Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
November 2012 Volume 30 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November 2012 Volume 30 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Single impact cartilage trauma and TNF-α: Interactive effects do not increase early cell death and indicate the need for bi-/multidirectional therapeutic approaches

  • Authors:
    • Cathrin Hogrefe
    • Helga Joos
    • Vennila Maheswaran
    • Lutz Dürselen
    • Anita Ignatius
    • Rolf E. Brenner
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany , Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
  • Pages: 1225-1232
    |
    Published online on: August 24, 2012
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2012.1112
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Blunt trauma of articular cartilage, often resulting from accidents or sports injuries, is associated with local inflammatory reactions and represents a major risk factor for development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. TNF-α is increased in synovial fluid early after trauma, potentiates injury-induced proteoglycan degradation and may act proapoptotic under permissive conditions. We asked whether TNF-α also influences chondrocyte death, gene expression of catabolic and anabolic markers and the release of proinflammatory mediators in the early post-traumatic phase. Interactive effects of a defined single impact trauma (0.59  J) and TNF-α (100 ng/ml) on human early-stage osteoarthritic cartilage were investigated in vitro over 24 h. Exposure of traumatized cartilage to TNF-α did not increase chondrocyte death. IL-6-synthesis was augmented by trauma, TNF-α and combined treatment. The impact increased the release of PGE2 and PGD2 in the presence and absence of TNF-α to a similar extent while TNF-α alone showed no effect. In contrast, NOS2A-expression and nitric oxide (NO)-release were not affected by trauma but significantly increased by TNF-α. Expression of OPG and RANKL was not affected by TNF-α but modulated by trauma. TNF-α with and without trauma significantly induced MMP1 gene expression. These results indicate that TNF-α does not potentiate early cell death in early-stage osteoarthritic cartilage after blunt injury. However, trauma and TNF-α showed independent and interactive effects concerning prostaglandin and NO release. TNF-α probably contributes to cartilage degradation after trauma by an early induction of MMP1 gene expression. Our study confirms that an anti-TNF-α therapy may have inhibitory effects on catabolic and, partly, on inflammatory processes after a single impact trauma. As TNF-α does not contribute to the loss of chondrocytes in the initial post-traumatic phase, a combination with pharmaco-therapeutic strategies reducing early cell death could be reasonable.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1. 

M SzczodryCH CoyleSJ KramerP SmolinskiCR ChuProgressive chondrocyte death after impact injury indicates a need for chondroprotective therapyAm J Sports Med3723182322200910.1177/036354650934884019864505

2. 

M MajewskiS HabeltK SteinbrückEpidemiology of athletic knee injuries: A 10-year studyKnee13184188200616603363

3. 

P BakerI ReadingC CooperD CoggonKnee disorders in the general population and their relation to occupationOccup Environ Med60794797200310.1136/oem.60.10.79414504371

4. 

M WestinM AlricssonS WernerInjury profile of competitive alpine skiers: a five-year cohort studyKnee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc2011751181201222349602

5. 

JT LawrenceJ BirminghamAP TothEmerging ideas: prevention of posttraumatic arthritis through interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitionClin Orthop Relat Res46935223526201110.1007/s11999-010-1699-4

6. 

DM PhillipsRC HautThe use of a non-ionic surfactant (P188) to save chondrocytes from necrosis following impact loading of chondral explantsJ Orthop Res2211351142200410.1016/j.orthres.2004.02.00215304290

7. 

DD D’LimaS HashimotoPC ChenCW ColwellMK LotzHuman chondrocyte apoptosis in response to mechanical injuryOsteoarthritis Cartilage9712719200124939082

8. 

MA DiMiccoP PatwariPN SiparskyMechanisms and kinetics of glycosaminoglycan release following in vitro cartilage injuryArthritis Rheum50840848200410.1002/art.2010115022326

9. 

A AroenS LokenS HeirArticular cartilage lesions in 993 consecutive knee arthroscopiesAm J Sports Med32211215200410.1177/036354650325934514754746

10. 

Z TangL YangY WangContributions of different intraarticular tissues to the acute phase elevation of synovial fluid MMP-2 following rat ACL ruptureJ Orthop Res27243248200910.1002/jor.2076318846548

11. 

K IrieE UchiyamaH IwasoIntraarticular inflammatory cytokines in acute anterior cruciate ligament injured kneeKnee109396200310.1016/S0968-0160(02)00083-212649034

12. 

MB GoldringKB MarcuCartilage homeostasis in health and rheumatic diseasesArthritis Res Ther11224200910.1186/ar259219519926

13. 

F De CeuninckL DassencourtP AnractThe inflammatory side of human chondrocytes unveiled by antibody microarraysBiochem Biophys Res Commun323960969200415381094

14. 

JC FernandesJ Martel-PelletierJP PelletierThe role of cytokines in osteoarthritis pathophysiologyBiorheology39237246200212082286

15. 

