Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
June-2014 Volume 33 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June-2014 Volume 33 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Neuro-immune modulation of the thymus microenvironment (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Fiorenzo Mignini
    • Maurizio Sabbatini
    • Laura Mattioli
    • Monica Cosenza
    • Marco Artico
    • Carlo Cavallotti
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Human Anatomy, School of Drug and Health Products Science, University of Camerino, Ι-62032 Camerino, Italy, Human Anatomy, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont ̔Amedeo Avogadro̓, I-28100 Novara, Italy, Department of Anatomical, Histological, Medico-legal and Locomotor System Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Ι-00185 Rome, Italy, Department of Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Ι-00185 Rome, Italy
  • Pages: 1392-1400
    |
    Published online on: March 20, 2014
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1709
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The thymus is the primary site for T-cell lympho­poiesis. Its function includes the maturation and selection of antigen specific T cells and selective release of these cells to the periphery. These highly complex processes require precise parenchymal organization and compartmentation where a plethora of signalling pathways occur, performing strict control on the maturation and selection processes of T lymphocytes. In this review, the main morphological characteristics of the thymus microenvironment, with particular emphasis on nerve fibers and neuropeptides were assessed, as both are responsible for neuro-immune‑modulation functions. Among several neurotransmitters that affect thymus function, we highlight the dopaminergic system as only recently has its importance on thymus function and lymphocyte physiology come to light.
View Figures

Figure 1

View References

1 

Benoit C and Mathis D: T-lymphocyte differentiation and biology. Fundamental Immunology. Paul W: 4th edition. Lippincott-Raven; Philadelphia, PA: pp. 367–409. 1999

2 

Haks MC, Oostervegel MA, Blom B, Spits HM and Kruisbeek A: Cell-fate decision in early T-cell development: regulation by cytokine receptors and the pre-TCR. Semin Immunol. 11:23–37. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Werlen G, Hausmann B, Naeher D and Palmer E: Signaling life and death in the thymus: timing is everything. Science. 299:1859–1863. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Kendall MD and Al-Shawaf AA: Innervation of rat thymus gland. Brain Behav Immun. 5:9–28. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Boyd RL, Tucek CL, Godfrey DI, Izon DJ, Wilson TJ, Davidson NJ, Bean AG, Ladyman HM, Ritter MA and Hugo P: The thymic microenvironment. Immunol Today. 14:445–59. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Res P and Spits H: Developmental stages in the human thymus. Semin Immunol. 11:39–46. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Anderson G, Harman BC, Hare KJ and Jenkinson EJ: Microenvironmental regulation of T-cell development in the thymus. Semin Immunol. 12:457–464. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Anderson G and Jenkinson EJ: Lymphostromal interactions in thymic development and function. Nature Rev Immunol. 1:31–40. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Savino W and Dardenne M: Neuroendocrine control of thymus physiology. Endocr Rev. 21:412–443. 2000.

