Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
September-2015 Volume 36 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2015 Volume 36 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

miR-135 family members mediate podocyte injury through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling

  • Authors:
    • Xianggui Yang
    • Xiaoyan Wang
    • Fang Nie
    • Tianming Liu
    • Xuejing Yu
    • Honglian Wang
    • Qianyin Li
    • Rui Peng
    • Zhaomin Mao
    • Qin Zhou
    • Ge Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Division of Molecular Nephrology and Creative Training Center for Undergraduates, The M.O.E. Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China, Department of Cardiology, The Fifth Medical College, Peking University, Beijing, P.R. China, Research Center of Combined Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Medicine Hospital, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 3.0].
  • Pages: 669-677
    |
    Published online on: June 24, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2259
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The upregulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling occurs in virtually all types of kidney disease and is associated with podocyte injury. However, the precise mechanisms involved in the development of kidney disease remain to be elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a class of short non-coding RNAs and they have been shown to be regulators of gene expression, mainly by binding to the untranslated region (UTR) of mRNAs. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of the 2 members of the miR-135 family (miR‑135a and miR‑135b) in podocyte injury and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the damage to podocytes. The results revealed that miR-135a and miR-135b were upregulated in models of podocyte injury and in glomeruli isolated from patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The ectopic expression of miR-135a and miR‑135b led to severe podocyte injury and the disorder of the podocyte cytoskeleton. Our findings demonstrated that miR-135a and miR‑135b activated Wnt/β‑catenin signaling and induced the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Using luciferase reporter assays, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis, glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) was identified as a target gene of miR-135a and miR‑135b. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that members of the miR-135 family (specifically miR-135a and miR‑135b) regulate the expression of GSK3β, thus playing a role in the development of podocyte injury and the disorder of the podocyte cytoskeleton. This is an important finding as it may contribute to the development of novel therapeutics for podocyte injury-associated glomerulopathies.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Nelson WJ and Nusse R: Convergence of Wnt, beta-catenin, and cadherin pathways. Science. 303:1483–1487. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Teixeira VP, Blattner SM, Li M, Anders HJ, Cohen CD, Edenhofer I, Calvaresi N, Merkle M, Rastaldi MP and Kretzler M: Functional consequences of integrin-linked kinase activation in podocyte damage. Kidney Int. 67:514–523. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Dai C, Stolz DB, Kiss LP, Monga SP, Holzman LB and Liu Y: Wnt/beta-catenin signaling promotes podocyte dysfunction and albuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 20:1997–2008. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Cai J, Schleidt S, Pelta-Heller J, Hutchings D, Cannarsa G and Iacovitti L: BMP and TGF-β pathway mediators are critical upstream regulators of Wnt signaling during midbrain dopamine differentiation in human pluripotent stem cells. Dev Biol. 376:62–73. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Kato H, Gruenwald A, Suh JH, Miner JH, Barisoni-Thomas L, Taketo MM, Faul C, Millar SE, Holzman LB and Susztak K: Wnt/β-catenin pathway in podocytes integrates cell adhesion, differentiation, and survival. J Biol Chem. 286:26003–26015. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Jackson RJ and Standart N: How do microRNAs regulate gene expression? Sci STKE. 2007:re12007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Long J, Wang Y, Wang W, Chang BH and Danesh FR: Identification of microRNA-93 as a novel regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor in hyperglycemic conditions. J Biol Chem. 285:23457–23465. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Chen YQ, Wang XX, Yao XM, Zhang DL, Yang XF, Tian SF and Wang NS: MicroRNA-195 promotes apoptosis in mouse podocytes via enhanced caspase activity driven by BCL2 insufficiency. Am J Nephrol. 34:549–559. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Wu J, Zheng C, Fan Y, Zeng C, Chen Z, Qin W, Zhang C, Zhang W, Wang X, Zhu X, et al: Downregulation of microRNA-30 facilitates podocyte injury and is prevented by glucocorticoids. J Am Soc Nephrol. 25:92–104. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar :

