Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
2014-January Volume 33 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
2014-January Volume 33 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Complex interaction between the immune system and adipose tissue (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Sylwia Małgorzewicz
    • Jolanta Anna Dardzińska
    • Maria Gnacińska
    • Jerzy Jankun
    • Ewa Bryl
    • Krzysztof Sworczak
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland, Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland, Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, Health Science Campus, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614-2598, USA, Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
  • Pages: 3-7
    |
    Published online on: October 25, 2013
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1537
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

We review the studies on the links between obesity, the immune system and lifestyle (limited or excessive calorie intake) that provoke changes in the current therapeutic course. There is no doubt that the positive energy balance of the body affects the immune cells, and consequently, the changes intracellular pathways, leading to the disruption of their function. Research suggests that metformin, a drug long used to treat diabetes, and an alternative remedy in the treatment of obesity, increases the activity of 5-adenosinemonophosphate (AMP)-activated kinase (AMPK). Thus, this review comes to the conclusion that alongside traditional methods, such as reducing calorie intake and increasing the energy expenditure of the body, the therapeutic outcome may be improved by implementing drugs affecting the activity of AMPK. In future, other new therapeutic options may be available. The targeting receptors or immunocompetent cells residing in adipose tissue may help to reduce the effects of obesity.
View Figures
View References

1 

Kershaw EE and Flier JS: Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 89:2548–2556. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Schäffler A, Müller-Ladner U, Schölmerich J and Büchler C: Role of adipose tissue as an inflammatory organ in human diseases. Endocr Rev. 27:449–467. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Gnacińska M, Małgorzewicz S, Stojek M, Łysiak-Szydłowska W and Sworczak K: Role of adipokines in complications related to obesity: a review. Adv Med Sci. 54:150–157. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Tilg H and Moschen AR: Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 6:772–783. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Siemińska L: Adipose tissue. Pathophysiology, distribution, sex differences and the role in inflammation and cancerogenesis. Endokrynol Pol. 58:330–342. 2007.(In Polish).

6 

Gnacińska M, Małgorzewicz S, Lysiak-Szydłowska W and Sworczak K: The serum profile of adipokines in overweight patients with metabolic syndrome. Endokrynol Pol. 61:36–41. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF and Gail MH: Cause-specific excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA. 298:2028–2037. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Falagas ME and Kompoti M: Obesity and infection. Lancet Infect Dis. 6:438–446. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Dixit VD: Adipose-immune interactions during obesity and caloric restriction: reciprocal mechanisms regulating immunity and health span. J Leukoc Biol. 84:882–892. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Hick RW, Gruver AL, Ventevogel MS, Haynes BF and Sempowski GD: Leptin selectively augments thymopoiesis in leptin deficiency and lipopolysaccharide-induced thymic atrophy. J Immunol. 177:169–176. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Palmer G, Aurrand-Lions M, Contassot E, et al: Indirect effects of leptin receptor deficiency on lymphocyte populations and immune response in db/db mice. J Immunol. 177:2899–2907. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Macia L, Delacre M, Abboud G, et al: Impairment of dendritic cell functionality and steady-state number in obese mice. J Immunol. 177:5997–6006. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Farooqi IS, Matarese G, Lord GM, et al: Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J Clin Invest. 110:1093–1103. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Bresnahan MR and Newberne PM: Interaction of diet and distemper virus infection on lipid metabolism in the dog. Br J Exp Pathol. 49:223–234. 1968.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Smith AG, Sheridan PA, Harp JB and Beck MA: Diet induced obese mice have increased mortality and altered immune responses when infected with influenza virus. J Nutr. 137:1236–1243. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Gnacińska M, Małgorzewicz S, Guzek M, Łysiał-Szydłowska W and Sworczak K: Adipose tissue activity in relation to overweight or obesity. Endokrynol Pol. 61:160–168. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

