APA
Majeed, F., Saleem, J., Shahzad, R., Ahmed, H., Yaqoob, M., Faryal, J. ... Fernández‑Lázaro, D. (2025). Impact of high‑dose vitamin D3 supplementation on hematological, hepatic and immune biomarkers, and viral load in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A randomized, double‑blind, multicenter controlled trial. International Journal of Functional Nutrition, 6, 11. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijfn.2025.52
MLA
Majeed, F., Saleem, J., Shahzad, R., Ahmed, H., Yaqoob, M., Faryal, J., Roche, E., Celorrio San Miguel, A., Fernández‑Lázaro, D."Impact of high‑dose vitamin D3 supplementation on hematological, hepatic and immune biomarkers, and viral load in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A randomized, double‑blind, multicenter controlled trial". International Journal of Functional Nutrition 6.1 (2025): 11.
Chicago
Majeed, F., Saleem, J., Shahzad, R., Ahmed, H., Yaqoob, M., Faryal, J., Roche, E., Celorrio San Miguel, A., Fernández‑Lázaro, D."Impact of high‑dose vitamin D3 supplementation on hematological, hepatic and immune biomarkers, and viral load in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A randomized, double‑blind, multicenter controlled trial". International Journal of Functional Nutrition 6, no. 1 (2025): 11. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijfn.2025.52
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Majeed F, Saleem J, Shahzad R, Ahmed H, Yaqoob M, Faryal J, Roche E, Celorrio San Miguel A and Fernández‑Lázaro D: Impact of high‑dose vitamin D3 supplementation on hematological, hepatic and immune biomarkers, and viral load in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A randomized, double‑blind, multicenter controlled trial. Int J Funct Nutr 6: 11, 2025.
APA
Majeed, F., Saleem, J., Shahzad, R., Ahmed, H., Yaqoob, M., Faryal, J. ... Fernández‑Lázaro, D. (2025). Impact of high‑dose vitamin D3 supplementation on hematological, hepatic and immune biomarkers, and viral load in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A randomized, double‑blind, multicenter controlled trial. International Journal of Functional Nutrition, 6, 11. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijfn.2025.52
MLA
Majeed, F., Saleem, J., Shahzad, R., Ahmed, H., Yaqoob, M., Faryal, J., Roche, E., Celorrio San Miguel, A., Fernández‑Lázaro, D."Impact of high‑dose vitamin D3 supplementation on hematological, hepatic and immune biomarkers, and viral load in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A randomized, double‑blind, multicenter controlled trial". International Journal of Functional Nutrition 6.1 (2025): 11.
Chicago
Majeed, F., Saleem, J., Shahzad, R., Ahmed, H., Yaqoob, M., Faryal, J., Roche, E., Celorrio San Miguel, A., Fernández‑Lázaro, D."Impact of high‑dose vitamin D3 supplementation on hematological, hepatic and immune biomarkers, and viral load in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: A randomized, double‑blind, multicenter controlled trial". International Journal of Functional Nutrition 6, no. 1 (2025): 11. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijfn.2025.52
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