Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
November-2018 Volume 42 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2018 Volume 42 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist attenuates blood‑brain barrier damage in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage by activating the Rac1 pathway

  • Authors:
    • Zhe Wang
    • Yongfu Li
    • Shuangyong Cai
    • Rui Li
    • Guanbo Cao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Neurosurgery, Jiulongpo District People's Hospital, Chongqing 401329, P.R. China
  • Pages: 2914-2922
    |
    Published online on: August 22, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3834
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Blood‑brain barrier (BBB) disruption and consequent edema formation are the most common brain injuries following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Endocannabinoid receptors can alter the permeability of various epithelial barriers and have potential neuroprotective effects. The present study aimed to explore whether the selective cannabinoid receptor 2 (CNR2) agonist, JWH133, can ameliorate BBB integrity and behavioral outcome by activating Ras‑related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) following ICH. Autologous arterial blood was injected into the basal ganglia of rats to induce ICH. Animals were randomly divided into the following groups: Sham‑operated, ICH+vehicle, ICH+JWH133, ICH+JWH13+vehicle, ICH+JWH133+AM630 (a selective CNR2 antagonist), ICH+AM630, ICH+JWH133 +NSC23766 (a Rac1 antagonist) and ICH+NSC23766. JWH133 and AM630 were independently intraperitoneally administrated at 1 h prior to ICH. NSC23766 was intracerebroventricularly (ICV) administered 30 min prior to ICH. A modified Garcia test, corner test, Evans blue extravasation and brain water content analysis were performed at 24 and 72 h following ICH. Western blotting and pull‑down assays were performed at 24 h following ICH. The results demonstrated that JWH133 treatment improved neurofunctional deficits, reduced perihematomal brain edema and alleviated BBB damage at 24 and 72 h following ICH. In addition, JWH133 treatment increased the protein expression levels of guanosine‑5'‑triphosphate‑Rac1 and of the adherens junction proteins occludin, zonula occludens‑1 and claudin‑5. However, these effects were reversed by AM630 and NSC23766 treatment. In conclusion, the present findings revealed that JWH133 treatment attenuated brain injury in a rat model of ICH via activation of the Rac1 signaling pathway, thus preserving BBB integrity.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Broderick JP, Adams HP Jr, Barsan W, Feinberg W, Feldmann E, Grotta J, Kase C, Krieger D, Mayberg M, Tilley B, et al: Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the stroke council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 30:905–915. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Qureshi AI, Mendelow AD and Hanley DF: Intracerebral haemorrhage. Lancet. 373:1632–1644. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Sweeney MD, Sagare AP and Zlokovic BV: Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 14:133–150. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Guan JX, Sun SG, Cao XB, Chen ZB and Tong ET: Effect of thrombin on blood brain barrier permeability and its mechanism. Chin Med J (Engl). 117:1677–1681. 2004.

5 

Ballabh P, Braun A and Nedergaard M: The blood-brain barrier: An overview: Structure, regulation, and clinical implications. Neurobiol Dis. 16:1–13. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Bazzoni G and Dejana E: Endothelial cell-to-cell junctions: Molecular organization and role in vascular homeostasis. Physiol Rev. 84:869–901. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Luh C, Kuhlmann CR, Ackermann B, Timaru-Kast R, Luhmann HJ, Behl C, Werner C, Engelhard K and Thal SC: Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase reduces brain edema formation after traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem. 112:1015–1025. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Kahles T, Luedike P, Endres M, Galla HJ, Steinmetz H, Busse R, Neumann-Haefelin T and Brandes RP: NADPH oxidase plays a central role in blood-brain barrier damage in experimental stroke. Stroke. 38:3000–3006. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Xu JY and Chen C: Endocannabinoids in synaptic plasticity and neuroprotection. Neuroscientist. 21:152–168. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Devane WA, Dysarz FR III, Johnson MR, Melvin LS and Howlett AC: Determination and characterization of a cannabinoid receptor in rat brain. Mol Pharmacol. 34:605–613. 1988.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Matsuda LA, Lolait SJ, Brownstein MJ, Young AC and Bonner TI: Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature. 346:561–564. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Haugh O, Penman J, Irving AJ and Campbell VA: The emerging role of the cannabinoid receptor family in peripheral and neuro-immune interactions. Curr Drug Targets. 