10 

Kato M, Zhang J, Wang M, Lanting L, Yuan H, Rossi JJ and Natarajan R: MicroRNA-192 in diabetic kidney glomeruli and its function in TGF-beta-induced collagen expression via inhibition of E-box repressors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104:3432–3437. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Chung AC, Huang XR, Meng X and Lan HY: miR-192 mediates TGF-beta/Smad3-driven renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 21:1317–1325. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Shi S, Yu L, Chiu C, Sun Y, Chen J, Khitrov G, Merkenschlager M, Holzman LB, Zhang W, Mundel P and Bottinger EP: Podocyte-selective deletion of dicer induces proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 19:2159–2169. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Nagel R, le Sage C, Diosdado B, van der Waal M, Oude Vrielink JA, Bolijn A, Meijer GA and Agami R: Regulation of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene by the miR-135 family in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 68:5795–5802. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Holleman A, Chung I, Olsen RR, Kwak B, Mizokami A, Saijo N, Parissenti A, Duan Z, Voest EE and Zetter BR: miR-135a contributes to paclitaxel resistance in tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene. 30:4386–4398. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zhou W, Li X, Liu F, Xiao Z, He M, Shen S and Liu S: MiR-135a promotes growth and invasion of colorectal cancer via metastasis suppressor 1 in vitro. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 44:838–846. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Yamada Y, Hidaka H, Seki N, Yoshino H, Yamasaki T, Itesako T, Nakagawa M and Enokida H: Tumor-suppressive microRNA-135a inhibits cancer cell proliferation by targeting the c-MYC oncogene in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Sci. 104:304–312. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Wu S, Lin Y, Xu D, Chen J, Shu M, Zhou Y, Zhu W, Su X, Zhou Y, Qiu P, et al Yan G: MiR-135a functions as a selective killer of malignant glioma. Oncogene. 31:3866–3874. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Anderegg A, Lin HP, Chen JA, Caronia-Brown G, Cherepanova N, Yun B, Joksimovic M, Rock J, Harfe BD, Johnson R and Awatramani R: An Lmx1b-miR135a2 regulatory circuit modulates Wnt1/Wnt signaling and determines the size of the midbrain dopaminergic progenitor pool. PLoS Genet. 9:e10039732013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

He F, Peng F, Xia X, Zhao C, Luo Q, Guan W, Li Z, Yu X and Huang F: MiR-135a promotes renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by regulating TRPC1. Diabetologia. 57:1726–1736. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Fogo AB: Animal models of FSGS: Lessons for pathogenesis and treatment. Semin Nephrol. 23:161–171. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Wang Y, Wang YP, Tay YC and Harris DC: Progressive adriamycin nephropathy in mice: Sequence of histologic and immunohistochemical events. Kidney Int. 58:1797–1804. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Ni L, Saleem M and Mathieson PW: Podocyte culture: Tricks of the trade. Nephrology (Carlton). 17:525–531. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Mundel P, Reiser J, Zúñiga Mejía Borja A, Pavenstädt H, Davidson GR, Kriz W and Zeller R: Rearrangements of the cytoskeleton and cell contacts induce process formation during differentiation of conditionally immortalized mouse podocyte cell lines. Exp Cell Res. 236:248–258. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Kolfschoten IG, van Leeuwen B, Berns K, Mullenders J, Beijersbergen RL, Bernards R, Voorhoeve PM and Agami R: A genetic screen identifies PITX1 as a suppressor of RAS activity and tumorigenicity. Cell. 121:849–858. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Bae GU, Lee JR, Kim BG, Han JW, Leem YE, Lee HJ, Ho SM, Hahn MJ and Kang JS: Cdo interacts with APPL1 and activates Akt in myoblast differentiation. Mol Biol Cell. 21:2399–2411. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Bae GU, Kim BG, Lee HJ, Oh JE, Lee SJ, Zhang W, Krauss RS and Kang JS: Cdo binds Abl to promote p38alpha/beta mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and myogenic differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 29:4130–4143. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Pollak MR: Inherited podocytopathies: FSGS and nephrotic syndrome from a genetic viewpoint. J Am Soc Nephrol. 13:3016–3023. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Wang Y, Jarad G, Tripathi P, Pan M, Cunningham J, Martin DR, Liapis H, Miner JH and Chen F: Activation of NFAT signaling in podocytes causes glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 21:1657–1666. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Welsh GI and Saleem MA: The podocyte cytoskeleton - key to a functioning glomerulus in health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 8:14–21. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Wang D, Dai C, Li Y and Liu Y: Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling mediates transforming growth factor-β1-driven podocyte injury and proteinuria. Kidney Int. 80:1159–1169. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Asanuma K: The role of podocyte injury in chronic kidney disease. Nihon Rinsho Meneki Gakkai Kaishi. 38:26–36. 2015.In Japanese. View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Kato H and Susztak K: Repair problems in podocytes: Wnt, Notch, and glomerulosclerosis. Semin Nephrol. 32:350–356. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Faul C, Donnelly M, Merscher-Gomez S, Chang YH, Franz S, Delfgaauw J, Chang JM, Choi HY, Campbell KN, Kim K, Reiser J and Mundel P: The actin cytoskeleton of kidney podocytes is a direct target of the antiproteinuric effect of cyclosporine A. Nat Med. 14:931–938. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Fornoni A, Sageshima J, Wei C, Merscher-Gomez S, Aguillon-Prada R, Jauregui AN, Li J, Mattiazzi A, Ciancio G, Chen L, et al: Rituximab targets podocytes in recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Sci Translat Med. 3:85ra462011.

