Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
2014-January Volume 33 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
2014-January Volume 33 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Long-term administration of ginsenoside Rh1 enhances learning and memory by promoting cell survival in the mouse hippocampus

  • Authors:
    • Jingang Hou
    • Jianjie Xue
    • Mira Lee
    • Jiaojiao Yu
    • Changkeun Sung
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
  • Pages: 234-240
    |
    Published online on: November 8, 2013
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1552
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Ginsenosides, the secondary plant metabolites produced by Panax ginseng are responsible for the enhancing effects on learning observed following treatment with Panax ginseng. A number of studies have provided correlational evidence that cell proliferation and survival are closely associated with hippocampal-dependent learning tasks. In this study, to investigate the beneficial effects of ginsenoside Rh1 on hippocampal cells and learning, mice (6 months old) were administered ginsenoside Rh1 at a dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day for a period of 3 months. Saline-treated mice were used as controls. The enhancement of memory and learning in the mice was evaluated by hippocampal-dependent tasks (passive avoidance tests and Morris water maze tests) and the immunohistochemical marker of cell proliferation, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). In addition, the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured following treatment. Based on our data, the Rh1-treated group (5 and 10 mg/kg) showed a significantly improved learning and memory ability in the passive avoidance tests compared with the control group; however, only treatment with 10 mg/kg ginsenoside Rh1 significantly promoted spatial learning ability in the Morris water maze test. Ginsenoside Rh1 significantly enhanced cell survival in the dentate gyrus of mice, although it did not enhance hippocampal cell proliferation. In addition, ginsenoside Rh1 upregulated the expression of BDNF. These findings address the potential therapeutic significance of ginsenoside Rh1 as a nutritional supplement in memory loss and neurodegenerative diseases.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Christensen LP: Ginsenosides chemistry, biosynthesis, analysis, and potential health effects. Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. Taylor S: 55. Academic Press; New Yotk: pp. 1–99. 2008

2 

Van Kampen J, Robertson H, Hagg T and Drobitch R: Neuroprotective actions of the ginseng extract G115 in two rodent models of Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol. 184:521–529. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Kennedy DO and Scholey AB: Ginseng: potential for the enhancement of cognitive performance and mood. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 75:687–700. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Reay JL, Scholey AB and Kennedy DO: Panax ginseng (G115) improves aspects of working memory performance and subjective ratings of calmness in healthy young adults. Hum Psychopharmacol. 25:462–471. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Kim EJ, Jung IH, Van Le TK, Jeong JJ, Kim NJ and Kim DH: Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3 protect scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 146:294–299. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Quan Q, Wang J, Li X and Wang Y: Ginsenoside Rg1 decreases Aβ(1–42) level by upregulating PPARγ and IDE expression in the hippocampus of a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. PloS One. 8:e591552013.

7 

van Praag H, Schinder AF, Christie BR, Toni N, Palmer TD and Gage FH: Functional neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. Nature. 415:1030–1034. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Shors TJ, Miesegaes G, Beylin A, Zhao M, Rydel T and Gould E: Neurogenesis in the adult is involved in the formation of trace memories. Nature. 410:372–376. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Aimone JB, Wiles J and Gage FH: Potential role for adult neurogenesis in the encoding of time in new memories. Nat Neurosci. 9:723–727. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Johansson CB, Svensson M, Wallstedt L, Janson AM and Frisén J: Neural stem cells in the adult human brain. Exp Cell Res. 253:733–736. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Leuner B, Gould E and Shors TJ: Is there a link between adult neurogenesis and learning? Hippocampus. 16:216–224. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Drapeau E, Montaron MF, Aguerre S and Abrous DN: Learning-induced survival of new neurons depends on the cognitive status of aged rats. J Neurosci. 27:6037–6044. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Olson AK, Eadie BD, Ernst C and Christie BR: Environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise massively increase neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus via dissociable pathways. Hippocampus. 16:250–260. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Klempin F and Kempermann G: Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and aging. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 257:271–280. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Mirescu C and Gould E: Stress and adult neurogenesis. Hippocampus. 16:233–238. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Rinwa P and Kumar A: Piperine potentiates the protective effects of curcumin against chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive impairment and oxidative damage in mice. Brain Res. 1488:38–50. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Quadrato G, Benevento M, Alber S, et al: Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc4) is required for BDNF-dependent survival of adult-born neurons and spatial memory formation in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 109:E1499–E1508. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Lai L, Hao H, Liu Y, et al: Characterization of pharmacokinetic profiles and metabolic pathways of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1 in vivo and in vitro. Planta Med. 75:797–802. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Joh EH, Lee IA, Jung IH and Kim DH: Ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolite compound K inhibit IRAK-1 activation-the key step of inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol. 82:278–286. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Yang L, Zhang J, Zheng K, Shen H and Chen X: Long-term ginsenoside Rg1 supplementation improves age-related cognitive decline by promoting synaptic plasticity associated protein expression in C57BL/6J mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. July.5–2013.(Epub ahead of print).

