Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
August-2016 Volume 38 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2016 Volume 38 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase overexpression in lymphocytes on the differentiation and function of T helper cells

  • Authors:
    • Hui-Wei Huang
    • Cong Zuo
    • Xiao Chen
    • Yu-Ping Peng
    • Yi-Hua Qiu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
  • Pages: 635-642
    |
    Published online on: June 14, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2639
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the overexpression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of catecholamines (CAs), in lymphocytes on the differentiation and function of T helper (Th) cells. A recombinant TH overexpression plasmid (pEGFP-N1-TH) was constructed and transfected into mesenteric lymphocytes using nucleofection technology. These cells were stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) for 48 h and then examined for TH expression and CA content, as well as for the percentage of Th1 and Th2 cells, cytokine concentrations and for the levels of signaling molecules. The lymphocytes overexpressing TH also expressed higher mRNA and protein levels of TH, and synthesized more CAs, including norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and dopamine (DA) than the mock-transfected control cells. TH gene overexpression in the lymphocytes reduced the percentage of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing CD4+ cells and the ratio of CD4+IFN-γ+/CD4+IL-4+ cells, as well as the percentages of CD4+CD26+ and CD4+CD30+ cells and the ratio of CD4+CD26+/CD4+CD30+ cells. TH overexpression also reduced the secretion of IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) from lymphocytes. Moreover, NE inhibited the Con A-induced lymphocyte proliferation and decreased both cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) expression in the lymphocytes. Our findings thus indicate that TH gene overexpression promotes the polarization and differentiation of CD4+ cells towards Th2 cells, and this effect is mediated by the cAMP and p38 MAPK signaling pathways.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Bergquist J, Tarkowski A, Ekman R and Ewing A: Discovery of endogenous catecholamines in lymphocytes and evidence for catecholamine regulation of lymphocyte function via an autocrine loop. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:12912–12916. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Josefsson E, Bergquist J, Ekman R and Tarkowski A: Catecholamines are synthesized by mouse lymphocytes and regulate function of these cells by induction of apoptosis. Immunology. 88:140–146. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Musso NR, Brenci S, Setti M, Indiveri F and Lotti G: Catecholamine content and in vitro catecholamine synthesis in peripheral human lymphocytes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81:3553–3557. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Marino F, Cosentino M, Bombelli R, Ferrari M, Lecchini S and Frigo G: Endogenous catecholamine synthesis, metabolism storage, and uptake in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Exp Hematol. 27:489–495. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Cosentino M, Marino F, Bombelli R, Ferrari M, Lecchini S and Frigo G: Endogenous catecholamine synthesis, metabolism, storage and uptake in human neutrophils. Life Sci. 64:975–981. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Cosentino M, Bombelli R, Ferrari M, Marino F, Rasini E, Maestroni GJ, Conti A, Boveri M, Lecchini S and Frigo G: HPLC-ED measurement of endogenous catecholamines in human immune cells and hematopoietic cell lines. Life Sci. 68:283–295. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Cosentino M, Fietta AM, Ferrari M, Rasini E, Bombelli R, Carcano E, Saporiti F, Meloni F, Marino F and Lecchini S: Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells selectively express tyrosine hydroxylase and contain endogenous catecholamines subserving an autocrine/paracrine inhibitory functional loop. Blood. 109:632–642. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Cosentino M, Marino F and Lecchini S: Resistance of naturally occurring regulatory T cells toward oxidative stress: Possible link with intracellular catecholamine content and implications for cancer therapy. Blood. 114:487–489. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Qiu YH, Peng YP, Jiang JM and Wang JJ: Expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in lymphocytes and effect of endogenous catecholamines on lymphocyte function. Neuroimmunomodulation. 11:75–83. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Qiu YH, Cheng C, Dai L and Peng YP: Effect of endogenous catecholamines in lymphocytes on lymphocyte function. J Neuroimmunol. 167:45–52. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Peng YP, Qiu YH, Jiang JL and Wang JJ: Effect of catecholamines on IL-2 production and NK cytotoxicity of rats in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 25:1354–1360. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Jiang JL, Peng YP, Qiu YH and Wang JJ: Effect of endogenous catecholamines on apoptosis of Con A-activated lymphocytes of rats. J Neuroimmunol. 192:79–88. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

