Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
2014-April Volume 33 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
2014-April Volume 33 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Berberine prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and suppresses hippocampal apoptosis in mice with Parkinson's disease

  • Authors:
    • Mia Kim
    • Ki-Ho Cho
    • Mal-Soon Shin
    • Jae-Min Lee
    • Han-Sam Cho
    • Chang-Ju Kim
    • Dong-Hoon Shin
    • Hyeon Jeong Yang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Cardiovascular and Neurologic Diseases (Stroke Center), College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea, Department of Food and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam 463-721, Republic of Korea
  • Pages: 870-878
    |
    Published online on: February 13, 2014
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1656
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons and a reduction in striatal dopaminergic fibers, which result in tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia and gait disturbance. In addition to motor dysfunction, dementia is a widely recognized symptom of patients with PD. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Berberis vulgaris L., is known to exert anxiolytic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipsychotic, antidepressant and anti-amnesic effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of berberine on short-term memory in relation to dopamine depletion and hippocampal neurogenesis using a mouse model of PD, induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/probenecid (MPTP/P) treatment. Mice in the berberine-treated groups were orally administered berberine once a day for a total of 5 weeks. Our results revealed that the injection of MPTP/P induced dopaminergic neuronal death in the substantia nigra and fiber loss in the striatum. This resulted in impaired motor balance and coordination, as assessed by the beam walking test. We further demonstrated that MPTP/P-induced apoptosis in the hippocampus deteriorated short-term memory, as shown by the step-down avoidance task. By contrast, neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, which is a compensatory adaptive response to excessive apoptosis, was increased upon PD induction. However, treatment with berberine enhanced motor balance and coordination by preventing dopaminergic neuronal damage. Treatment with berberine also improved short-term memory by inhibiting apoptosis in the hippocampus. Berberine demonstrated maximal potency at 50 mg/kg. Based on these data, treatment with berberine may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for the alleviation of memory impairment and motor dysfunction in patients with PD.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Dauer W and Przedborski S: Parkinson’s disease: Mechanisms and models. Neuron. 39:889–909. 2003.

2 

Park JH and Enikolopov G: Transient elevation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis after dopamine depletion. Exp Neurol. 222:267–276. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Asanuma M, Miyazaki I and Ogawa N: Dopamine- or L-DOPA-induced neurotoxicity: the role of dopamine quinone formation and tyrosinase in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotox Res. 5:165–176. 2003.

4 

Sung YH, Kim SC, Hong HP, Park CY, Shin MS, Kim CJ, Seo JH, Kim DY, Kim DJ and Cho HJ: Treadmill exercise ameliorates dopaminergic neuronal loss through suppressing microglial activation in Parkinson’s disease mice. Life Sci. 91:1309–1316. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

5 

Yoon MC, Shin MS, Kim TS, Kim BK, Ko IG, Sung YH, Kim SE, Lee HH, Kim YP and Kim CJ: Treadmill exercise suppresses nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson’s rats. Neurosci Lett. 423:12–17. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, Bjork-Eriksson T, Alborn AM, Nordborg C, Peterson DA and Gage FH: Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med. 4:1313–1317. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Kempermann G, Jessberger S, Steiner B and Kronenberg G: Milestones of neuronal development in the adult hippocampus. Trends Neurosci. 27:447–452. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Kim SE, Ko IG, Kim BK, Shin MS, Cho S, Kim CJ, Kim SH, Baek SS, Lee EK and Jee YS: Treadmill exercise prevents aging-induced failure of memory through an increase in neurogenesis and suppression of apoptosis in rat hippocampus. Exp Gerontol. 45:357–365. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Shin MS, Ko IG, Kim SE, Kim BK, Kim TS, Lee SH, Hwang DS, Kim CJ, Park JK and Lim BV: Treadmill exercise ameliorates symptoms of methimazole-induced hypothyroidism through enhancing neurogenesis and suppressing apoptosis in the hippocampus of rat pups. Int J Dev Neurosci. 31:214–223. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Dash PK, Mach SA and Moore AN: Enhanced neurogenesis in the rodent hippocampus following traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res. 63:313–319. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Felling RJ and Levison SW: Enhanced neurogenesis following stroke. J Neurosci Res. 73:277–283. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Ma L, Cui XL, Wang Y, Li XW, Yang F, Wei D and Jiang W: Aspirin attenuates spontaneous recurrent seizures and inhibits hippocampal neuronal loss, mossy fiber sprouting and aberrant neurogenesis following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats. Brain Res. 21:103–113. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Hwang L, Choi IY, Kim SE, Ko IG, Shin MS, Kim CJ, Kim SH, Jin JJ, Chung JY and Yi JW: Dexmedetomidine ameliorates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced memory impairment by inhibiting apoptosis and enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the rat hippocampus. In J Mol Med. 31:1047–1056. 2013.