10 

Rezzani R, Bonomini F and Rodella LF: Histochemical and molecular overview of the thymus as site for T-cells development. Prog Histochem Cytochem. 43:73–120. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Mignini F, Streccioni V and Amenta F: Autonomic innervation of immune organs and neuroimmune modulation. Auton Autacoid Pharmacol. 23:1–25. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Mignini F, Sabbatini M, D’Andrea V and Cavallotti C: Intrinsic innervation and dopaminergic markers after experimental denervation in rat thymus. Eur J Histochem. 54:e172010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Bockman DE: Development of the thymus. Microsc Res Tech. 38:209–215. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Sultana DA, Tomita S, Hamada M, Iwanaga Y, Kitahama Y, Khang NV, Hirai S, Ohigashi I, Nitta S, Amagai T, Takahashi S and Takahama Y: Gene expression profile of the third pharyngeal pouch reveals role of mesenchymal MafB in embryonic thymus development. Blood. 113:2976–2987. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Gordon J, Wilson VA, Blair NF, Sheridan J, Farley A, Wilson L, Manley NR and Blackburn CC: Functional evidence for a single endodermal origin for the thymic epithelium. Nat Immunol. 5:546–53. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Gordon J and Manley NR: Mechanisms of thymus organogenesis and morphogenesis. Development. 138:3865–3878. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Taub DD and Longo DL: Insight into thymic aging and regeneration. Immunol Rev. 205:72–93. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Sutherland JS, Goldberg GL, Hammett MV, Uldrich AP, Berzins SP, Heng TS, Blazar BR, Millar JL, Malin MA, Chidgey AP and Boyd RL: Activation of thymic regeneration in mice and humans following androgen blockade. J Immunol. 175:2741–2753. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Cavallotti C, D’Andrea V, Tonnarini G, Cavallotti C and Bruzzone P: Age-related changes in the human thymus studied with scanning electron microscopy. Micros Res Tech. 71:573–578. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Petrie HT: Role of thymic organ structure and stromal composition in steady-state postnatal T-cell production. Immunol Rev. 189:8–19. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Germain RN: T-cell development and the CD4-CD8 lineage decision. Nat Rev Immunol. 2:309–322. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Anderson M, Anderson SK and Farr AG: Thymic vasculature: organizer of the medullary epithelial compartment? Int Immunol. 12:1105–1110. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Pearse G: Normal structure, function and histology of the thymus. Toxicol Pathol. 34:504–514. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Petrie HT and Zúñiga-Pflücker JC: Zoned out: functional mapping of stromal signaling microenvironments in the thymus. Ann Rev Immunol. 25:649–679. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Gray DH, Ueno T, Chidgey AP, Malin M, Goldberg GL, Takahama Y and Boyd RL: Controlling the thymic microenvironment. Curr Op Immunol. 17:137–143. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Bodey B: Thymic reticulo-epithelial cells: key cells of neuroendocrine regulation. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 7:939–949. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Patel DD and Haynes BF: Cell adhesion molecules involved in intrathymic T-cell development. Semin Immunol. 5:282–292. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Van de Wijngaert FP, Kendall MD, Schuurman HJ, Rademakers LH and Kater L: Heterogeneity of epithelial cells in the human thymus. An ultrastructural study. Cell Tissue Res. 237:227–237. 1984.PubMed/NCBI

29 

Le PT and Singer KH: Human thymic epithelial cells: adhesion molecules and cytokine production. Int J Clin Lab Res. 23:56–60. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Prockop SE and Petrie HT: Regulation of thymus size by competition for stromal niches among early T-cell progenitors. J Immunol. 173:1604–1611. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Savino W, Mendes-da-Cruz DA, Smaniotto S, Silva-Monteiro E and Villa-Verde DM: Molecular mechanisms governing thymocyte migration: combined role of chemokines and extracellular matrix. J Leukoc Biol. 75:951–961. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Savino W, Dalmau SR and Dealmeida VC: Role of extracellular matrix-mediated interactions in thymocyte migration. Dev Immunol. 7:279–291. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Villa-Verde DM, Silva-Monteiro E, Jasiulionis M, Farias-de-Oliveira DA, Brentani RR, Savino W and Chammas R: Galectin-3 modulates carbohydrate-dependent thymocyte interactions with the thymic microenvironment. Eur J Immunol. 32:1434–1444. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Aoudjit F, Masure S, Opdenakker G, Potworoski EF and St-Pierre Y: Gelatinase B (MMP-9), but not its inhibitor (TIMP-1), dictates the growth rate of experimental thymic lymphoma. Int J Cancer. 82:743–747. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Wilkinson B, Owen JJ and Jenkinson EJ: Factors regulating stem cell recruitment to the fetal thymus. J Immunol. 162:3873–3881. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Lannes-Vieira J, Dardenne M and Savino W: Extracellular matrix components of the mouse thymus micrenvironment: ontogenetic studies and modulation by glucocorticoid hormones. J Histochem Cytochem. 39:1539–1546. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Siemion I, Kluczyk A and Cebrat M: The peptide molecular links between the central nervous and the immune systems. Amino Acids. 29:161–176. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Lunin SM and Novoselova EG: Thymus hormones as prospective anti-inflammatory agents. Exper Opin Ther Targets. 14:775–786. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Leposavić G, Pilipović I and Perišić M: Cellular and nerve fibre catecholaminergic thymic network: steroid hormone dependent activity. Physiol Res. 60(Suppl 1): S71–S82. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

40 

Artico M, Cavallotti C, Cameroni M and Cavallotti D: Interleukin 1β as simulator of the rat thymus. Cytokine. 15:261–265. 2001.

