Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
June-2018 Volume 41 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June-2018 Volume 41 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Biphasic activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of p65 and c-Rel following traumatic neuronal injury

  • Authors:
    • Huasheng Zhang
    • Dingding Zhang
    • Hua Li
    • Huiying Yan
    • Zihuan Zhang
    • Chenhui Zhou
    • Qiang Chen
    • Zhennan Ye
    • Chunhua Hang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongdu Hospital, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China, Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University (Guangzhou), Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 3203-3210
    |
    Published online on: March 14, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3567
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has been shown to function as a key regulator of cell death or survival in neuronal cells. Previous studies indicate that the biphasic activation of NF-κB occurs following experimental neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage. However, the comprehensive understanding of NF-κB activity following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is incomplete. In the current study, an in vitro model of TBI was designed to investigate the NF-κB activity and expression of p65 and c-Rel subunits following traumatic neuronal injury. Primary cultured neurons were assigned to control and transected groups. NF-κB activity was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to investigate the expression and distribution of p65 and c-Rel. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess the downstream genes of NF-κB. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) quantification and trypan blue staining were used to estimate the neuronal injury. Double peaks of elevated NF-κB activity were observed at 1 and 24 h following transection. The expression levels of downstream genes exhibited similar changes. The protein levels of p65 also presented double peaks while c-Rel was elevated significantly in the late stage. The results of the trypan blue staining and LDH leakage assays indicated there was no sustained neuronal injury during the late peak of NF-κB activity. In conclusion, biphasic activation of NF-κB is induced following experimental traumatic neuronal injury. The elevation of p65 and c-Rel levels at different time periods suggests that within a single neuron, NF-κB may participate in different pathophysiological processes.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Lescot T, Abdennour L, Degos V, Boch AL and Puybasset L: Management of severe traumatic brain injury. Presse Med. 36:1117–1126. 2007.In French. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Chen T, Liu W, Chao X, Zhang L, Qu Y, Huo J and Fei Z: Salvianolic acid B attenuates brain damage and inflammation after traumatic brain injury in mice. Brain Res Bull. 84:163–168. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Greve MW and Zink BJ: Pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury. Mt Sinai J Med. 76:97–104. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Lu J, Goh SJ, Tng PY, Deng YY, Ling EA and Moochhala S: Systemic inflammatory response following acute traumatic brain injury. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 14:3795–3813. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Bhakar AL, Tannis LL, Zeindler C, Russo MP, Jobin C, Park DS, MacPherson S and Barker PA: Constitutive nuclear factor-kappa B activity is required for central neuron survival. J Neurosci. 22:8466–8475. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

6 

Hayden MS and Ghosh S: Signaling to NF-kappaB. Genes Dev. 18:2195–2224. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Baldwin AS Jr: The NF-kappa B and I kappa B proteins: New discoveries and insights. Annu Rev Immunol. 14:649–683. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Mattson MP and Meffert MK: Roles for NF-kappaB in nerve cell survival, plasticity, and disease. Cell Death Differ. 13:852–860. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Shimada M, Satoh N and Yokosawa H: Involvement of Rel/NF-kappaB in regulation of ascidian notochord formation. Dev Growth Differ. 43:145–154. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Zhang R, Xue YY, Lu SD, Wang Y, Zhang LM, Huang YL, Signore AP, Chen J and Sun FY: Bcl-2 enhances neurogenesis and inhibits apoptosis of newborn neurons in adult rat brain following a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurobiol Dis. 24:345–356. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zhang Y, Liu J, Yao S, Li F, Xin L, Lai M, Bracchi-Ricard V, Xu H, Yen W, Meng W, et al: Nuclear factor kappa B signaling initiates early differentiation of neural stem cells. Stem Cells. 30:510–524. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Biscetti F, Ghirlanda G and Flex A: Therapeutic potential of high mobility group box-1 in ischemic injury and tissue regeneration. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 9:677–681. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Basu S, Rajakaruna S and Menko AS: Insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 and nuclear factor κB are crucial survival signals that regulate caspase-3-mediated lens epithelial cell differentiation initiation. J Biol Chem. 287:8384–8397. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Youssef S and Steinman L: At once harmful and beneficial: The dual properties of NF-kappaB. Nat Immunol. 7:901–902. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Pizzi M, Goffi F, Boroni F, Benarese M, Perkins SE, Liou HC and Spano P: Opposing roles for NF-kappa B/Rel factors p65 and c-Rel in the modulation of neuron survival elicited by glutamate and interleukin-1beta. J Biol Chem. 277:20717–20723. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

You WC, Li W, Zhuang Z, Tang Y, Lu HC, Ji XJ, Shen W, Shi JX and Zhou ML: Biphasic activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in experimental models of subarachnoid hemorrhage in vivo and in vitro. Mediators Inflamm. 2012:7862422012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Nijboer CH, Heijnen CJ, Groenendaal F, May MJ, van Bel F and Kavelaars A: A dual role of the NF-kappaB pathway in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage. Stroke. 39:2578–2586. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Chen T, Fei F, Jiang XF, Zhang L, Qu Y, Huo K and Fei Z: Down-regulation of Homer1b/c attenuates glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity through endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria pathways in rat cortical neurons. Free Radic Biol Med. 52:208–217. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Zhao Y, Luo P, Guo Q, Li S, Zhang L, Zhao M, Xu H, Yang Y, Poon W and Fei Z: Interactions between SIRT1 and MAPK/ERK regulate neuronal apoptosis induced by traumatic brain injury in vitro and in vivo. Exp Neurol. 237:489–498. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Tecoma ES, Monyer H, Goldberg MP and Choi DW: Traumatic neuronal injury in vitro is attenuated by NMDA antagonists. Neuron. 2:1541–1545. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Zhou ML, Shi JX, Hang CH, Cheng HL, Qi XP, Mao L, Chen KF and Yin HX: Potential contribution of nuclear factor-kappaB to cerebral vasospasm after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 27:1583–1592. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Rogers B, Yakopson V, Teng ZP, Guo Y and Regan RF: Heme oxygenase-2 knockout neurons are less vulnerable to hemoglobin toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med. 35:872–881. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Hatic H, Kane MJ, Saykally JN and Citron BA: Modulation of transcription factor Nrf2 in an in vitro model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 29:1188–1196. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Baeuerle PA and Baltimore D: I kappa B: A specific inhibitor of the NF-kappa B transcription factor. Science. 242:540–546. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Lezoualc'h F, Sagara Y, Holsboer F and Behl C: High constitutive NF-kappaB activity mediates resistance to oxidative stress in neuronal cells. J Neurosci. 18:3224–3232. 1998.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Mattson MP, Goodman Y, Luo H, Fu W and Furukawa K: Activation of NF-kappaB protects hippocampal neurons against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis: Evidence for induction of manganese superoxide dismutase and suppression of peroxynitrite production and protein tyrosine nitration. J Neurosci Res. 49:681–697. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Grilli M, Pizzi M, Memo M and Spano P: Neuroprotection by aspirin and sodium salicylate through blockade of NF-kappaB activation. Science. 274:1383–1385. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Clemens JA, Stephenson DT, Dixon EP, Smalstig EB, Mincy RE, Rash KS and Little SP: Global cerebral ischemia activates nuclear factor-kappa B prior to evidence of DNA fragmentation. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 48:187–196. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Qin ZH, Wang Y, Nakai M and Chase TN: Nuclear factor-kappaB contributes to excitotoxin-induced apoptosis in rat striatum. Mol Pharmacol. 53:33–42. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Hu YC, Sun Q, Li W, Zhang DD, Ma B, Li S, Li WD, Zhou ML and Hang CH: Biphasic activation of nuclear factor kappa B and expression of p65 and c-Rel after traumatic brain injury in rats. Inflamm Res. 63:109–115. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Lin SC, Wortis HH and Stavnezer J: The ability of CD40L, but not lipopolysaccharide, to initiate immunoglobulin switching to immunoglobulin G1 is explained by differential induction of NF-kappaB/Rel proteins. Mol Cell Biol. 18:5523–5532. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Perkins ND: Achieving transcriptional specificity with NF-kappaB. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 29:1433–1448. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Roshak AK, Jackson JR, McGough K, Chabot-Fletcher M, Mochan E and Marshall LA: Manipulation of distinct NFkappaB proteins alters interleukin-1beta-induced human rheumatoid synovial fibroblast prostaglandin E2 formation. J Biol Chem. 271:31496–31501. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Leker RR and Shohami E: Cerebral ischemia and trauma-different etiologies yet similar mechanisms: Neuroprotective opportunities. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 39:55–73. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Xu J, Wang H, Ding K, Zhang L, Wang C, Li T, Wei W and Lu X: Luteolin provides neuroprotection in models of traumatic brain injury via the Nrf2-ARE pathway. Free Radic Biol Med. 71:186–195. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Kuwana T and Newmeyer DD: Bcl-2-family proteins and the role of mitochondria in apoptosis. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 15:691–699. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Mattson MP and Camandola S: NF-kappaB in neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. J Clin Invest. 107:247–254. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Cederberg D and Siesjö P: What has inflammation to do with traumatic brain injury? Childs Nerv Syst. 26:221–226. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Barone FC and Feuerstein GZ: Inflammatory mediators and stroke: New opportunities for novel therapeutics. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 19:819–834. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang H, Zhang D, Li H, Yan H, Zhang Z, Zhou C, Chen Q, Ye Z and Hang C: Biphasic activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of p65 and c-Rel following traumatic neuronal injury. Int J Mol Med 41: 3203-3210, 2018.
APA
Zhang, H., Zhang, D., Li, H., Yan, H., Zhang, Z., Zhou, C. ... Hang, C. (2018). Biphasic activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of p65 and c-Rel following traumatic neuronal injury. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 41, 3203-3210. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3567
MLA
Zhang, H., Zhang, D., Li, H., Yan, H., Zhang, Z., Zhou, C., Chen, Q., Ye, Z., Hang, C."Biphasic activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of p65 and c-Rel following traumatic neuronal injury". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41.6 (2018): 3203-3210.
Chicago
Zhang, H., Zhang, D., Li, H., Yan, H., Zhang, Z., Zhou, C., Chen, Q., Ye, Z., Hang, C."Biphasic activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of p65 and c-Rel following traumatic neuronal injury". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41, no. 6 (2018): 3203-3210. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3567
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang H, Zhang D, Li H, Yan H, Zhang Z, Zhou C, Chen Q, Ye Z and Hang C: Biphasic activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of p65 and c-Rel following traumatic neuronal injury. Int J Mol Med 41: 3203-3210, 2018.
APA
Zhang, H., Zhang, D., Li, H., Yan, H., Zhang, Z., Zhou, C. ... Hang, C. (2018). Biphasic activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of p65 and c-Rel following traumatic neuronal injury. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 41, 3203-3210. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3567
MLA
Zhang, H., Zhang, D., Li, H., Yan, H., Zhang, Z., Zhou, C., Chen, Q., Ye, Z., Hang, C."Biphasic activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of p65 and c-Rel following traumatic neuronal injury". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41.6 (2018): 3203-3210.
Chicago
Zhang, H., Zhang, D., Li, H., Yan, H., Zhang, Z., Zhou, C., Chen, Q., Ye, Z., Hang, C."Biphasic activation of nuclear factor-κB and expression of p65 and c-Rel following traumatic neuronal injury". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41, no. 6 (2018): 3203-3210. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3567
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team