Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
April 2013 Volume 31 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April 2013 Volume 31 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Antiviral activity of Isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin B against human and avian influenza A and B viruses in vitro

  • Authors:
    • Zifeng Yang
    • Yutao Wang
    • Zhaoguang Zheng
    • Suishan Zhao
    • Jin Zhao
    • Qing Lin
    • Chuyuan Li
    • Quan Zhu
    • Nanshan Zhong
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, SAR, P.R. China, Clinical Virology Division, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, P.R. China, Hutchison Whampoa Guangzhou Baiyunshan Chinese Medicine Co., Guangzhou, P.R. China
  • Pages: 867-873
    |
    Published online on: February 7, 2013
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1274
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Clemastanin B, 7S,8R,8'R-(-)-lariciresinol-4,4'-bis-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, is one of the major lignans extracted from Isatis indigotica root (IIR). In this study, the anti-influenza activities of clemastanin B were evaluated in vitro. Clemastanin B was found to inhibit different subtypes of human (H1N1, including swine-origin H1N1; H3N2 and influenza B) and avian influenza viruses (H6N2, H7N3, H9N2) at different magnitudes of activity (IC50 0.087-0.72 mg/ml) while this compound was inactive against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus 3 (ADV3), parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3), enterovirus 71 (EV71) and human rhinovirus (HRV). An apparent virus titer reduction was detected when MDCK cells were treated with clemastanin B after viral infection, particularly at the early stage, and the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) of the influenza virus was retained in the nucleus after treatment with clemastanin B. These results demonstrated that clemastanin B targets viral endocytosis, uncoating or RNP export from the nucleus. Furthermore, treatment with clemastanin B did not easily result in the emergence of viral drug resistance. The effects of clemastanin B demonstrated in this study may promote the antiviral study of IIR, but additional studies are required to define the anti-influenza mechanism(s).
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Nicholson KG, Wood JM and Zambon M: Influenza. Lancet. 362:1733–1745. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Trifonov V, Khiabanian H, Greenbaum B and Rabadan R: The origin of the recent swine influenza seasonal influenza A(H1N1) virus infecting humans. Euro Surveill. 14:191932009.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Update: Infections with a Swine-Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus, United States and other countries. 2009, http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr.

4 

Hayden FG and Hay AJ: Emergence and transmission of influenza A viruses resistant to amantadine and rimantadine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 176:119–130. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

5 

de Jong MD, Tran TT, Truong HK, Vo MH, Smith GJ, Nguyen VC, Bach VC, Phan TQ, Do QH, Guan Y, Peiris JS, Tran TH and Farrar J: Oseltamivir resistance during treatment of influenza A (H5N1) infection. N Engl J Med. 353:2667–2672. 2005.

6 

Deyde VM, Xu X, Bright RA, Shaw M, Smith CB, Zhang Y, Shu Y, Gubareva LV, Cox NJ and Klimov AI: Surveillance of resistance to adamantanes among influenza A (H3N2) and A (H1N1) viruses isolated worldwide. J Infect Dis. 196:249–257. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Le QM, Kiso M, Someya K, Sakai YT, Nguyen TH, Nguyen KH, Pham ND, Ngyen HH, Yamada S, Muramoto Y, Horimoto T, Takada A, Goto H, Suzuki T, Suzuki Y and Kawaoka Y: Avian flu: isolation of drug-resistant H5N1 virus. Nature. 437:11082005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Shetty AK and Peek LA: Peramivir for the treatment of influenza. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 10:123–143. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Chang YS and Ho YL: Studies on the homonymic Chinese crude drug species in Taiwan. Evaluation of the quality of DA-Ching-Yeh and Ching-Dai. Anal Sci. 17:a423–a426. 2001.

10 

Xu LH, Huang F, Cheng T and Wu J: Antivirus constituents of radix of Isatis indigotica. Chin J Nat Med. 3:359–361. 2005.

11 

Li L, Dong TY, Li XL and Qiao CZ: Study of quality control on herbal drugs and preparations of daqingye and banlangen. Acta Pharm Sin. 28:229–233. 1993.(In Chinese).

