Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
December-2015 Volume 36 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2015 Volume 36 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Puquitinib mesylate (XC-302) induces autophagy via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal cancer cells

  • Authors:
    • Ke-Feng Wang
    • Hang Yang
    • Wen-Qi Jiang
    • Su Li
    • Yu-Chen Cai
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1556-1562
    |
    Published online on: October 16, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2378
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

There are numerous studies that demonstrate the anti-neoplastic activity of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors and the mechanisms of inducing autophagy in cancer cells. The new anticancer drug puquitinib mesylate (XC-302) is a molecular-targeted drug, which suppresses the activity of PI3K directly. However, it remains unclear whether XC‑302 can develop an antitumor effect by inducing autophagy in nasopharyngeal cancer cells. The MTT assay was used to study the anti‑proliferative effects of XC‑302. Subsequently, autophagy was determined by monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, punctate localization of green fluorescent protein (GFP)‑light chain 3 (LC3), LC3 protein blotting and electron microscopy. The expression levels of beclin 1, p62, protein kinase B (AKT), phospho (p)‑AKT, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p‑mTOR in XC‑302‑induced autophagy were detected. Autophagy inhibition was assayed by 3‑methyladenine (3‑MA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing of beclin 1. XC‑302 inhibited the viability of CNE‑2 in a dose‑dependent manner and the IC50 of 72 h was 5.2 µmol/l. After cells were exposed to XC‑302 for 24 h, MDC‑labeled autophagolysosomes were evident in CNE‑2 cells by fluorescence microscope. Autophagosomes and autolysosomes were identified by transmission electron microscopy. Following transfection with GFP‑LC3, XC‑302 induced a significant accumulation of GFP‑LC3, as monitored by a confocal microscope, which was reduced by 3‑MA. XC‑302 induced the formation of LC3‑II, increased beclin 1 levels and decreased the expression of p62. Additionally, the expression levels of p‑AKT and p‑mTOR were reduced with the elevation of XC‑302. Knockdown of beclin 1 with siRNA or co‑treatment with 3‑MA enhanced significantly the survival of CNE‑2 and promoted the ability of clone formation. XC‑302 also induced apoptosis in CNE‑2, and when autophagy was inhibited by 3‑MA, the apoptosis rate was decreased. The present data provides the evidence that XC‑302 can induce autophagy in CNE‑2, which promotes the program of cell death and inhibits the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Furthermore, XC‑302 also promoted apoptosis in CNE‑2 cells, which could be reduced when autophagy was suppressed, meaning that autophagy may interact with apoptosis to induce cell death.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Cantley LC: The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Science. 296:1655–1657. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Luo J, Manning BD and Cantley LC: Targeting the PI3K-Akt pathway in human cancer: Rationale and promise. Cancer Cell. 4:257–262. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Courtney KD, Corcoran RB and Engelman JA: The PI3K pathway as drug target in human cancer. J Clin Oncol. 28:1075–1083. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Chang ET and Adami HO: The enigmatic epidemiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 15:1765–1777. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Spratt DE and Lee N: Current and emerging treatment options for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther. 5:297–308. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Lin S, Pan J, Han L, Guo Q, Hu C, Zong J, Zhang X and Lu JJ: Update report of nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with reduced-volume intensity-modulated radiation therapy and hypothesis of the optimal margin. Radiother Oncol. 110:385–389. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Xiao WW, Huang SM, Han F, Wu SX, Lu LX, Lin CG, Deng XW, Lu TX, Cui NJ and Zhao C: Local control, survival, and late toxicities of locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated by simultaneous modulated accelerated radiotherapy combined with cisplatin concurrent chemotherapy: Long-term results of a phase 2 study. Cancer. 117:1874–1883. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Gupta AK1, McKenna WG, Weber CN, Feldman MD, Goldsmith JD, Mick R, Machtay M, Rosenthal DI, Bakanauskas VJ, Cerniglia GJ, et al: Local recurrence in head and neck cancer: relationship to radiation resistance and signal transduction. Clin Cancer Res. 8:885–892. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Liu T, Sun Q, Li Q, Yang H, Zhang Y, Wang R, Lin X, Xiao D, Yuan Y, Chen L, et al: Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, GSK2126458 and PKI-587, suppress tumor progression and increase radio-sensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Cancer Ther. 14:429–439. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Yang F, Qian XJ, Qin W, Deng R, Wu XQ, Qin J, Feng GK and Zhu XF: Dual phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 has a therapeutic potential and sensitizes cisplatin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One. 8:e598792013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Liu Y, Chen LH, Yuan YW, Li QS, Sun AM and Guan J: Activation of AKT is associated with metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Tumour Biol. 33:241–245. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Hanahan D and Weinberg RA: Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell. 144:646–674. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Abrams JM, Alnemri ES, Baehrecke EH, Blagosklonny MV, Dawson TM, Dawson VL, El-Deiry WS, Fulda S, et al: Molecular definitions of cell death subroutines: Recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2012. Cell Death Differ. 19:107–120. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar :

14 

Deng Q, Yu X, Xiao L, Hu Z, Luo X, Tao Y, Yang L, Liu X, Chen H, Ding Z, et al: Neoalbaconol induces energy depletion and multiple cell death in cancer cells by targeting PDK1-PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis. 4:e8042013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zhao YY, Tian Y, Zhang J, Xu F, Yang YP, Huang Y, Zhao HY, Zhang JW, Xue C, Lam MH, et al: Effects of an oral allosteric AKT inhibitor (MK-2206) on human nasopharyngeal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Drug Des Devel Ther. 8:1827–1837. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Munafó DB and Colombo MI: A novel assay to study autophagy: Regulation of autophagosome vacuole size by amino acid deprivation. J Cell Sci. 114:3619–3629. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

