Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
April-2021 Volume 47 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2021 Volume 47 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19: A new challenge for healthcare professionals (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Qiu Du
    • Dingding Zhang
    • Weimin Hu
    • Xuefei Li
    • Qiongrong Xia
    • Taishen Wen
    • Haiping Jia
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Immunology, College of Medical Technology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637100, P.R. China, Department of Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Du et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 31
    |
    Published online on: February 1, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4864
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections, pose a serious challenge to healthcare professionals globally during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic. Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19 directly impacts the quality of life of patients, as well as results in extra expenditure to hospitals. It has been shown that COVID‑19 is more likely to transmit via close, unprotected contact with infected patients. Additionally, current preventative and containment measures tend to overlook asymptomatic individuals and superspreading events. Since the mode of transmission and real origin of COVID‑19 in hospitals has not been fully elucidated yet, minimizing nosocomial infection in hospitals remains a difficult but urgent task for healthcare professionals. Healthcare professionals globally should form an alliance against nosocomial COVID‑19 infections. The fight against COVID‑19 may provide valuable lessons for the future prevention and control of nosocomial infections. The present review will discuss some of the key strategies to prevent and control hospital‑based nosocomial COVID‑19 infections.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

World Health Organization (WHO): WHO coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/. Accessed January 19, 2021.

2 

Schwierzeck V, König JC, Kühn J, Mellmann A, Correa-Martínez CL, Omran H, Konrad M, Kaiser T and Kampmeier S: First reported nosocomial outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a pediatric dialysis unit. Clin Infect Dis. ciaa491Apr 27–2020.Epub ahead of print.

3 

Carter B, Collins JT, Barlow-Pay F, Rickard F, Bruce E, Verduri A, Quinn TJ, Mitchell E, Price A, Vilches-Moraga A, et al: Nosocomial COVID-19 infection: Examining the risk of mortality. The COPE-nosocomial study (COVID in Older PEople). J Hosp Infect. 106:376–384. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, et al: Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 323:1061–1069. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Luong-Nguyen M, Hermand H, Abdalla S, Cabrit N, Hobeika C, Brouquet A, Goéré D and Sauvanet A: Nosocomial infection with SARS-Cov-2 within departments of digestive surgery. J Visc Surg. 157:S13–S18. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Vanhems P: Fast nosocomial spread of SARS-CoV2 in a French geriatric unit lyon study group on covid-19 infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 41:866–867. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Elkrief A, Desilets A, Papneja N, Cvetkovic L, Groleau C, Lakehal YA, Shbat L, Richard C, Malo J, Belkaid W, et al: High mortality among hospital-acquired COVID-19 infection in patients with cancer: A multicentre observational cohort study. Eur J Cancer. 139:181–187. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Lai X, Wang M, Qin C, Tan L, Ran L, Chen D, Zhang H, Shang K, Xia C, Wang S, et al: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) infection among health care workers and implications for prevention measures in a tertiary hospital in Wuhan, China. JAMA Netw Open. 3:e2096662020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Ji H, Liu L, Huang T and Zhu Y: Nosocomial infections in psychiatric hospitals during the COVID-19 outbreak. Eur J Psychiatry. 34:177–179. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Kerwat K, Graf J and Wulf H: Nosocomial infections. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther. 45:30–31. 2010.In German. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Fu C and Wang S: Nosocomial infection control in healthcare settings: Protection against emerging infectious diseases. Infect Dis Poverty. 5:302016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Cao GW, Zhang BX and Chen XP: Consideration on improving public health emergency management ability of current medical health system. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 41:1588–1594. 2020.In Chinese. PubMed/NCBI

13 

Gao Z, Xu Y, Sun C, Wang X, Guo Y, Qiu S and Ma K: A systematic review of asymptomatic infections with COVID-19. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. May 15–2020.Epub ahead of print. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Wang Y, Kang H, Liu X and Tong Z: Asymptomatic cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 92:1401–1403. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Li R, Pei S, Chen B, Song Y, Zhang T, Yang W and Shaman J: Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Science. 368:489–493. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Qiu J: Covert coronavirus infections could be seeding new outbreaks. Nature. Mar 20–2020.Epub ahead of print. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Wu ZY: Contribution of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic cases of COVID-19 in spreading virus and targeted control strategies. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 41:801–805. 2020.In Chinese. PubMed/NCBI