17 

Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL and Ferrante AW Jr: Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 112:1796–1808. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Fain JN, Madan AK, Hiler ML, Cheema P and Bahouth SW: Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissues of obese humans. Endocrinology. 145:2273–2282. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Ceddia RB: Direct metabolic regulation in skeletal muscle and fat tissue by leptin: implications for glucose and fatty acids homeostasis. Int J Obes (Lond). 1175–1183. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Fantuzzi G: Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 115:911–919. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Lutz CT and Quinn LS: Sarcopenia, obesity, and natural killer cell immune senescence in aging: altered cytokine levels as a common mechanism. Aging (Albany NY). 4:535–546. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Bondue B, Wittamer V and Parmentier M: Chemerin and its receptors in leukocyte trafficking, inflammation and metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 22:331–338. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Kim JK: Fat uses a TOLL-road to connect inflammation and diabetes. Cell Metab. 4:417–419. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y and Walsh K: Obesity, adiponectin and vascular inflammatory disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 14:561–566. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Pöykkö SM, Kellokoski E, Hörkkö S, Kauma H, Kesäniemi YA and Ukkola O: Low plasma ghrelin is associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 52:2546–2553. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Witczak CA, Sharoff CG and Goodyear LJ: AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle: from structure and localization to its role as a master regulator of cellular metabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci. 65:3737–3755. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Andersson U, Filipsson K, Abbott CR, et al: AMP-activated protein kinase plays a role in the control of food intake. J Biol Chem. 279:12005–12008. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Kola B, Hubina E, Tucci SA, et al: Cannabinoids and ghrelin have both central and peripheral metabolic and cardiac effects via AMP-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 280:25196–25201. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Towler MC and Hardie DC: AMP-activated protein kinase in metabolic control and insulin signaling. Circ Res. 100:328–341. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Minokoshi Y, Alquier T, Furukawa N, et al: AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus. Nature. 428:569–574. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Steinberg GR, Michell BJ, van Denderen BJ, et al: Tumor necrosis factor α-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance involves suppression of AMP-kinase signaling. Cell Metab. 4:465–474. 2006.

32 

Stark R, Ashley SE and Andrews ZB: AMPK and the neuroendocrine regulation of appetite and energy expenditure. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 366:215–223. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Luquet S, Perez FA, Hnasko TS and Palmiter RD: NPY/AgRP neurons are essential for feeding in adult mice but can be ablated in neonates. Science. 310:683–685. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Gropp E, Shanabrough M, Borok E, et al: Agouti-related peptide-expressing neurons are mandatory for feeding. Nat Neurosci. 8:1289–1291. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Hallows KR, Fitch AC, Richardson CA, et al: Up-regulation of AMP-activated kinase by dysfunctional cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells mitigates excessive inflammation. J Biol Chem. 281:4231–4241. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Prasad R, Giri S, Nath N, Singh I and Singh AK: 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-4-ribofuranoside attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via modulation of endothelial-monocyte interaction. J Neurosci Res. 84:614–625. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Hattori Y, Suzuki K, Hattori S and Kasai K: Metformin inhibits cytokine-induced nuclear factor κB activation via AMP-activated protein kinase activation in vascular endothelial cells. Hypertension. 47:1183–1188. 2006.

38 

Jakobsen SN, Hardie DG, Morrice N and Tornqvist HE: 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylates IRS-1 on Ser-789 in mouse C2C12 myotubes in response to 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside. J Biol Chem. 276:46912–46916. 2001.

39 

Zheng D, MacLean PS, Pohnert SC, Knight JB, Olson AL, Winder WW and Dohm GL: Regulation of muscle GLUT-4 transcription by AMP-activated protein kinase. J Appl Physiol (1985). 91:1073–1083. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