12 

Huang QS, Yoshihiro K and Natori S: Isolation of 2-hydroxy -3-butenyl thiocyanate, epigoitrin and adenosine from ‘banlangen’, Isatis indigotica root. Planta Med. 42:308–310. 1981.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Li X, He LW and Sun DD: The methods of anti-virus extract from Radix and its use. P: CN1969923. pp. 05–30. 2007

14 

Zuo Y, Dai M, Wang ZY and Liu J: Effects of banlangen polysaccharide on mice resistance to Influenza virus infection. WCJ PS. 23:666–667. 2008.

15 

An YQ, Jia XB, Yuan HJ, Chen Y and Jin XY: Thinking in studies on antiviral material base of Radix isatidis. Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs. 39:616–619. 2008.

16 

Kizu H, Shimana H and Tomimori T: Studies on the constituents of clematis species. VI The Constituents of Clematis stans Sieb et Zucc. Chem Pharm Bull. 43:2187–2194. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

He LW, LI X, Chen JW, Xia Y and Wang YY: Determination of lariciresinol-4,4′-bis-O-b-D-glucopyranoside from Radix isatidis by HPLC. Chin Tradit Herbal Drugs. 39:1895–1897. 2008.

18 

Ehrhardt C, Hrincius ER, Korte V, Mazur I, Droebner K, Poetter A, Dreschers S, Schmolke M, Planz O and Ludwig S: A polyphenol rich plant extract, CYSTUS052, exerts anti-influenza virus activity in cell culture without toxic side effects or the tendency to induce viral resistance. Antiviral Res. 76:38–47. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Yingsakmongkon S, Miyamoto D, Sriwilaijaroen N, Fujita K, Matsumoto K, Jampangern W, Hiramatsu H, Guo CT, Sawada T, Takahashi T, Hidari K, Suzuki T, Ito M, Ito Y and Suzuki Y: In vitro inhibition of human influenza A virus infection by fruit-juice concentrate of Japanese plum (Prunus mume SIEB. et ZUCC). Biol Pharm Bull. 31:511–515. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Miyamoto D, Hasegawa S, Sriwilaijaroen N, Yingsakmongkon S, Hiramatsu H, Takahashi T, Hidari K, Guo CT, Sakano Y, Suzuki T and Suzuki Y: Clarithromycin inhibits progeny virus production from human influenza virus-infected host cells. Biol Pharm Bull. 31:217–222. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Knox YM, Suzutani T, Yosida I and Azuma M: Anti-influenza virus activity of crude extract of Ribes nigrum L. Phytother Res. 17:120–122. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Graham BS, Perkins MD, Wright PF and Karzon DT: Primary respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. J Med Virol. 26:153–162. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Hui MB, Lien EJ and Trousdale MD: Inhibition of human adenoviruses by 1-(2′-hydroxy-5′-methoxybenzylidene) amino-3-hydroxyguanidine tosylate. Antiviral Res. 24:261–273. 1994.

24 

Mao H, Thakur CS, Chattopadhyay S, Silverman RH, Gudkov A and Banerjee AK: Inhibition of human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection by novel small molecules. Antiviral Res. 77:83–94. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Ho HY, Cheng ML, Weng SF, Leu YL and Chiu DT: Antiviral effect of epigallocatechin gallate on enterovirus 71. J Agric Food Chem. 57:6140–6147. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Kaiser L, Crump CE and Hayden FG: In vitro activity of pleconaril and AG7088 against selected serotypes and clinical isolates of human rhinoviruses. Antiviral Res. 7:215–220. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Reed LJ and Muench H: A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. Am J Hyg. 27:493–497. 1938.

28 

Ludwig S, Wolff T, Ehrhardt C, Wurzer WJ, Reinhardt J, Planz O and Pleschka S: MEK inhibition impairs influenza B virus propagation without emergence of resistant variants. FEBS Lett. 561:37–43. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Peng JP, Fan GR and Wu YT: Isolation and purification of clemastanin B and indigoticoside A from Radix isatidis by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 1091:89–93. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Taubenberger JK: The origin and virulence of the 1918 ‘Spanish’ influenza virus. Proc Am Philos Soc. 150:86–112. 2006.