18 

He X, Lau EHY, Wu P, Deng X, Wang J, Hao X, Lau YC, Wong JY, Guan Y, Tan X, et al: Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. Nat Med. 26:672–675. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Kimball A, Hatfield KM, Arons M, James A, Taylor J, Spicer K, Bardossy AC, Oakley LP, Tanwar S, Chisty Z, et al: Asymptomatic and presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in residents of a long-term care skilled nursing facility-king county, Washington, march 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 69:377–381. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Cave E: COVID-19 super-spreaders: Definitional quandaries and implications. Asian Bioeth Rev. 1–8. May 16–2020.Epub ahead of print. PubMed/NCBI

21 

Stein RA: Super-Spreaders in infectious diseases. Int J Infect Dis. 15:e510–e513. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Al-Tawfiq JA and Rodriguez-Morales AJ: Super-spreading events and contribution to transmission of MERS, SARS, and SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). J Hosp Infect. 105:111–112. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Chowell G, Abdirizak F, Lee S, Lee J, Jung E, Nishiura H and Viboud C: Transmission characteristics of MERS and SARS in the healthcare setting: A comparative study. BMC Med. 13:2102015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Frieden TR and Lee CT: Identifying and interrupting super-spreading events-implications for control of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis. 26:1059–1066. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Lloyd-Smith JO, Schreiber SJ, Kopp PE and Getz WM: Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence. Nature. 438:355–359. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Lan L, Xu D, Ye G, Xia C, Wang S, Li Y and Xu H: Positive RT-PCR test results in patients recovered from COVID-19. JAMA. 323:1502–1503. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Xiao AT, Tong YX and Zhang S: False negative of RT-PCR and prolonged nucleic acid conversion in COVID-19: Rather than recurrence. J Med Virol. 92:1755–1756. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

World Health Organization (WHO): Home care for patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and management of their contacts. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/home-care-for-patients-with-suspected-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-presenting-with-mild-symptoms-and-management-of-contacts. License: CC BY-NC-SA 30IGO Accessed August 12, 2020.

29 

Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, Spitters C, Ericson K, Wilkerson S, Tural A, et al: First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the united states. N Engl J Med. 382:929–936. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W, Li J, Zhao D, Xu D, Gong Q, et al: Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: A retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. 395:809–815. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Fan C, Lei D, Fang C, Li C, Wang M, Liu Y, Bao Y, Sun Y, Huang J, Guo Y, et al: Perinatal transmission of COVID-19 associated SARS-CoV-2: Should we worry? Clin Infect Dis. ciaa226Mar 17–2020.Epub ahead of print. View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Liu Y, Ning Z, Chen Y, Guo M, Liu Y, Gali NK, Sun L, Duan Y, Cai J, Westerdahl D, et al: Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals. Nature. 582:557–560. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Wang J, Zhou M and Liu F: Reasons for healthcare workers becoming infected with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. J Hosp Infect. 105:100–101. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Sun H, Lu M, Chen S, Cheng Z, Xiong Y and Wang X: Nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection among nurses in wuhan at a single centre. J Infect. 80:e41–e42. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Bahl P, Doolan C, de Silva C, Chughtai AA, Bourouiba L and MacIntyre CR: Airborne or droplet precautions for health workers treating COVID-19? J Infect Dis. jiaa189Apr 26–2020.Epub ahead of print. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

World Health Organization (WHO): Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for infection prevention precautions. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations. License: CC BY-NC-SA 30 IGO Accessed July 9, 2020.

37 

van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, et al: Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 382:1564–1567. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Guo ZD, Wang ZY, Zhang SF, Li X, Li L, Li C, Cui Y, Fu RB, Dong YZ, Chi XY, et al: Aerosol and surface distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospital wards, Wuhan, China, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 26:1583–1591. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, Qiu Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Wei Y, et al: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet. 395:507–513. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): People at Increased Risk And Other People Who Need to Take Extra Precautions. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/underlying-conditions.html. Updated January 4. 2021.