17:1834–1840. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Chi OZ, Barsoum S, Grayson J, Hunter C, Liu X and Weiss HR: Effects of cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 on blood-brain barrier disruption in focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Pharmacology. 89:333–338. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Fujii M, Sherchan P, Krafft PR, Rolland WB, Soejima Y and Zhang JH: Cannabinoid type 2 receptor stimulation attenuates brain edema by reducing cerebral leukocyte infiltration following subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. J Neurol Sci. 342:101–106. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Tao Y, Tang J, Chen Q, Guo J, Li L, Yang L, Feng H, Zhu G and Chen Z: Cannabinoid CB2 receptor stimulation attenuates brain edema and neurological deficits in a germinal matrix hemorrhage rat model. Brain Res. 1602:127–135. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Amenta PS, Jallo JI, Tuma RF and Elliott MB: A cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist attenuates blood-brain barrier damage and neurodegeneration in a murine model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Res. 90:2293–2305. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Etienne-Manneville S and Hall A: Rho GTPases in cell biology. Nature. 420:629–635. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Gerhard R, John H, Aktories K and Just I: Thiol-modifying phenylarsine oxide inhibits guanine nucleotide binding of Rho but not of Rac GTPases. Mol Pharmacol. 63:1349–1355. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Huang B, Krafft PR, Ma Q, Rolland WB, Caner B, Lekic T, Manaenko A, Le M, Tang J and Zhang JH: Fibroblast growth factors preserve blood-brain barrier integrity through RhoA inhibition after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice. Neurobiol Dis. 46:204–214. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Persidsky Y, Heilman D, Haorah J, Zelivyanskaya M, Persidsky R, Weber GA, Shimokawa H, Kaibuchi K and Ikezu T: Rho-mediated regulation of tight junctions during monocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier in HIV-1 encephalitis (HIVE). Blood. 107:4770–4780. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Tang J, Chen Q, Guo J, Yang L, Tao Y, Li L, Miao H, Feng H, Chen Z and Zhu G: Minocycline attenuates neonatal germin al-matrix-hemorrhage-induced neuroinflammation and brain edema by activating cannabinoid receptor 2. Mol Neurobiol. 53:1935–1948. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Yang F, Wang Z, Zhang JH, Tang J, Liu X, Tan L, Huang QY and Feng H: Receptor for advanced glycation end-product antagonist reduces blood-brain barrier damage after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 46:1328–1336. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Garcia JH, Wagner S, Liu KF and Hu XJ: Neurological deficit and extent of neuronal necrosis attributable to middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. Statistical validation. Stroke. 26:627–635. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Li X, Blizzard KK, Zeng Z, DeVries AC, Hurn PD and McCullough LD: Chronic behavioral testing after focal ischemia in the mouse: Functional recovery and the effects of gender. Exp Neurol. 187:94–104. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Manaenko A, Chen H, Kammer J, Zhang JH and Tang J: Comparison Evans Blue injection routes: Intravenous versus intraperitoneal, for measurement of blood-brain barrier in a mice hemorrhage model. J Neurosci Methods. 195:206–210. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Ma Q, Huang B, Khatibi N, Rolland WN II, Suzuki H, Zhang JH and Tang J: PDGFR-alpha inhibition preserves blood-brain barrier after intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 70:920–931. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Cheng CC, Lai YC, Lai YS, Hsu YH, Chao WT, Sia KC, Tseng YH and Liu YH: Transient knockdown-mediated deficiency in plectin alters hepatocellular motility in association with activated FAK and Rac1-GTPase. Cancer Cell Int. 15:292015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Wang L, Fan W, Cai P, Fan M, Zhu X, Dai Y, Sun C, Cheng Y, Zheng P and Zhao BQ: Recombinant ADAMTS13 reduces tissue plasminogen activator-induced hemorrhage after stroke in mice. Ann Neurol. 73:189–198. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Vose LR, Vinukonda G, Jo S, Miry O, Diamond D, Korumilli R, Arshad A, Zia MT, Hu F, Kayton RJ, et al: Treatment with thyroxine restores myelination and clinical recovery after intra-ventricular hemorrhage. J Neurosci. 33:17232–17246. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Zhou Y, Wang Y, Wang J, Anne Stetler R and Yang QW: Inflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage: From mechanisms to clinical translation. Prog Neurobiol. 115:25–44. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Yang MC, Zhang HZ, Wang Z, You FL and Wang YF: The molecular mechanism and effect of cannabinoid-2 receptor agonist on the blood-spinal cord barrier permeability induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury. Brain Res. 1636:81–92. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Aijaz S, Balda MS and Matter K: Tight junctions: Molecular architecture and function. Int Rev Cytol. 248:261–298. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Kurihara R, Tohyama Y, Matsusaka S, Naruse H, Kinoshita E, Tsujioka T, Katsumata Y and Yamamura H: Effects of peripheral cannabinoid receptor ligands on motility and polarization in neutrophil-like HL60 cells and human neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 281:12908–12918. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Rom S, Zuluaga-Ramirez V, Dykstra H, Reichenbach NL, Pacher P and Persidsky Y: Selective activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 in leukocytes suppresses their engagement of the brain endothelium and protects the blood-brain barrier. Am J Pathol. 183:1548–1558. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Correa F, Mestre L, Docagne F and Guaza C: Activation of cannabinoid CB2 receptor negatively regulates IL-12p40 production in murine macrophages: Role of IL-10 and ERK1/2 kinase signaling. Br J Pharmacol. 145:441–448. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Montecucco F, Lenglet S, Braunersreuther V, Burger F, Pelli G, Bertolotto M, Mach F and Steffens S: CB cannabinoid receptor activation is cardioprotective in a mouse model of ischemia/reperfusion. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 46:612–620. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Sophocleous A, Marino S, Logan JG, Mollat P, Ralston SH and Idris AI: Bone cell-autonomous contribution of type 2 cannabinoid receptor to breast cancer-induced osteolysis. J Biol Chem. 290:22049–22060. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Gomez O, Sanchez-Rodriguez MA, Ortega-Gutierrez S, Vazquez-Villa H, Guaza C, Molina-Holgado F and Molina-Holgado E: A basal tone of 2-arachidonoylglycerol contributes to early oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation by activating phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/AKT and the mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) pathways. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 10:309–317. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang Z, Li Y, Cai S, Li R and Cao G: Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist attenuates blood‑brain barrier damage in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage by activating the Rac1 pathway. Int J Mol Med 42: 2914-2922, 2018.
APA
Wang, Z., Li, Y., Cai, S., Li, R., & Cao, G. (2018). Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist attenuates blood‑brain barrier damage in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage by activating the Rac1 pathway. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 42, 2914-2922. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3834
MLA
Wang, Z., Li, Y., Cai, S., Li, R., Cao, G."Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist attenuates blood‑brain barrier damage in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage by activating the Rac1 pathway". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 42.5 (2018): 2914-2922.
Chicago
Wang, Z., Li, Y., Cai, S., Li, R., Cao, G."Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist attenuates blood‑brain barrier damage in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage by activating the Rac1 pathway". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 42, no. 5 (2018): 2914-2922. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3834
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang Z, Li Y, Cai S, Li R and Cao G: Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist attenuates blood‑brain barrier damage in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage by activating the Rac1 pathway. Int J Mol Med 42: 2914-2922, 2018.
APA
Wang, Z., Li, Y., Cai, S., Li, R., & Cao, G. (2018). Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist attenuates blood‑brain barrier damage in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage by activating the Rac1 pathway. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 42, 2914-2922. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3834
MLA
Wang, Z., Li, Y., Cai, S., Li, R., Cao, G."Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist attenuates blood‑brain barrier damage in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage by activating the Rac1 pathway". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 42.5 (2018): 2914-2922.
Chicago
Wang, Z., Li, Y., Cai, S., Li, R., Cao, G."Cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist attenuates blood‑brain barrier damage in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage by activating the Rac1 pathway". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 42, no. 5 (2018): 2914-2922. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3834
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team