21 

Liu L, Hoang-Gia T, Wu H, et al: Ginsenoside Rb1 improves spatial learning and memory by regulation of cell genesis in the hippocampal subregions of rats. Brain Res. 1382:147–154. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Wang YZ, Chen J, Chu SF, et al: Improvement of memory in mice and increase of hippocampal excitability in rats by ginsenoside Rg1’s metabolites ginsenoside Rh1 and protopanaxatriol. J Pharmacol Sci. 109:504–510. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

23 

Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C, et al: Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science. 301:805–809. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Snyder JS, Hong NS, McDonald RJ and Wojtowicz JM: A role for adult neurogenesis in spatial long-term memory. Neuroscience. 130:843–852. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Shors TJ, Mathew J, Sisti HM, Edgecomb C, Beckoff S and Dalla C: Neurogenesis and helplessness are mediated by controllability in males but not in females. Biol Psychiatry. 62:487–495. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Wati H, Kudo K, Qiao C, Kuroki T and Kanba S: A decreased survival of proliferated cells in the hippocampus is associated with a decline in spatial memory in aged rats. Neurosci Lett. 399:171–174. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Thoenen H: Neurotrophins and neuronal plasticity. Science. 270:593–598. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Bergami M, Rimondini R, Santi S, Blum R, Götz M and Canossa M: Deletion of TrkB in adult progenitors alters newborn neuron integration into hippocampal circuits and increases anxiety-like behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105:15570–15575. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Derecki NC, Cardani AN, Yang CH, et al: Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal immunity: a key role for IL-4. J Exp Med. 207:1067–1080. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Schwabe L, Schächinger H, de Kloet ER and Oitzl MS: Corticosteroids operate as a switch between memory systems. J Cogn Neurosci. 22:1362–1372. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Zatorre RJ, Fields RD and Johansen-Berg H: Plasticity in gray and white: neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning. Nat Neurosci. 15:528–536. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Benito E and Barco A: CREB’s control of intrinsic and synaptic plasticity: implications for CREB-dependent memory models. Trends Neurosci. 33:230–240. 2010.

33 

Wang YH and Du GH: Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits β-secretase activity in vitro and protects against Abeta-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 11:604–612. 2009.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hou J, Xue J, Lee M, Yu J and Sung C: Long-term administration of ginsenoside Rh1 enhances learning and memory by promoting cell survival in the mouse hippocampus. Int J Mol Med 33: 234-240, 2014.
APA
Hou, J., Xue, J., Lee, M., Yu, J., & Sung, C. (2014). Long-term administration of ginsenoside Rh1 enhances learning and memory by promoting cell survival in the mouse hippocampus. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33, 234-240. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1552
MLA
Hou, J., Xue, J., Lee, M., Yu, J., Sung, C."Long-term administration of ginsenoside Rh1 enhances learning and memory by promoting cell survival in the mouse hippocampus". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33.1 (2014): 234-240.
Chicago
Hou, J., Xue, J., Lee, M., Yu, J., Sung, C."Long-term administration of ginsenoside Rh1 enhances learning and memory by promoting cell survival in the mouse hippocampus". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33, no. 1 (2014): 234-240. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1552
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hou J, Xue J, Lee M, Yu J and Sung C: Long-term administration of ginsenoside Rh1 enhances learning and memory by promoting cell survival in the mouse hippocampus. Int J Mol Med 33: 234-240, 2014.
APA
Hou, J., Xue, J., Lee, M., Yu, J., & Sung, C. (2014). Long-term administration of ginsenoside Rh1 enhances learning and memory by promoting cell survival in the mouse hippocampus. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33, 234-240. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1552
MLA
Hou, J., Xue, J., Lee, M., Yu, J., Sung, C."Long-term administration of ginsenoside Rh1 enhances learning and memory by promoting cell survival in the mouse hippocampus". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33.1 (2014): 234-240.
Chicago
Hou, J., Xue, J., Lee, M., Yu, J., Sung, C."Long-term administration of ginsenoside Rh1 enhances learning and memory by promoting cell survival in the mouse hippocampus". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33, no. 1 (2014): 234-240. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1552
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team