AL StevensJS WishnokFM WhiteAJ GrodzinskySR TannenbaumMechanical injury and cytokines cause loss of cartilage integrity and upregulate proteins associated with catabolism, immunity, inflammation, and repairMol Cell Proteomics814751489200910.1074/mcp.M800181-MCP20019196708

16. 

K DemircanS HirohataK NishidaADAMTS-9 is synergistically induced by interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in OUMS-27 chondrosarcoma cells and in human chondrocytesArthritis Rheum5214511460200510.1002/art.2101015880812

17. 

P PatwariMN CookMA DiMiccoProteoglycan degradation after injurious compression of bovine and human articular cartilage in vitro: interaction with exogenous cytokinesArthritis Rheum4812921301200310.1002/art.10892

18. 

Y SuiJH LeeMA DiMiccoMechanical injury potentiates proteoglycan catabolism induced by interleukin-6 with soluble interleukin-6 receptor and tumor necrosis factor alpha in immature bovine and adult human articular cartilageArthritis Rheum6029852996200910.1002/art.24857

19. 

H JoosC HogrefeL RiegerL DurselenA IgnatiusRE BrennerSingle impact trauma in human early-stage osteoarthritic cartilage: Implication of prostaglandin D2 but no additive effect of IL-1beta on cell survivalInt J Mol Med282712772011

20. 

H KimWS SongTNF-alpha-mediated apoptosis in chondrocytes sensitized by MG132 or actinomycin DBiochem Biophys Res Commun295937944200210.1016/S0006-291X(02)00789-112127985

21. 

MJ López-ArmadaB CaramésM Lires-DeánCytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta, differentially regulate apoptosis in osteoarthritis cultured human chondrocytesOsteoarthritis Cartilage14660669200616492401

22. 

MB GoldringSR GoldringOsteoarthritisJ Cell Physiol213626634200710.1002/jcp.2125817786965

23. 

D UmlaufS FrankT PapJ BertrandCartilage biology, pathology, and repairCell Mol Life Sci6741974211201010.1007/s00018-010-0498-020734104

24. 

AE KearnsS KhoslaPJ KostenuikReceptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin regulation of bone remodeling in health and diseaseEndocr Rev29155192200810.1210/er.2007-001418057140

25. 

H KomuroT OleeK KühnThe osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand system in cartilageArthritis Rheum4427682776200110.1002/1529-0131(200112)44:12%3C2768::AID-ART464%3E3.0.CO;2-I11762937

26. 

F YoshimuraH KannoM UzukiK TajimaT ShimamuraT SawaiDownregulation of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins in apoptotic human chondrocytes treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and actinomycin DOsteoarthritis Cartilage14435441200610.1016/j.joca.2005.11.00316368252

27. 

JE JeffreyRM AspdenCyclooxygenase inhibition lowers prostaglandin E2 release from articular cartilage and reduces apoptosis but not proteoglycan degradation following an impact load in vitroArthritis Res Ther9R129200710.1186/ar2346

28. 

DD D’LimaS HashimotoPC ChenCW ColwellMK LotzImpact of mechanical trauma on matrix and cellsClin Orthop Relat ResSuppl 391S90S99200111603728

29. 

BA FischerS MundleAA ColeTumor necrosis factor-alpha induced DNA cleavage in human articular chondrocytes may involve multiple endonucleolytic activities during apoptosisMicrosc Res Tech50236242200010.1002/1097-0029(20000801)50:3%3C236::AID-JEMT7%3E3.0.CO;2-E

30. 

CM ShipmanPI CroucherOsteoprotegerin is a soluble decoy receptor for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand/Apo2 ligand and can function as a paracrine survival factor for human myeloma cellsCancer Res639129162003

31. 

I PettersenY FigenschauE OlsenW BakkelundB SmedsrodB SveinbjornssonTumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand induces apoptosis in human articular chondrocytes in vitroBiochem Biophys Res Commun296671676200210.1016/S0006-291X(02)00916-6

32. 

AR AminM AtturSB AbramsonNitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenases: distribution, regulation, and intervention in arthritisCurr Opin Rheumatol11202209199910.1097/00002281-199905000-0000910328580

33. 

F GuilakB FermorFJ KeefeThe role of biomechanics and inflammation in cartilage injury and repairClin Orthop Relat Res4231726200410.1097/01.blo.0000131233.83640.9115232421

34. 

P MarottaL SautebinM Di RosaModulation of the induction of nitric oxide synthase by eicosanoids in the murine macrophage cell line J774Br J Pharmacol107640641199210.1111/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14499.x1282071

35. 

S Kwan TatN AmiableJP PelletierModulation of OPG, RANK and RANKL by human chondrocytes and their implication during osteoarthritisRheumatology (Oxford)4814821490200919762475

36. 

J Moreno-RubioG Herrero-BeaumontL TardioMA Alvarez-SoriaR LargoNonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and prostaglandin E(2) modulate the synthesis of osteoprotegerin and RANKL in the cartilage of patients with severe knee osteoarthritisArthritis Rheum62478488201010.1002/art.2720420112374

37. 