D'Ambrosio D, Iellem A, Colantonio L, Clissi B, Pardi R and Sinigaglia F: Localization of Th-cell subsets in inflammation: Differential thresholds for extravasation of Th1 and Th2 cells. Immunol Today. 21:183–186. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Willheim M, Ebner C, Baier K, Kern W, Schrattbauer K, Thien R, Kraft D, Breiteneder H, Reinisch W and Scheiner O: Cell surface characterization of T lymphocytes and allergen-specific T cell clones: Correlation of CD26 expression with T(H1) subsets. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 100:348–355. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Del Prete G, De Carli M, Almerigogna F, Daniel CK, D'Elios MM, Zancuoghi G, Vinante F, Pizzolo G and Romagnani S: Preferential expression of CD30 by human CD4+ T cells producing Th2-type cytokines. FASEB J. 9:81–86. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Kidd P: Th1/Th2 balance: The hypothesis, its limitations, and implications for health and disease. Altern Med Rev. 8:223–246. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

17 

Simon AK, Seipelt E and Sieper J: Divergent T-cell cytokine patterns in inflammatory arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:8562–8566. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Dolff S, Bijl M, Huitema MG, Limburg PC, Kallenberg CG and Abdulahad WH: Disturbed Th1, Th2, Th17 and T(reg) balance in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol. 141:197–204. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Borgogni E, Sarchielli E, Sottili M, Santarlasci V, Cosmi L, Gelmini S, Lombardi A, Cantini G, Perigli G, Luconi M, et al: Elocalcitol inhibits inflammatory responses in human thyroid cells and T cells. Endocrinology. 149:3626–3634. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Bleotu C, Chifiriuc MC, Grigore R, Grancea C, Popescu CR, Anton G and Cernescu C: Investigation of Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in patients with laryngo-pharyngeal, HPV-positive cancers. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 270:711–718. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Salicrú AN, Sams CF and Marshall GD: Cooperative effects of corticosteroids and catecholamines upon immune deviation of the type-1/type-2 cytokine balance in favor of type-2 expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Brain Behav Immun. 21:913–920. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Huang HW, Tang JL, Han XH, Peng YP and Qiu YH: Lymphocyte-derived catecholamines induce a shift of Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 polarization. Neuroimmunomodulation. 20:1–8. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Huang HW, Fang XX, Wang XQ, Peng YP and Qiu YH: Regulation of differentiation and function of helper T cells by lymphocyte-derived catecholamines via α1- and β2-adrenoceptors. Neuroimmunomodulation. 22:138–151. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Switzer KC, Fan YY, Wang N, McMurray DN and Chapkin RS: Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promote activation-induced cell death in Th1-polarized murine CD4+ T-cells. J Lipid Res. 45:1482–1492. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Cosentino M, Marino F, Bombelli R, Ferrari M, Rasini E, Lecchini S and Frigo G: Stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin induces the synthesis of catecholamines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Role of protein kinase C and contribution of intracellular calcium. J Neuroimmunol. 125:125–133. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Cosentino M, Zaffaroni M, Marino F, Bombelli R, Ferrari M, Rasini E, Lecchini S, Ghezzi A and Frigo G: Catecholamine production and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients: Effect of cell stimulation and possible relevance for activation-induced apoptosis. J Neuroimmunol. 133:233–240. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Elenkov IJ, Papanicolaou DA, Wilder RL and Chrousos GP: Modulatory effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines on human interleukin-12 and interleukin-10 production: Clinical implications. Proc Assoc Am Physicians. 108:374–381. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Takayanagi Y, Osawa S, Ikuma M, Takagaki K, Zhang J, Hamaya Y, Yamada T, Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Miyajima H and Sugimoto K: Norepinephrine suppresses IFN-γ and TNF-α production by murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes via the β1 adrenoceptor. J Neuroimmunol. 245:66–74. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Loza MJ, Peters SP, Foster S, Khan IU and Penn RB: beta-Agonist enhances type 2 T-cell survival and accumulation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 119:235–244. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Musso NR, Brenci S, Indiveri F and Lotti G: Acetylcholine-induced, calcium-dependent norepinephrine outflow from peripheral human lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol. 87:82–87. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Engler KL, Rudd ML, Ryan JJ, Stewart JK and Fischer-Stenger K: Autocrine actions of macrophage-derived catecholamines on interleukin-1 β. J Neuroimmunol. 160:87–91. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Lajevic MD, Suleiman S, Cohen RL and Chambers DA: Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase by norepinephrine in T-lineage cells. Immunology. 132:197–208. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar :

33 

Oostendorp J, Obels PP, Terpstra AR, Nelemans SA and Zaagsma J: Modulation of beta2- and beta3-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of rat oesophagus smooth muscle by protein kinase C. Eur J Pharmacol. 495:75–81. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Boterman M, Smits SR, Meurs H and Zaagsma J: Protein kinase C potentiates homologous desensitization of the beta2-adrenoceptor in bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol. 529:151–156. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Tran TM, Friedman J, Qunaibi E, Baameur F, Moore RH and Clark RB: Characterization of agonist stimulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and G protein-coupled receptor kinase phosphorylation of the beta2-adrenergic receptor using phosphoserine-specific antibodies. Mol Pharmacol. 65:196–206. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Violin JD, DiPilato LM, Yildirim N, Elston TC, Zhang J and Lefkowitz RJ: beta2-adrenergic receptor signaling and desensitization elucidated by quantitative modeling of real-time cAMP dynamics. J Biol Chem. 283:2949–2961. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Hennenberg M, Strittmatter F, Walther S, Hedlund P, Andersson KE, Stief CG, Schlenker B and Gratzke C: α1-adrenoceptor activation induces phosphorylation of β2-adrenoceptors in human prostate tissue. BJU Int. 108:922–928. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Daaka Y, Luttrell LM and Lefkowitz RJ: Switching of the coupling of the beta2-adrenergic receptor to different G proteins by protein kinase A. Nature. 390:88–91. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Zamah AM, Delahunty M, Luttrell LM and Lefkowitz RJ: Protein kinase A-mediated phosphorylation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor regulates its coupling to Gs and Gi. Demonstration in a reconstituted system. J Biol Chem. 277:31249–31256. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Horwitz DA, Gray JD, Behrendsen SC, Kubin M, Rengaraju M, Ohtsuka K and Trinchieri G: Decreased production of interleukin-12 and other Th1-type cytokines in patients with recent-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 41:838–844. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Nakashima H, Akahoshi M and Masutani K: Th1/Th2 balance of SLE patients with lupus nephritis. Rinsho Byori. 54:706–713. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Ruschpler P and Stiehl P: Shift in Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-10 and IL-4) cytokine mRNA balance within two new histological main-types of rheumatoid-arthritis (RA). Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 48:285–293. 2002.

43 

Fuse K, Kodama M, Ito M, Okura Y, Kato K, Hanawa H, Aoki S and Aizawa Y: Polarity of helper T cell subsets represents disease nature and clinical course of experimental autoimmune myocarditis in rats. Clin Exp Immunol. 134:403–408. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Garren H, Ruiz PJ, Watkins TA, Fontoura P, Nguyen LT, Estline ER, Hirschberg DL and Steinman L: Combination of gene delivery and DNA vaccination to protect from and reverse Th1 autoimmune disease via deviation to the Th2 pathway. Immunity. 15:15–22. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Miyamoto K, Miyake S and Yamamura T: A synthetic glycolipid prevents autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing TH2 bias of natural killer T cells. Nature. 413:531–534. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Huang H, Zuo C, Chen X, Peng Y and Qiu Y: Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase overexpression in lymphocytes on the differentiation and function of T helper cells. Int J Mol Med 38: 635-642, 2016.
APA
Huang, H., Zuo, C., Chen, X., Peng, Y., & Qiu, Y. (2016). Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase overexpression in lymphocytes on the differentiation and function of T helper cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 38, 635-642. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2639
MLA
Huang, H., Zuo, C., Chen, X., Peng, Y., Qiu, Y."Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase overexpression in lymphocytes on the differentiation and function of T helper cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38.2 (2016): 635-642.
Chicago
Huang, H., Zuo, C., Chen, X., Peng, Y., Qiu, Y."Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase overexpression in lymphocytes on the differentiation and function of T helper cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38, no. 2 (2016): 635-642. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2639
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Huang H, Zuo C, Chen X, Peng Y and Qiu Y: Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase overexpression in lymphocytes on the differentiation and function of T helper cells. Int J Mol Med 38: 635-642, 2016.
APA
Huang, H., Zuo, C., Chen, X., Peng, Y., & Qiu, Y. (2016). Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase overexpression in lymphocytes on the differentiation and function of T helper cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 38, 635-642. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2639
MLA
Huang, H., Zuo, C., Chen, X., Peng, Y., Qiu, Y."Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase overexpression in lymphocytes on the differentiation and function of T helper cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38.2 (2016): 635-642.
Chicago
Huang, H., Zuo, C., Chen, X., Peng, Y., Qiu, Y."Effect of tyrosine hydroxylase overexpression in lymphocytes on the differentiation and function of T helper cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 38, no. 2 (2016): 635-642. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2016.2639
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team