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Molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death and potential targeted pharmacotherapy in ischemic stroke (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Wan-Li Duan
    • Li-Hui Gu
    • Ai Guo
    • Xue-Jie Wang
    • Yi-Yue Ding
    • Peng Zhang
    • Bao-Gang Zhang
    • Qin Li
    • Li-Xia Yang
  • View Affiliations

    Affiliations: Medical Research Center, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China, Department of Diagnostic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China, Department of Diagnostic Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China, Department of Cardiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China, Rehabilitation Medicine and Health College, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, Hunan 418000, P.R. China, Medical Research Center, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
  • Published online on: May 6, 2025     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5544
  • Article Number: 103
  • Copyright: © Duan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Stroke poses a threat to the elderly, being the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide. Ischemic stroke (IS), resulting from arterial occlusion, accounts for ~85% of all strokes. The pathophysiological processes involved in IS are intricate and complex. Currently, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only Food and Drug Administration‑approved drug for the treatment of IS. However, due to its limited administration window and the risk of symptomatic hemorrhage, tPA is applicable to only ~10% of patients with stroke. Additionally, the reperfusion process associated with thrombolytic therapy can further exacerbate damage to brain tissue. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying IS‑induced injury and the identification of potential protective agents is critical for effective IS treatment. Over the past few decades, advances have been made in exploring potential protective drugs for IS. The present review summarizes the specific mechanisms of various forms of programmed cell death (PCD) induced by IS and highlights potential protective drugs targeting different PCD pathways investigated over the last decade. The present review provides a theoretical foundation for basic research and insights for the development of pharmacotherapy for IS.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Duan W, Gu L, Guo A, Wang X, Ding Y, Zhang P, Zhang B, Li Q and Yang L: Molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death and potential targeted pharmacotherapy in ischemic stroke (Review). Int J Mol Med 56: 103, 2025.
APA
Duan, W., Gu, L., Guo, A., Wang, X., Ding, Y., Zhang, P. ... Yang, L. (2025). Molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death and potential targeted pharmacotherapy in ischemic stroke (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 103. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5544
MLA
Duan, W., Gu, L., Guo, A., Wang, X., Ding, Y., Zhang, P., Zhang, B., Li, Q., Yang, L."Molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death and potential targeted pharmacotherapy in ischemic stroke (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.1 (2025): 103.
Chicago
Duan, W., Gu, L., Guo, A., Wang, X., Ding, Y., Zhang, P., Zhang, B., Li, Q., Yang, L."Molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death and potential targeted pharmacotherapy in ischemic stroke (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 1 (2025): 103. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5544
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Duan W, Gu L, Guo A, Wang X, Ding Y, Zhang P, Zhang B, Li Q and Yang L: Molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death and potential targeted pharmacotherapy in ischemic stroke (Review). Int J Mol Med 56: 103, 2025.
APA
Duan, W., Gu, L., Guo, A., Wang, X., Ding, Y., Zhang, P. ... Yang, L. (2025). Molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death and potential targeted pharmacotherapy in ischemic stroke (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 103. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5544
MLA
Duan, W., Gu, L., Guo, A., Wang, X., Ding, Y., Zhang, P., Zhang, B., Li, Q., Yang, L."Molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death and potential targeted pharmacotherapy in ischemic stroke (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.1 (2025): 103.
Chicago
Duan, W., Gu, L., Guo, A., Wang, X., Ding, Y., Zhang, P., Zhang, B., Li, Q., Yang, L."Molecular mechanisms of programmed cell death and potential targeted pharmacotherapy in ischemic stroke (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 1 (2025): 103. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5544
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