14 

Savitz SI and Rosenbaum DM: Apoptosis in neurological disease. Neurosurgery. 42:555–574. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Cohen GM: Caspases: the executioners of apoptosis. Biochem J. 326:1–16. 1997.

16 

Oltvai ZN, Milliman CL and Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell. 74:609–619. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Wolf BB, Schuler M, Echeverri F and Green DR: Caspase-3 is the primary activator of apoptotic DNA fragmentation via DNA fragmentation factor-45/inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase inactivation. J Biol Chem. 274:30651–30656. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Imanshahidi M and Hosseinzadeh H: Pharmacological and therapeutic effects of Berberis vulgaris and its active constituent, berberine. Phytother Res. 22:999–1012. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Kulkarni SK and Dhir A: On the mechanism of antidepressant-like action of berberine chloride. Eur J Pharmacol. 589:163–172. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Bhutada P, Mundhada Y, Bansod K, Tawari S, Patil S, Dixit P, Umathe S and Mundhada D: Protection of cholinergic and antioxidant system contributes to the effect of berberine ameliorating memory dysfunction in rat model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Behav Brain Res. 220:30–41. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Zhu F and Qian C: Berberine chloride can ameliorate the spatial memory impairment and increase the expression of interleuin-1beta and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. BMC Neurosci. 7:782006.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Hung TM, Dang NH, Kim JC, Jang HS, Ryoo SW, Lee JH, Choi JS, Bae K and Min BS: Alkaloids from roots of Stephania rotunda and their cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Planta Med. 76:1762–1764. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

23 

Zhang Q, Qian Z, Pan L, Li H and Zhu H: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 mediates the anti-apoptosis of berberine in neurons during hypoxia/ischemia. Acta Physiol Hung. 99:311–323. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Bae J, Lee D, Kim YK, Gil M, Lee JY and Lee KJ: Berberine protects 6-hydroxydopamine-induced human dopaminergic neuronal cell death through the induction of heme oxygenase-1. Mol Cells. 35:151–157. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Kwon IH, Choi HS, Shin KS, Lee BK, Lee CK, Hwang BY, Lim SC and Lee MK: Effects of berberine on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells and a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 486:29–33. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Miyoshi E, Wietzikoski S, Camplessei M, Silveira R, Takahashi RN and Da Cunha C: Impaired learning in a spatial working memory version and in a cued version of the water maze in rats with MPTP-induced mesencephalic dopaminergic lesions. Brain Res Bull. 58:41–47. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Schneider JS, Tinker JP, VanVelson M and Giardiniere M: Effects of the partial glycine agonist D-cycloserine on cognitive functioning in chronic low dose MPTP-treated monkeys. Brain Res. 860:190–194. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Meredith GE, Totterdell S, Potashkin JA and Surmeier DJ: Modeling PD pathogenesis in mice: advantages of a chronic MPTP protocol. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 14(Suppl 2): S112–S115. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Lau YS, Trobough KL, Crampton JM and Wilson JA: Effects of probenecid on striatal dopamine depletion in acute and long-term 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice. Gen Pharmacol. 21:181–187. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Meng XH, Liu P, Wang H, Zhao XF, Xu ZM, Chen GH and Xu DX: Gender-specific impairments on cognitive and behavioral development in mice exposed to fenvalerate during puberty. Toxicol Lett. 203:245–251. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Nutt JG, Carter JH and Sexton GJ: The dopamine transporter: importance in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 55:766–773. 2004.