41 

Berczi I, Quintanar-Stephano A and Kovacs K: Neuroimmune regulation in immunecompetence, acute illness and healing. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1153:220–239. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Tollefson L and Bulloch K: Dual-label retrograde transport: CNS innervation of the mouse thymus distinct from other mediastinum viscera. J Neurosci Res. 25:20–28. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Mićić M, Leposavić G, Ugresić N, Bogojević M and Isaković K: Parasympathetic innervation of the rat thymus during first life period: histochemical and biochemical study. Thymus. 19:173–182. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

44 

Cavallotti D, Artico M, Iannetti G and Cavallotti C: Quantification of acetylcholinesterase-positive structures in human thymus during development and aging. Neurochem Int. 36:75–82. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Artico M, Cavallotti C, Tranquilli Leali FM, Falconi M and Cavallotti D: Effect of interferon on human thymus microenvironment. Immunol Lett. 85:19–27. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Zimring JC, Kapp LM, Yamada M, Wess J and Kapp JA: Regulation of CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte differentiation by a cholinergic pathway. J Neuroimmunol. 164:66–75. 2005.

47 

Nance DM and Sanders VM: Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987–2007). Brain Behav Immun. 21:736–745. 2007.

48 

Trotter RN, Stornetta RL, Guyenet PG and Roberts MR: Transneuronal mapping of the CNS network controlling sympathetic outflow to the rat thymus. Auton Neurosci. 131:9–20. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Besedovsky HO and del Rey A: Immune-neuro-endocrine interactions: facts and hypotheses. Endocr Rev. 17:64–102. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Al-Shawaf AA, Kendal MD and Cowen T: Identification of neural profiles containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, acetylcholinesterase and catecholamines in the rat thymus. J Anat. 174:131–143. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

51 

Vizi ES and Elenkov IJ: Nonsynaptic noradrenaline release in neuro-immune responses. Acta Biol Hung. 53:229–244. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Cavallotti C, Artico N and Cavallotti D: Occurrence of adrenergic nerve fibers and noradrenaline in thymus gland of juvenile and aged rats. Immunol Lett. 70:53–62. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Müller S and Weihe E: Interrelation of peptidergic innervation with mast cells and ED1-positive cells in rat thymus. Brain Behav Immun. 5:55–72. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

54 

Artico M, Cavallotti C and Cavallotti D: Adrenergic nerve and mast cells: correlation in rat thymus. Immunol Lett. 84:69–76. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Leposavić G, Mićić M, Ugresić N, Bogojević M and Isaković K: Components of sympathetic innervation of the rat thymus during late fetal and postnatal development: histofluorescence and biochemical study. Sympathetic innervation of the rat thymus. Thymus. 19:77–87. 1992.

56 

Vizi ES, Orsó E, Osipenko ON, Hasko G and Elenkov IJ: Neurochemical, electrophysiological and immunocytochemical evidence for a noradrenergic link between the sympathetic nervous system and thymocytes. Neuroscience. 68:1263–1276. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Leposavić G, Pilipović I, Radojević K, Pešić V, Perišić M and Kosec D: Cathecolamines as immunomodulators: a role for adrenoceptor-mediated mechanisms in fine tuning of T-cell development. Autonom Neurosci. 144:1–12. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

58 

Elenkov IJ, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP and Vizi ES: The sympathetic nerve-an integrative interface between two supersystems: the brain and the immune system. Pharmacol Rev. 52:595–638. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

59 

Madden KS and Felten DL: β-adrenoceptor blockade alters thymocyte differentiation in aged mice. Cell Mol Biol. 47:189–196. 2001.

60 

Kavelaars A: Regulated expression of α-1 adrenergic receptors in the immune system. Brain Behav Immun. 16:799–807. 2002.

61 

Pešić V, Kosec D, Radojević K, Pilipović I, Perišić M, Vidić-Danković B and Leposavić G: Expression of α1-adrenoceptors on thymic cells and their role in fine tuning of thymopoiesis. J Neuroimmunol. 214:55–66. 2009.