35 

Nakamura T, Hamada F, Ishidate T, Anai K, Kawahara K, Toyoshima K and Akiyama T: Axin, an inhibitor of the Wnt signalling pathway, interacts with beta-catenin, GSK-3beta and APC and reduces the beta-catenin level. Genes Cells. 3:395–403. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yang X, Wang X, Nie F, Liu T, Yu X, Wang H, Li Q, Peng R, Mao Z, Zhou Q, Zhou Q, et al: miR-135 family members mediate podocyte injury through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Int J Mol Med 36: 669-677, 2015.
APA
Yang, X., Wang, X., Nie, F., Liu, T., Yu, X., Wang, H. ... Li, G. (2015). miR-135 family members mediate podocyte injury through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 36, 669-677. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2259
MLA
Yang, X., Wang, X., Nie, F., Liu, T., Yu, X., Wang, H., Li, Q., Peng, R., Mao, Z., Zhou, Q., Li, G."miR-135 family members mediate podocyte injury through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 36.3 (2015): 669-677.
Chicago
Yang, X., Wang, X., Nie, F., Liu, T., Yu, X., Wang, H., Li, Q., Peng, R., Mao, Z., Zhou, Q., Li, G."miR-135 family members mediate podocyte injury through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 36, no. 3 (2015): 669-677. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2259
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yang X, Wang X, Nie F, Liu T, Yu X, Wang H, Li Q, Peng R, Mao Z, Zhou Q, Zhou Q, et al: miR-135 family members mediate podocyte injury through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Int J Mol Med 36: 669-677, 2015.
APA
Yang, X., Wang, X., Nie, F., Liu, T., Yu, X., Wang, H. ... Li, G. (2015). miR-135 family members mediate podocyte injury through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 36, 669-677. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2259
MLA
Yang, X., Wang, X., Nie, F., Liu, T., Yu, X., Wang, H., Li, Q., Peng, R., Mao, Z., Zhou, Q., Li, G."miR-135 family members mediate podocyte injury through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 36.3 (2015): 669-677.
Chicago
Yang, X., Wang, X., Nie, F., Liu, T., Yu, X., Wang, H., Li, Q., Peng, R., Mao, Z., Zhou, Q., Li, G."miR-135 family members mediate podocyte injury through the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 36, no. 3 (2015): 669-677. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2259
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team