40 

Dixit VD, Schaffer EM, Pyle RS, et al: Ghrelin inhibits leptin- and activation-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression by human monocytes and T cells. J Clin Invest. 114:57–66. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Dann SG, Selvaraj A and Thomas G: mTOR Complex1-S6K1 signaling: at the crossroads of obesity, diabetes and cancer. Trends Mol Med. 13:252–259. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Cota D, Proulx K and Seeley RJ: The role of CNS fuel sensing in energy and glucose regulation. Gastroenterology. 132:2158–2168. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Ropelle ER, Pauli JR, Fernandes MF, et al: A central role for neuronal AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in high-protein diet-induced weight loss. Diabetes. 57:594–605. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Kim JH, Kim JE, Liu HY, Cao W and Chen JL: Regulation of interleukin-6-induced hepatic insulin resistance by mammalian target of rapamycin through the STAT3-SOCS3 pathway. J Biol Chem. 283:708–715. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Harrison DE, Strong R, Sharp ZD, et al: Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice. Nature. 460:392–395. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

46 

Nikolich-Zugich J and Messaoudi I: Mice and flies and monkeys too: caloric restriction rejuvenates the aging immune system of nonhuman primates. Exp Gerontol. 40:884–893. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Messaoudi I, Warner J, Fischer M, et al: Delay of T cell senescence by caloric restriction in aged long-lived nonhuman primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 103:19448–19453. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Yang H, Youm YH, Nakata C and Dixit VD: Chronic caloric restriction induces forestomach hypertrophy with enhanced ghrelin levels during aging. Peptides. 28:1931–1936. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Dixit VD, Yang H, Sun Y, Weeraratna AT, Youm YH, Smith RG and Taub DD: Ghrelin promotes thymopoiesis during aging. J Clin Invest. 117:2778–2790. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Yang H, Youm YH, Vandanmagsar B, et al: Obesity increases the production of proinflammatory mediators from adipose tissue T cells and compromises TCR repertoire diversity: implications for systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. J Immunol. 185:1836–1845. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Yamaguchi N, Argueta JG, Masuhiro Y, et al: Adiponectin inhibits Toll-like receptor family-induced signaling. FEBS Lett. 579:6821–6826. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Akira S, Takeda K and Kaisho T: Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol. 2:675–680. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Shi H, Kokoeva MV, Inouye K, Tzameli I, Yin H and Flier JS: TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 116:3015–3025. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Małgorzewicz S, Dardzińska JA, Gnacińska M, Jankun J, Bryl E and Sworczak K: Complex interaction between the immune system and adipose tissue (Review). Int J Mol Med 33: 3-7, 2014.
APA
Małgorzewicz, S., Dardzińska, J.A., Gnacińska, M., Jankun, J., Bryl, E., & Sworczak, K. (2014). Complex interaction between the immune system and adipose tissue (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33, 3-7. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1537
MLA
Małgorzewicz, S., Dardzińska, J. A., Gnacińska, M., Jankun, J., Bryl, E., Sworczak, K."Complex interaction between the immune system and adipose tissue (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33.1 (2014): 3-7.
Chicago
Małgorzewicz, S., Dardzińska, J. A., Gnacińska, M., Jankun, J., Bryl, E., Sworczak, K."Complex interaction between the immune system and adipose tissue (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33, no. 1 (2014): 3-7. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1537
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Małgorzewicz S, Dardzińska JA, Gnacińska M, Jankun J, Bryl E and Sworczak K: Complex interaction between the immune system and adipose tissue (Review). Int J Mol Med 33: 3-7, 2014.
APA
Małgorzewicz, S., Dardzińska, J.A., Gnacińska, M., Jankun, J., Bryl, E., & Sworczak, K. (2014). Complex interaction between the immune system and adipose tissue (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33, 3-7. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1537
MLA
Małgorzewicz, S., Dardzińska, J. A., Gnacińska, M., Jankun, J., Bryl, E., Sworczak, K."Complex interaction between the immune system and adipose tissue (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33.1 (2014): 3-7.
Chicago
Małgorzewicz, S., Dardzińska, J. A., Gnacińska, M., Jankun, J., Bryl, E., Sworczak, K."Complex interaction between the immune system and adipose tissue (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33, no. 1 (2014): 3-7. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1537
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team