31 

Mak NK, Leung CY, Wei XY, Shen XL, Wong RN, Leung KN and Fung MC: Inhibition of RANTES expression by indirubin in influenza virus-infected human bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 67:167–174. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Yamada H: Antiviral compositions containing new glycoprotein from Isatis tinctoria. Acta Pharm Sin. 1160:5991999.

33 

Palese P: Influenza: old and new threats. Nat Med. 10(Suppl 12): S82–S87. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Pleschka S, Wolff T, Ehrhardt C, Hobom G, Planz O, Rapp UR and Ludwig S: Influenza virus propagation is impaired by inhibition of the Raf/MEK/ERK signalling cascade. Nat Cell Biol. 3:301–305. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Marjuki H, Alam MI, Ehrhardt C, Wagner R, Planz O, Klenk HD, Ludwig S and Pleschka S: Membrane accumulation of influenza A virus hemagglutinin triggers nuclear export of the viral genome via protein kinase Calpha-mediated activation of ERK signaling. J Biol Chem. 81:16707–16715. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Wu MS, Yen HR, Chang CW, Peng TY, Hsieh CF, Chen CJ, Lin TY and Horng JT: Mechanism of action of the suppression of influenza virus replication by Ko-Ken Tang through inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway and viral RNP nuclear export. J Ethnopharmacol. 134:614–623. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Mazur I, Wurzer WJ, Ehrhardt C, Pleschka S, Puthavathana P, Silberzahn T, Wolff T, Planz O and Ludwig S: Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) blocks influenza virus propagation via its NF-kappaB-inhibiting activity. Cell Microbiol. 9:1683–1694. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Bright RA, Medina MJ, Xu X, Perez-Oronoz G, Wallis TR, Davis XM, Povinelli L, Cox NJ and Klimov AI: Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern. Lancet. 366:1175–1181. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Bright RA, Shay DK, Shu B, Cox NJ and Klimov AI: Adamantane resistance among influenza A viruses isolated early during the 2005–2006 influenza season in the United States. JAMA. 295:891–894. 2006.

40 

Dawood FS, Jain S, Finelli L, Shaw MW, Lindstrom S, Garten RJ, Gubareva LV, Xu X, Bridges CB and Uyeki TM: Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N Engl J Med. 360:2605–2615. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yang Z, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Zhao S, Zhao J, Lin Q, Li C, Zhu Q and Zhong N: Antiviral activity of Isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin B against human and avian influenza A and B viruses in vitro. Int J Mol Med 31: 867-873, 2013.
APA
Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Zheng, Z., Zhao, S., Zhao, J., Lin, Q. ... Zhong, N. (2013). Antiviral activity of Isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin B against human and avian influenza A and B viruses in vitro. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 31, 867-873. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1274
MLA
Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Zheng, Z., Zhao, S., Zhao, J., Lin, Q., Li, C., Zhu, Q., Zhong, N."Antiviral activity of Isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin B against human and avian influenza A and B viruses in vitro". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 31.4 (2013): 867-873.
Chicago
Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Zheng, Z., Zhao, S., Zhao, J., Lin, Q., Li, C., Zhu, Q., Zhong, N."Antiviral activity of Isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin B against human and avian influenza A and B viruses in vitro". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 31, no. 4 (2013): 867-873. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1274
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yang Z, Wang Y, Zheng Z, Zhao S, Zhao J, Lin Q, Li C, Zhu Q and Zhong N: Antiviral activity of Isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin B against human and avian influenza A and B viruses in vitro. Int J Mol Med 31: 867-873, 2013.
APA
Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Zheng, Z., Zhao, S., Zhao, J., Lin, Q. ... Zhong, N. (2013). Antiviral activity of Isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin B against human and avian influenza A and B viruses in vitro. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 31, 867-873. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1274
MLA
Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Zheng, Z., Zhao, S., Zhao, J., Lin, Q., Li, C., Zhu, Q., Zhong, N."Antiviral activity of Isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin B against human and avian influenza A and B viruses in vitro". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 31.4 (2013): 867-873.
Chicago
Yang, Z., Wang, Y., Zheng, Z., Zhao, S., Zhao, J., Lin, Q., Li, C., Zhu, Q., Zhong, N."Antiviral activity of Isatis indigotica root-derived clemastanin B against human and avian influenza A and B viruses in vitro". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 31, no. 4 (2013): 867-873. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1274
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team