62 

Cavallotti D, Artico M, Iannetti G and Cavallotti C: Occurrence of adrenergic nerve fibers in human thymus during immune response. Neurochem Int. 40:211–221. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Wrona D: Neural-immune interactions: an integrative view of the bidirectional relationship between the brain and the immune systems. J Neuroimmunol. 172:38–58. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Leposavić G, Radojević K, Vidić-Danković B, Kosec D, Pilipović I and Perišić M: Early postnatal castration affects thymic and thymocyte noradrenaline levels and β-adrenoceptor-mediated influence on the thymopoiesis in adult rats. J Neuroimmunol. 182:100–115. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

65 

Nakano K, Higashi T, Takagi R, Hashimoto K, Tanaka Y and Matsushita S: Dopamine released by dendritic cells polarizes Th2 differentiation. Int Immunol. 21:645–654. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Mignini F, Tomassoni D, Traini E and Amenta F: Dopamine, vesicular transporters and dopamine receptor expression and localization in rat thymus and spleen. J Neuroimmunol. 206:5–13. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Nijima A, Hori T, Katafuchi T and Ichijo T: The effect of interleukin-1β on the efferent activity of the vagus nerve to the thymus. J Auton Nerv Syst. 54:137–144. 1995.

68 

Dovas A, Lucchi ML, Bortoloami R, Grandis A, Palladino AR, Banelli E, Caretta M, Magni F and Paolocci N: Collaterals of recurrent laringeal nerve fibres innervate the thymus: a fluorescent tracer and HRP investigation of efferent vagal neurons in the rat brainstem. Brain Res. 809:141–148. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Mitchell B, Kendall M, Adam E and Schumacher U: Innervation of the thymus in normal and bone marrow reconstituted severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. J Neuroimmunol. 75:19–27. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Antonica A, Ayroldi E, Magni F and Paolocci N: Lymphocyte traffic changes induced by monolateral vagal denervation in mouse thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs. J Neuroimmunol. 64:115–122. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Rinner I, Kawashima K and Schauenstein K: Rat lymphocytes produce and secrete acetylcholine in dependence of differentiation and activation. J Neuroimmunol. 81:31–37. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Rinner I, Globerson A, Kawashima K, Korsatko W and Schauenstein K: A possible role for acetylcholine in the dialogue between thymocytes and thymic stroma. Neuroimmunomodulation. 6:51–55. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Yamada T, Murayama T and Nomura Y: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on rat thymocytes: their possible involvement in DNA fragmentation. Jpn J Pharmacol. 73:311–316. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Kendall MD: Functional anatomy of the thymic microenvironment. J Anat. 177:1–29. 1991.PubMed/NCBI

75 

Kohm AP and Sanders VM: Norepinephrine and β2-adrenergic receptor stimulation regulate CD4+ T and B lymphocytes function in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacol Rev. 53:487–525. 2001.

76 

Sarkar C, Basu B, Chakroborty D, Dasgupta PS and Basu S: The immunoregulatory role of dopamine: an update. Brain Behav Immun. 24:525–528. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Mignini F, Sabbatini M, Capacchietti M, Amantini C, Bianchi E, Artico M and Tammaro A: T-cell subpopulations express a different pattern of dopaminergic markers in intra- and extra- thymic compartments. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 27:463–475. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

78 

Mignini F, Traini E, Tomassoni D and Amenta F: Dopamine plasma membrane transporter (DAT) in rat thymus and spleen: an an immunochemical and immunohistochemical study. Autonom Autocoid Pharmacol. 26:183–189. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Cosentino M, Fietta AM, Ferrari M, Rasini E, Bombelli R, Carcano E, Saporiti F, Meloni F, Marino F and Lecchini S: Human CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T-cells selectively express tyrosine hydroxylase and contain endogeneous catecholamines subserving an autocrine/paracrine inhibitory functional loop. Blood. 109:632–642. 2007.

80 

Oberbek R: Catecholamines: physiological immunomodulators during health and illness. Curr Med Chem. 13:1979–1989. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Caronti B, Calderaro C, Passarelli F, Palladini G and Pontieri FE: Dopamine receptor mRNAs in the rat lymphocytes. Life Sci. 62:1919–1925. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Kavelaars A, Cobelens PM, Teunis MA and Heijnen CJ: Changes in innate and acquired immuno response in mice with targeted deletion of the dopamine transporter gene. J Neuroimmunol. 161:162–168. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Olanow CW: The pathogenesis of cell death in Parkinson’s disease-2007. Mov Disord. 17(Suppl): S335–S342. 2007.