41 

Boev C and Kiss E: Hospital-acquired infections: Current trends and prevention. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 29:51–65. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, et al: Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 395:1054–1062. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

He Y, Li W, Wang Z, Chen H, Tian L and Liu D: Nosocomial infection among patients with COVID-19: A retrospective data analysis of 918 cases from a single center in Wuhan, China. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 41:982–983. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

The L: COVID-19: Protecting health-care workers. Lancet. 395:9222020. View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Al Maskari Z, Al Blushi A, Khamis F, Al Tai A, Al Salmi I, Al Harthi H, Al Saadi M, Al Mughairy A, Gutierrez R and Al Blushi Z: Characteristics of healthcare workers infected with COVID-19: A cross-sectional observational study. Int J Infect Dis. 102:32–36. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

46 

McMichael TM, Currie DW, Clark S, Pogosjans S, Kay M, Schwartz NG, Lewis J, Baer A, Kawakami V, Lukoff MD, et al: Epidemiology of covid-19 in a long-term care facility in king county, Washington. N Engl J Med. 382:2005–2011. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, Morgan WM, Emori TG, Munn VP and Hooton TM: The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol. 121:182–205. 1985. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Wang Q, Wang X and Lin H: The role of triage in the prevention and control of COVID-19. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 41:772–776. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Huang T, Guo Y, Li S, Zheng Y, Lei L, Zeng X, Zhong Q, Liu Y and Liu L: Application and effects of fever screening system in the prevention of nosocomial infection in the only designated hospital of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Shenzhen, China. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 41:978–981. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

McCullough PA, Eidt J, Rangaswami J, Lerma E, Tumlin J, Wheelan K, Katz N, Lepor NE, Vijay K, Soman S, et al: Urgent need for individual mobile phone and institutional reporting of at home, hospitalized, and intensive care unit cases of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 21:1–7. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Glauser W: Proposed protocol to keep COVID-19 out of hospitals. CMAJ. 192:E264–E265. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Ramallo VJ, Rubio MM, Cuxart OE and Leoni ME: Usefulness of Hospital at home in nosocomial infections: Advantages and limitations. Rev Esp Quimioter. 30(Suppl 1): S61–S65. 2017.

53 

Borrelli E, Sacconi R, Querques L, Zucchiatti I, Prascina F, Bandello F and Querques G: Taking the right measures to control COVID-19 in ophthalmology: The experience of a tertiary eye care referral center in Italy. Eye (Lond). 34:1175–1176. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Gong K, Xu Z, Cai Z, Chen Y and Wang Z: Internet hospitals help prevent and control the epidemic of COVID-19 in china: Multicenter user profiling study. J Med Internet Res. 22:e189082020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Iannone P, Castellini G, Coclite D, Napoletano A, Fauci AJ, Iacorossi L, D'Angelo D, Renzi C, La Torre G, Mastroianni CM and Gianola S: The need of health policy perspective to protect healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. A GRADE rapid review on the N95 respirators effectiveness. PLoS One. 15:e02340252020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Htun HL, Lim DW, Kyaw WM, Loh WJ, Lee LT, Ang B and Chow A: Responding to the COVID-19 outbreak in Singapore: Staff protection and staff temperature and sickness surveillance systems. Clin Infect Dis. 71:1947–1952. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Agarwal A, Nagi N, Chatterjee P, Sarkar S, Mourya D, Sahay RR and Bhatia R: Guidance for building a dedicated health facility to contain the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak. Indian J Med Res. 151:177–183. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

58 

Wang H, Mo P, Li G, Chen P, Liu J, Wang H, Wang F, Zhang Y and Zhao Q: Environmental virus surveillance in the isolation ward of COVID-19. J Hosp Infect. 105:373–374. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

World Health Organization (WHO): Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/10665-331495 License: CC BY-NC-SA 30 IGO Accessed March 19, 2020.

60 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Healthcare Personnel During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/infection-control/control-recommendations.html. Updated December 14, 2020.