32 

Von Bohlen and Halbach O: Modeling neurodegenerative diseases in vivo review. Neurodegener Dis. 2:313–320. 2005.

33 

Schintu N, Frau L, Ibba M, Garau A, Carboni E and Carta AR: Progressive dopaminergic degeneration in the chronic MPTPp mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurotox Res. 16:127–139. 2009.

34 

Emre M: Dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2:229–237. 2003.

35 

Ho YJ, Ho SC, Pawlak CR and Yeh KY: Effects of D-cycloserine on MPTP-induced behavioral and neurological changes: potential for treatment of Parkinson’s disease dementia. Behav Brain Res. 219:280–290. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Peng J, Xie L, Jin K, Greenberg DA and Andersen JK: Fibroblast growth factor 2 enhances striatal and nigral neurogenesis in the acute 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson’s disease. Neuroscience. 153:664–570. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

37 

Kim SE, Ko IG, Park CY, Shin MS, Kim CJ and Jee YS: Treadmill and wheel exercise alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced short-term memory impairment by enhancing neuronal maturation in rats. Mol Med Rep. 7:31–36. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Lesemann A, Reinel C, Hühnchen P, Pilhatsch M, Hellweg R, Klaissle P, Winter C and Steiner B: MPTP-induced hippocampal effects on serotonin, dopamine, neurotrophins, adult neurogenesis and depression-like behavior are partially influenced by fluoxetine in adult mice. Brain Res. 1457:51–69. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Parent JM: Injury-induced neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain. Neuroscientist. 9:261–272. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Liedhegner EA, Steller KM and Mieyal JJ: Levodopa activates apoptosis signaling kinase 1 (ASK1) and promotes apoptosis in a neuronal model: implications for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Chem Res Toxicol. 24:1644–1652. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

41 

Elmore S: Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 35:495–516. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Zhou XQ, Zeng XN, Kong H and Sun XL: Neuroprotective effects of berberine on stroke models in vitro and in vivo. Neurosci Lett. 447:31–36. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Kim M, Cho K, Shin M, Lee J, Cho H, Kim C, Shin D and Yang HJ: Berberine prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and suppresses hippocampal apoptosis in mice with Parkinson's disease. Int J Mol Med 33: 870-878, 2014.
APA
Kim, M., Cho, K., Shin, M., Lee, J., Cho, H., Kim, C. ... Yang, H.J. (2014). Berberine prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and suppresses hippocampal apoptosis in mice with Parkinson's disease. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33, 870-878. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1656
MLA
Kim, M., Cho, K., Shin, M., Lee, J., Cho, H., Kim, C., Shin, D., Yang, H. J."Berberine prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and suppresses hippocampal apoptosis in mice with Parkinson's disease". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33.4 (2014): 870-878.
Chicago
Kim, M., Cho, K., Shin, M., Lee, J., Cho, H., Kim, C., Shin, D., Yang, H. J."Berberine prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and suppresses hippocampal apoptosis in mice with Parkinson's disease". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33, no. 4 (2014): 870-878. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1656
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Kim M, Cho K, Shin M, Lee J, Cho H, Kim C, Shin D and Yang HJ: Berberine prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and suppresses hippocampal apoptosis in mice with Parkinson's disease. Int J Mol Med 33: 870-878, 2014.
APA
Kim, M., Cho, K., Shin, M., Lee, J., Cho, H., Kim, C. ... Yang, H.J. (2014). Berberine prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and suppresses hippocampal apoptosis in mice with Parkinson's disease. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33, 870-878. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1656
MLA
Kim, M., Cho, K., Shin, M., Lee, J., Cho, H., Kim, C., Shin, D., Yang, H. J."Berberine prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and suppresses hippocampal apoptosis in mice with Parkinson's disease". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33.4 (2014): 870-878.
Chicago
Kim, M., Cho, K., Shin, M., Lee, J., Cho, H., Kim, C., Shin, D., Yang, H. J."Berberine prevents nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and suppresses hippocampal apoptosis in mice with Parkinson's disease". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33, no. 4 (2014): 870-878. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1656
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team