84 

Cook-Mills JM, Cohen RL, Perlman RL and Chambers DA: Inhibition of lymphocyte activation by catecholamines: evidence for a non-classical mechanism of catecholamine action. Immunology. 85:544–549. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

85 

Tsao CW, Lin YS and Cheng JT: Effect of dopamine on immune cell proliferation in mice. Life Sci. 61:PL361–PL371. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

86 

Ilani T, Strous RD and Fuchs S: Dopaminergic regulation of immune cells via D3 dopamine receptor: a pathway mediated by activated T-cells. FASEB J. 18:1600–1602. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

87 

Sarkar C, Das S, Chakroborty D, Chowdhury UR, Basu B, Dasgupta PS and Basu S: Cutting Edge: stimulation of dopamine D4 receptors induce T-cell quiescence by upregulating Kruppel-like factor-2 expression through inhibition of ERK1/ERK2 phosphorylation. J Immunol. 177:7525–7529. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Trejter M, Warchol JB, De Caro R, Brelinska R, Nussdorfer GG and Malendowcz LK: Studies on the involvement of endogenous neuropeptides in the control of thymocyte proliferation in the rat. Histol Histopathol. 16:155–158. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

89 

Silva AB and Palmer DB: Evidence of conserved neuroendocrine interactions in the thymus: intrathymic expression of neuropeptides in mammalian and non-mammalian vertebrates. Neuroimmunomodulation. 18:264–270. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Mignini F, Sabbatini M, D’Andrea V and Cavallotti C: Neuropeptides of human thymus in normal and pathological conditions. Peptides. 32:920–928. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Bellinger DL, Lorton D, Romano TD, Olschowka JA, Felten SY and Felten DL: Neuropeptide innervation of lymphoid organs. Ann NY Acad Sci. 594:17–33. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Krantz A, Kendall MD and von Gaudecker B: Studies on rat and human thymus to demonstrate immunoreactivity of calcitonin gene-related peptide, tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y. J Anat. 191:441–450. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Weihe E, Nohr D, Michel S, Müller S, Zentel HJ, Fink T and Krekel J: Molecular anatomy of the neuro-immune connection. Int J Neurosci. 59:1–23. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar

94 

De la Fuente M, Del Rio M, Victor VM and Medina S: Neuropeptide Y effects on murine natural killer activity: changes with ageing and cAMP involvement. Regul Pept. 101:73–79. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

95 

Bedoui S, Kawamura N, Straub RH, Pabst R, Yamamura T and von Hörsten S: Relevance of neuropeptide Y for the neuroimmune crosstalk. J Neuroimmunol. 134:1–11. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Delgado M, Martinez C, Leceta J and Gomariz RP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide in thymus: synthesis, receptors and biological actions. Neuroimmunomodulation. 6:97–107. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Bellinger DL, Lorton D, Horn L, Brouxhon S, Felten SY and Felten DL: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) innervation of rat spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. Peptides. 18:1139–1149. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Delgado M, Garrido E, Martinez C, Leceta J and Gomariz RP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides (PACAP27 and PACAP38) protect CD4+CD8+ thymocytes from glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. Blood. 87:5152–5161. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

99 

Ganea D, Gonzales-Rey E and Delgado M: A novel mechanism for immunosuppression: from neuropeptides to regulatory T cells. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 1:400–409. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Lorton D, Bellinger DL, Felten SY and Felten DL: Substance P innervation of the rat thymus. Peptides. 11:1269–1275. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar

101 

Jurjus AR, More N and Walsh RJ: Distribution of substance P positive cells and nerve fibers in the rat thymus. J Neuroimmunol. 90:143–148. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Piantelli M, Maggiano N, Larocca LM, Ricci R, Ranelletti FO, Lauriola L and Capelli A: Neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells in human thymus. Brain Behav Immun. 4:189–197. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar

103 

Bulloch K, Radojcic T, Yu R, Hausman J, Lenhard L and Baird S: The distribution and function of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the mouse thymus and spleen. Psycho Neuro Endocrin Immunol. 4:186–194. 1991.

