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International Journal of Molecular Medicine
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Review

Cigarette smoking and gastrointestinal diseases: The causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms (Review)

  • Authors:
    • L. F. Li
    • R. L.Y. Chan
    • L. Lu
    • J. Shen
    • L. Zhang
    • W. K.K. Wu
    • L. Wang
    • T. Hu
    • M. X. Li
    • C. H. Cho
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China, Institute of Digestive Diseases, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
  • Pages: 372-380
    |
    Published online on: May 22, 2014
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1786
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Abstract

Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, including peptic ulcers, inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease and cancer. In this review, the relationship between smoking and GI disorders and the underlying mechanisms are discussed. It has been demonstrated that cigarette smoking is positively associated with the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers and the delay of ulcer healing. Mechanistic studies have shown that cigarette smoke and its active ingredients can cause mucosal cell death, inhibit cell renewal, decrease blood flow in the GI mucosa and interfere with the mucosal immune system. Cigarette smoking is also an independent risk factor for various types of cancer of the GI tract. In this review, we also summarize the mechanisms through which cigarette smoking induces tumorigenesis and promotes the development of cancer in various sections of the GI tract. These mechanisms include the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, the formation of DNA adducts, the stimulation of tumor angiogenesis and the modulation of immune responses in the GI mucosa. A full understanding of these pathogenic mechanisms may help us to develop more effective therapies for GI disorders in the future.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li LF, Chan RL, Lu L, Shen J, Zhang L, Wu WK, Wang L, Hu T, Li MX, Cho CH, Cho CH, et al: Cigarette smoking and gastrointestinal diseases: The causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms (Review). Int J Mol Med 34: 372-380, 2014.
APA
Li, L.F., Chan, R.L., Lu, L., Shen, J., Zhang, L., Wu, W.K. ... Cho, C.H. (2014). Cigarette smoking and gastrointestinal diseases: The causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 34, 372-380. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1786
MLA
Li, L. F., Chan, R. L., Lu, L., Shen, J., Zhang, L., Wu, W. K., Wang, L., Hu, T., Li, M. X., Cho, C. H."Cigarette smoking and gastrointestinal diseases: The causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 34.2 (2014): 372-380.
Chicago
Li, L. F., Chan, R. L., Lu, L., Shen, J., Zhang, L., Wu, W. K., Wang, L., Hu, T., Li, M. X., Cho, C. H."Cigarette smoking and gastrointestinal diseases: The causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 34, no. 2 (2014): 372-380. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1786
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li LF, Chan RL, Lu L, Shen J, Zhang L, Wu WK, Wang L, Hu T, Li MX, Cho CH, Cho CH, et al: Cigarette smoking and gastrointestinal diseases: The causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms (Review). Int J Mol Med 34: 372-380, 2014.
APA
Li, L.F., Chan, R.L., Lu, L., Shen, J., Zhang, L., Wu, W.K. ... Cho, C.H. (2014). Cigarette smoking and gastrointestinal diseases: The causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 34, 372-380. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1786
MLA
Li, L. F., Chan, R. L., Lu, L., Shen, J., Zhang, L., Wu, W. K., Wang, L., Hu, T., Li, M. X., Cho, C. H."Cigarette smoking and gastrointestinal diseases: The causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 34.2 (2014): 372-380.
Chicago
Li, L. F., Chan, R. L., Lu, L., Shen, J., Zhang, L., Wu, W. K., Wang, L., Hu, T., Li, M. X., Cho, C. H."Cigarette smoking and gastrointestinal diseases: The causal relationship and underlying molecular mechanisms (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 34, no. 2 (2014): 372-380. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1786
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