17 

Ma BB, Lui VW, Hui EP, Lau CP, Ho K, Ng MH, Cheng SH, Tsao SW and Chan AT: The activity of mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and cisplatin-resistant cell lines. Invest New Drugs. 28:413–420. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Ma BB, Lui VW, Hui CW, Lau CP, Wong CH, Hui EP, Ng MH, Tsao SW, Li Y and Chan AT: Preclinical evaluation of the AKT inhibitor MK-2206 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines. Invest New Drugs. 31:567–575. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Morrison JA, Gulley ML, Pathmanathan R and Raab-Traub N: Differential signaling pathways are activated in the Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Res. 64:5251–5260. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Huang XM, Dai CB, Mou ZL, Wang LJ, Wen WP, Lin SG, Xu G and Li HB: Overproduction of cyclin D1 is dependent on activated mTORC1 signal in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Implication for therapy. Cancer Lett. 279:47–56. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Chen J, Hu CF, Hou JH, Shao Q, Yan LX, Zhu XF, Zeng YX and Shao JY: Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent membrane protein 1 regulates mTOR signaling pathway genes which predict poor prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Transl Med. 8(30)2010. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Liu P, Cheng H, Roberts TM and Zhao JJ: Targeting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 8:627–644. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Tekirdag KA, Korkmaz G, Ozturk DG, Agami R and Gozuacik D: MIR181A regulates starvation- and rapamycin-induced autophagy through targeting of ATG5. Autophagy. 9:374–385. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Mizushima N: Methods for monitoring autophagy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 36:2491–2502. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Fujiwara K, Iwado E, Mills GB, Sawaya R, Kondo S and Kondo Y: Akt inhibitor shows anticancer and radiosensitizing effects in malignant glioma cells by inducing autophagy. Int J Oncol. 31:753–760. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Hung JY, Hsu YL, Li CT, Ko YC, Ni WC, Huang MS and Kuo PL: 6-Shogaol, an active constituent of dietary ginger, induces autophagy by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. J Agric Food Chem. 57:9809–9816. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Shin SY, Lee KS, Choi YK, Lim HJ, Lee HG, Lim Y and Lee YH: The antipsychotic agent chlorpromazine induces autophagic cell death by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR pathway in human U-87MG glioma cells. Carcinogenesis. 34:2080–2089. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Seglen PO and Gordon PB: 3-Methyladenine: Specific inhibitor of autophagic/lysosomal protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 79:1889–1892. 1982. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Lum JJ, Bauer DE, Kong M, Harris MH, Li C, Lindsten T and Thompson CB: Growth factor regulation of autophagy and cell survival in the absence of apoptosis. Cell. 120:237–248. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Eisenberg-Lerner A and Kimchi A: The paradox of autophagy and its implication in cancer etiology and therapy. Apoptosis. 14:376–391. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Pattingre S, Tassa A, Qu X, Garuti R, Liang XH, Mizushima N, Packer M, Schneider MD and Levine B: Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy. Cell. 122:927–939. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Levine B, Sinha S and Kroemer G: Bcl-2 family members: Dual regulators of apoptosis and autophagy. Autophagy. 4:600–606. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Chang NC, Nguyen M, Germain M and Shore GC: Antagonism of Beclin 1-dependent autophagy by BCL-2 at the endoplasmic reticulum requires NAF-1. EMBO J. 29:606–618. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar :

34 

Marquez RT and Xu L: Bcl-2:Beclin 1 complex: multiple, mechanisms regulating autophagy/apoptosis toggle switch. Am J Cancer Res. 2:214–221. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Mukhopadhyay S, Panda PK, Sinha N, Das DN and Bhutia SK: Autophagy and apoptosis: where do they meet? Apoptosis. 19:555–566. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Tolkovsky AM, Xue L, Fletcher GC and Borutaite V: Mitochondrial disappearance from cells: A clue to the role of autophagy in programmed cell death and disease? Biochimie. 84:233–240. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang K, Yang H, Jiang W, Li S and Cai Y: Puquitinib mesylate (XC-302) induces autophagy via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal cancer cells. Int J Mol Med 36: 1556-1562, 2015.
APA
Wang, K., Yang, H., Jiang, W., Li, S., & Cai, Y. (2015). Puquitinib mesylate (XC-302) induces autophagy via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal cancer cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 36, 1556-1562. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2378
MLA
Wang, K., Yang, H., Jiang, W., Li, S., Cai, Y."Puquitinib mesylate (XC-302) induces autophagy via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal cancer cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 36.6 (2015): 1556-1562.
Chicago
Wang, K., Yang, H., Jiang, W., Li, S., Cai, Y."Puquitinib mesylate (XC-302) induces autophagy via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal cancer cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 36, no. 6 (2015): 1556-1562. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2378
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang K, Yang H, Jiang W, Li S and Cai Y: Puquitinib mesylate (XC-302) induces autophagy via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal cancer cells. Int J Mol Med 36: 1556-1562, 2015.
APA
Wang, K., Yang, H., Jiang, W., Li, S., & Cai, Y. (2015). Puquitinib mesylate (XC-302) induces autophagy via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal cancer cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 36, 1556-1562. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2378
MLA
Wang, K., Yang, H., Jiang, W., Li, S., Cai, Y."Puquitinib mesylate (XC-302) induces autophagy via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal cancer cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 36.6 (2015): 1556-1562.
Chicago
Wang, K., Yang, H., Jiang, W., Li, S., Cai, Y."Puquitinib mesylate (XC-302) induces autophagy via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in nasopharyngeal cancer cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 36, no. 6 (2015): 1556-1562. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2015.2378
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team