61 

Tang JW, Li Y, Eames I, Chan PK and Ridgway GL: Factors involved in the aerosol transmission of infection and control of ventilation in healthcare premises. J Hosp Infect. 64:100–114. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Loeb M, McGeer A, Henry B, Ofner M, Rose D, Hlywka T, Levie J, McQueen J, Smith S, Moss L, et al: SARS among critical care nurses, toronto. Emerg Infect Dis. 10:251–255. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

63 

Meng L, Hua F and Bian Z: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine. J Dent Res. 99:481–487. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Wu P, Duan F, Luo C, Liu Q, Qu X, Liang L and Wu K: Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei province, China. JAMA Ophthalmol. 138:575–578. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Lai THT, Tang EWH, Chau SKY, Fung KSC and Li KKW: Stepping up infection control measures in ophthalmology during the novel coronavirus outbreak: An experience from Hong Kong. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 258:1049–1055. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Liu Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhang D, Diao D, Chandramohan K and Booth CM: Recommendations for surgery during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic. Indian J Surg. 11:1–5. 2020.

67 

Romano MR, Montericcio A, Montalbano C, Raimondi R, Allegrini D, Ricciardelli G, Angi M, Pagano L and Romano V: Facing COVID-19 in ophthalmology department. Curr Eye Res. 45:653–658. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Freeman J and McGowan JE Jr: Risk factors for nosocomial infection. J Infect Dis. 138:811–819. 1978. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Welt FGP, Shah PB, Aronow HD, Bortnick AE, Henry TD, Sherwood MW, Young MN, Davidson LJ, Kadavath S, Mahmud E, et al: Catheterization laboratory considerations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: From ACC's interventional council and SCAI. J Am Coll Cardiol. 75:2372–2375. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S and Steinmann E: Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 104:246–251. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China: Protocol on Prevention and Control of COVID- 19 (Edition 6). http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-03/29/c_78467.htm. Updated March 29, 2020.

72 

Lei H, Ye F, Liu X, Huang Z, Ling S, Jiang Z, Cheng J, Huang X, Wu Q, Wu S, et al: SARS-CoV-2 environmental contamination associated with persistently infected COVID-19 patients. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 14:688–699. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Dancer SJ: Controlling hospital-acquired infection: Focus on the role of the environment and new technologies for decontamination. Clin Microbiol Rev. 27:665–690. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Wax RS and Christian MD: Practical recommendations for critical care and anesthesiology teams caring for novel corona-virus (2019-nCoV) patients. Can J Anaesth. 67:568–576. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Repici A, Maselli R, Colombo M, Gabbiadini R, Spadaccini M, Anderloni A, Carrara S, Fugazza A, Di Leo M, Galtieri PA, et al: Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: What the department of endoscopy should know. Gastrointest Endosc. 92:192–197. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Cheng VC, Chan JF, To KK and Yuen KY: Clinical management and infection control of SARS: Lessons learned. Antiviral Res. 100:407–419. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Casanova L, Rutala WA, Weber DJ and Sobsey MD: Coronavirus survival on healthcare personal protective equipment. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 31:560–561. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

World Health Organization (WHO): Rational use of personal protective equipment for coronavirus disease (COVID- 19) and considerations during severe shortages. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/rational-use-of-personal-protective-equipment-for-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-and-considerations-during-severe-shortages. License: CC BY-NC-SA 30 IGO Accessed December 23, 2020.

79 

Vermeil T, Peters A, Kilpatrick C, Pires D, Allegranzi B and Pittet D: Hand hygiene in hospitals: Anatomy of a revolution. J Hosp Infect. 101:383–392. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

80 

Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Sax H, Dharan S, Pessoa-Silva CL, Donaldson L and Boyce JM: Evidence-Based model for hand transmission during patient care and the role of improved practices: Evidence-based model for hand transmission during patient care and the role of improved practices. Lancet Infect Dis. 6:641–652. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X and Ren B: Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 12:92020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Pessoa-Silva CL, Dharan S, Hugonnet S, Touveneau S, Posfay-Barbe K, Pfister R and Pittet D: Dynamics of bacterial hand contamination during routine neonatal care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 25:192–197. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Petroudi D: Nosocomial infections and staff hygiene. J Infect Dev Ctries. 3:152–156. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Carlos WG, Dela Cruz CS, Cao B, Pasnick S and Jamil S: Novel Wuhan (2019-nCoV) coronavirus. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 201:P7–P8. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Evans CT, Hill JN, Guihan M, Chin A, Goldstein B, Richardson MS, Anderson V, Risa K, Kellie S and Cameron KA: Implementing a patient education intervention about methi-cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus prevention and effect on knowledge and behavior in veterans with spinal cord injuries and disorders: A pilot randomized controlled trial. J Spinal Cord Med. 37:152–161. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar :

86 

Zhong BL, Luo W, Li HM, Zhang QQ, Liu XG, Li WT and Li Y: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among Chinese residents during the rapid rise period of the COVID-19 outbreak: A quick online cross-sectional survey. Int J Biol Sci. 16:1745–1752. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Zhang M, Zhou M, Tang F, Wang Y, Nie H, Zhang L and You G: Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Henan, China. J Hosp Infect. 105:183–187. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Wang H, Wang S and Yu K: COVID-19 infection epidemic: The medical management strategies in Heilongjiang province, China. Crit Care. 24:1072020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Li T: Diagnosis and clinical management of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection: An operational recommendation of peking union medical college hospital (V2.0). Emerg Microbes Infect. 9:582–585. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Wang MW, Zhou MY, Ji GH, Ye L, Cheng YR, Feng ZH and Chen J: Mask crisis during the COVID-19 outbreak. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 24:3397–3399. 2020.

91 

Ali M, Wang W, Chaudhry N and Geng Y: Hospital waste management in developing countries: A mini review. Waste Manag Res. 35:581–592. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Yu H, Sun X, Solvang WD and Zhao X: Reverse logistics network design for effective management of medical waste in epidemic outbreaks: Insights from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan (China). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17:17702020. View Article : Google Scholar :

93 

Awodele O, Adewoye AA and Oparah AC: Assessment of medical waste management in seven hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 16:2692016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

World Health Organization (WHO): Infection Prevention and Control of Epidemic- and Pandemic-Prone Acute Respiratory Infections in Health Care. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/infection-prevention-and-control-of-epidemic-and-pandemic-prone-acute-respiratory-infections-in-health-care Accessed April 7, 2014.

95 

COVID- 19 Emergency Response Key Places Protection and Disinfection Technology Team, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention: Technical guideline for disinfection of wastewater and wastes of medical organizations during COVID- 19 outbreak. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 54:353–356. 2020.In Chinese.

96 

He Y and Liu N: Methodology of emergency medical logistics for public health emergencies. Transp Res E Logist Transp Rev. 79:178–200. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Peng J, Ren N, Wang M and Zhang G: Practical experiences and suggestions for the 'eagle-eyed observer': A novel promising role for controlling nosocomial infection in the COVID-19 outbreak. J Hosp Infect. 105:106–107. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Ye Q, Zhou J and Wu H: Using information technology to manage the COVID-19 Pandemic: Development of a technical framework based on practical experience in China. JMIR Med Inform. 8:e195152020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Du Q, Zhang D, Hu W, Li X, Xia Q, Wen T and Jia H: Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19: A new challenge for healthcare professionals (Review). Int J Mol Med 47: 31, 2021.
APA
Du, Q., Zhang, D., Hu, W., Li, X., Xia, Q., Wen, T., & Jia, H. (2021). Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19: A new challenge for healthcare professionals (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 47, 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4864
MLA
Du, Q., Zhang, D., Hu, W., Li, X., Xia, Q., Wen, T., Jia, H."Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19: A new challenge for healthcare professionals (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 47.4 (2021): 31.
Chicago
Du, Q., Zhang, D., Hu, W., Li, X., Xia, Q., Wen, T., Jia, H."Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19: A new challenge for healthcare professionals (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 47, no. 4 (2021): 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4864
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Du Q, Zhang D, Hu W, Li X, Xia Q, Wen T and Jia H: Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19: A new challenge for healthcare professionals (Review). Int J Mol Med 47: 31, 2021.
APA
Du, Q., Zhang, D., Hu, W., Li, X., Xia, Q., Wen, T., & Jia, H. (2021). Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19: A new challenge for healthcare professionals (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 47, 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4864
MLA
Du, Q., Zhang, D., Hu, W., Li, X., Xia, Q., Wen, T., Jia, H."Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19: A new challenge for healthcare professionals (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 47.4 (2021): 31.
Chicago
Du, Q., Zhang, D., Hu, W., Li, X., Xia, Q., Wen, T., Jia, H."Nosocomial infection of COVID‑19: A new challenge for healthcare professionals (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 47, no. 4 (2021): 31. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2021.4864
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team