104 

Bulloch K, McEwen BS, Diwa A, Radojcic T, Hausman J and Baird S: The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the mouse thymus revisited. Ann NY Acad Sci. 25:129–136. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Xing L, Guo J and Wang X: Induction and expression of β-calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat T lymphocytes and its significance. J Immunol. 165:4359–4366. 2000.

106 

Bulloch K, McEwen BS, Diwa A and Baird S: Relationship between dehydroepiandrosterone and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the mouse thymus. Am J Physiol. 268:E168–E173. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

107 

Bulloch K, McEwen BS, Nordberg J, Diwa A and Baird S: Selective regulation of T-cell development and function by calcitonin gene-related peptide in thymus and spleen. An example of differential regional regulation of immunity by the neuroendocrine system. Ann NY Acad Sci. 840:551–562. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Sakuta H, Inaba K and Muramatsu S: Calcitonin gene-related peptide enhances apoptosis of thymocytes. J Neuroimmunol. 67:103–109. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Polak JM and Bloom SR: The central and peripheral distribution of neurotensin. Ann NY Acad Sci. 400:75–93. 1982. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Katsanos GS, Anogianaki A, Castellani ML, Ciampoli C, De Amicis D, Orso C, Pollice R, Vecchiet J, Tetè S, Salini V, Caraffa A, Patruno A, Shaik YB, Kempuraj D, Doyle R, Antinolfi PL, Cerulli G, Conti CM, Fulcheri M, Neri G and Sabatino G: Biology of neurotensin: revisited study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 21:255–259. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

111 

Vanneste Y, Thome AN, Vandersmissen E, Charlet C, Franchimont D, Martens H, Lhiaubet AM, Schimpff RM, Rostène W and Geenen V: Identification of neurotensin-related peptides in human thymic epithelial cell membranes and relationship with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. J Neuroimmunol. 76:161–166. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar

112 

Lhiaubet AM, Avard C and Schimpff RM: Apparent functionality but impractical quantification of neurotensin receptors on human peripheral lymphocytes. Hormone Res. 49:233–239. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Ramez M, Bagot M, Nikolova M, Boumsell L, Vita N, Chalon P, Caput D, Ferrara P and Bensussan A: Functional characterization of neurotensin receptors in human cutaneous T cell lymphoma malignant lymphocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 117:687–693. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Hannestad J, Monjil DF, Díaz-Esnal B, Cobo J and Vega JA: Age-dependent changes in the nervous and endocrine control of the thymus. Micros Res Tech. 63:94–101. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Mignini F, Sabbatini M, Mattioli L, Cosenza M, Artico M and Cavallotti C: Neuro-immune modulation of the thymus microenvironment (Review). Int J Mol Med 33: 1392-1400, 2014.
APA
Mignini, F., Sabbatini, M., Mattioli, L., Cosenza, M., Artico, M., & Cavallotti, C. (2014). Neuro-immune modulation of the thymus microenvironment (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33, 1392-1400. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1709
MLA
Mignini, F., Sabbatini, M., Mattioli, L., Cosenza, M., Artico, M., Cavallotti, C."Neuro-immune modulation of the thymus microenvironment (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33.6 (2014): 1392-1400.
Chicago
Mignini, F., Sabbatini, M., Mattioli, L., Cosenza, M., Artico, M., Cavallotti, C."Neuro-immune modulation of the thymus microenvironment (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33, no. 6 (2014): 1392-1400. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1709
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Mignini F, Sabbatini M, Mattioli L, Cosenza M, Artico M and Cavallotti C: Neuro-immune modulation of the thymus microenvironment (Review). Int J Mol Med 33: 1392-1400, 2014.
APA
Mignini, F., Sabbatini, M., Mattioli, L., Cosenza, M., Artico, M., & Cavallotti, C. (2014). Neuro-immune modulation of the thymus microenvironment (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33, 1392-1400. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1709
MLA
Mignini, F., Sabbatini, M., Mattioli, L., Cosenza, M., Artico, M., Cavallotti, C."Neuro-immune modulation of the thymus microenvironment (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33.6 (2014): 1392-1400.
Chicago
Mignini, F., Sabbatini, M., Mattioli, L., Cosenza, M., Artico, M., Cavallotti, C."Neuro-immune modulation of the thymus microenvironment (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33, no. 6 (2014): 1392-1400. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1709
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team