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Review Open Access

Role of emerging vitamin K‑dependent proteins: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6, Gla‑rich protein and periostin (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Huiyu Xiao
    • Jiepeng Chen
    • Lili Duan
    • Shuzhuang Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, P.R. China, Sungen Bioscience Co., Ltd., Shantou, Guangdong 515071, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Xiao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 2
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    Published online on: December 29, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4835
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Abstract

Vitamin K‑dependent proteins (VKDPs) are a group of proteins that need vitamin K to conduct carboxylation. Thus far, scholars have identified a total of 17 VKDPs in the human body. In this review, we summarize three important emerging VKDPs: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6 (Gas 6), Gla‑rich protein (GRP) and periostin in terms of their functions in physiological and pathological conditions. As examples, carboxylated Gas 6 and GRP effectively protect blood vessels from calcification, Gas 6 protects from acute kidney injury and is involved in chronic kidney disease, GRP contributes to bone homeostasis and delays the progression of osteoarthritis, and periostin is involved in all phases of fracture healing and assists myocardial regeneration in the early stages of myocardial infarction. However, periostin participates in the progression of cardiac fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and airway remodeling of asthma. In addition, we discuss the relationship between vitamin K, VKDPs and cancer, and particularly the carboxylation state of VKDPs in cancer.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xiao H, Chen J, Duan L and Li S: Role of emerging vitamin K‑dependent proteins: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6, Gla‑rich protein and periostin (Review). Int J Mol Med 47: 2, 2021.
APA
Xiao, H., Chen, J., Duan, L., & Li, S. (2021). Role of emerging vitamin K‑dependent proteins: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6, Gla‑rich protein and periostin (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 47, 2. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4835
MLA
Xiao, H., Chen, J., Duan, L., Li, S."Role of emerging vitamin K‑dependent proteins: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6, Gla‑rich protein and periostin (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 47.3 (2021): 2.
Chicago
Xiao, H., Chen, J., Duan, L., Li, S."Role of emerging vitamin K‑dependent proteins: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6, Gla‑rich protein and periostin (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 47, no. 3 (2021): 2. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4835
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xiao H, Chen J, Duan L and Li S: Role of emerging vitamin K‑dependent proteins: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6, Gla‑rich protein and periostin (Review). Int J Mol Med 47: 2, 2021.
APA
Xiao, H., Chen, J., Duan, L., & Li, S. (2021). Role of emerging vitamin K‑dependent proteins: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6, Gla‑rich protein and periostin (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 47, 2. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4835
MLA
Xiao, H., Chen, J., Duan, L., Li, S."Role of emerging vitamin K‑dependent proteins: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6, Gla‑rich protein and periostin (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 47.3 (2021): 2.
Chicago
Xiao, H., Chen, J., Duan, L., Li, S."Role of emerging vitamin K‑dependent proteins: Growth arrest‑specific protein 6, Gla‑rich protein and periostin (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 47, no. 3 (2021): 2. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4835
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