J DeschnerE WypasekM FerrettiB RathM AnghelinaS AgarwalRegulation of RANKL by biomechanical loading in fibrochondrocytes of meniscusJ Biomech3917961803200610.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.05.03416038916

38. 

L KrejaA LiedertS HasniL ClaesA IgnatiusMechanical regulation of osteoclastic genes in human osteoblastsBiochem Biophys Res Commun368582587200810.1016/j.bbrc.2008.01.10618243138

39. 

MD SternlichtZ WerbHow matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behaviorAnnu Rev Cell Dev Biol17463516200110.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.46311687497

40. 

A StruglicsM HanssonLS LohmanderHuman aggrecanase generated synovial fluid fragment levels are elevated directly after knee injuries due to proteolysis both in the inter globular and chondroitin sulfate domainsOsteoarthritis Cartilage1910471057201110.1016/j.joca.2011.05.006

41. 

H RoosT AdalberthL DahlbergLS LohmanderOsteo-arthritis of the knee after injury to the anterior cruciate ligament or meniscus: the influence of time and ageOsteoarthritis Cartilage3261267199510.1016/S1063-4584(05)80017-28689461

42. 

EM SchneiderW DuJ FiedlerThe (−765 G->C) promoter variant of the COX-2/PTGS2 gene is associated with a lower risk for end-stage hip and knee osteoarthritisAnn Rheum Dis70145814602010

43. 

TC Van der Pouw KraanFA van GaalenPV KasperkovitzRheumatoid arthritis is a heterogeneous disease: evidence for differences in the activation of the STAT-1 pathway between rheumatoid tissuesArthritis Rheum4821322145200312905466

44. 

L DingE HeyingN NicholsonMechanical impact induces cartilage degradation via mitogen activated protein kinasesOsteoarthritis Cartilage1815091517201010.1016/j.joca.2010.08.01420813194

45. 

W GoodwinD McCabeE SauterRotenone prevents impact-induced chondrocyte deathJ Orthop Res2810571063201020108345

46. 

K TakebeT NishiyamaS HayashiRegulation of p38 MAPK phosphorylation inhibits chondrocyte apoptosis in response to heat stress or mechanical stressInt J Mol Med27329335201121181091

47. 

J RadonsAK BosserhoffS GraesselW FalkTEO Schubertp38MAPK mediates IL-1-induced down-regulation of aggrecan gene expression in human chondrocytesInt J Mol Med17661668200616525725

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hogrefe C, Joos H, Maheswaran V, Dürselen L, Ignatius A and Brenner RE: Single impact cartilage trauma and TNF-α: Interactive effects do not increase early cell death and indicate the need for bi-/multidirectional therapeutic approaches. Int J Mol Med 30: 1225-1232, 2012.
APA
Hogrefe, C., Joos, H., Maheswaran, V., Dürselen, L., Ignatius, A., & Brenner, R.E. (2012). Single impact cartilage trauma and TNF-α: Interactive effects do not increase early cell death and indicate the need for bi-/multidirectional therapeutic approaches. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 30, 1225-1232. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2012.1112
MLA
Hogrefe, C., Joos, H., Maheswaran, V., Dürselen, L., Ignatius, A., Brenner, R. E."Single impact cartilage trauma and TNF-α: Interactive effects do not increase early cell death and indicate the need for bi-/multidirectional therapeutic approaches". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 30.5 (2012): 1225-1232.
Chicago
Hogrefe, C., Joos, H., Maheswaran, V., Dürselen, L., Ignatius, A., Brenner, R. E."Single impact cartilage trauma and TNF-α: Interactive effects do not increase early cell death and indicate the need for bi-/multidirectional therapeutic approaches". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 30, no. 5 (2012): 1225-1232. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2012.1112
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hogrefe C, Joos H, Maheswaran V, Dürselen L, Ignatius A and Brenner RE: Single impact cartilage trauma and TNF-α: Interactive effects do not increase early cell death and indicate the need for bi-/multidirectional therapeutic approaches. Int J Mol Med 30: 1225-1232, 2012.
APA
Hogrefe, C., Joos, H., Maheswaran, V., Dürselen, L., Ignatius, A., & Brenner, R.E. (2012). Single impact cartilage trauma and TNF-α: Interactive effects do not increase early cell death and indicate the need for bi-/multidirectional therapeutic approaches. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 30, 1225-1232. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2012.1112
MLA
Hogrefe, C., Joos, H., Maheswaran, V., Dürselen, L., Ignatius, A., Brenner, R. E."Single impact cartilage trauma and TNF-α: Interactive effects do not increase early cell death and indicate the need for bi-/multidirectional therapeutic approaches". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 30.5 (2012): 1225-1232.
Chicago
Hogrefe, C., Joos, H., Maheswaran, V., Dürselen, L., Ignatius, A., Brenner, R. E."Single impact cartilage trauma and TNF-α: Interactive effects do not increase early cell death and indicate the need for bi-/multidirectional therapeutic approaches". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 30, no. 5 (2012): 1225-1232. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2012.1112
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team