Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
October-2025 Volume 56 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2025 Volume 56 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Secretion of specific metabolites and changes in miRNA expression in murine osteoblastic cells exposed in vitro to α‑radiation

  • Authors:
    • Satoru Monzen
    • Yota Tatara
    • Mitsuru Chiba
    • Yasushi Mariya
    • Andrzej Wojcik
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Radiation Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036‑8564, Japan, Department of Stress Response Science, Biomedical Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036‑8562, Japan, Research Center for Biomedical Sciences, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Aomori 036‑8564, Japan, Cancer for Treatment and Examination Center, Aomori Rosai Hospital, Hachinohe, Aomori 031‑8551, Japan, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner‑Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE‑10691 Stockholm, Sweden
    Copyright: © Monzen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 161
    |
    Published online on: July 30, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5602
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Osteoblastic cells (OBCs) in bone marrow (BM) support hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) by forming a regulatory niche through cytokine and metabolite secretion. Targeted α‑emitting radionuclide therapy, such as radium‑223 dichloride (223RaCl2), is effective in treating bone metastases but frequently causes unpredictable hematologic toxicities. The underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study hypothesized that α‑radiation alters the OBC secretome and miRNA expression, thereby modulating the BM microenvironment and influencing therapy response. The present study aimed to characterize proteomic, lipidomic and miRNA expression profiles in OBCs following α‑radiation exposure. Primary murine BM cells were differentiated into OBCs and irradiated with 0‑1 Gy of α‑radiation using a 241Am source. Mass spectrometry was used to analyze intracellular proteins and lipids and miRNA expression was assessed by microarray analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment was performed using OmicsNet 2.0. α‑radiation markedly reduced OBC clonogenic survival and induced specific molecular alterations. Α total of six proteins and several lipid species, particularly from the phosphatidylcholine family, showed significant alterations. miRNAs including miR‑1895, miR‑370‑3p and miR‑188‑5p were downregulated. Enrichment analysis revealed involvement in transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, glycerophospholipid metabolism and cytokine signaling. In conclusion, α‑radiation induced distinct proteomic, lipidomic and miRNA changes in OBCs, potentially affecting BM radiosensitivity. These molecules may serve as candidate biomarkers for predicting individual susceptibility to α‑emitting radionuclide therapy.
View Figures

Figure 1

Experimental schematic for preparing
OBCs and clonogenic potency assay of hematopoietic cells. BM cells
were isolated from the mouse femurs at day 0. Fresh BM cells were
plated in a methylcellulose semisolid culture supplemented with an
optimal cytokine combination for the clonogenic potency assay. The
other cells were cultured and induced to differentiate into
osteoblasts on day 7. On day 14, OBCs were irradiated with 0.5-1
Gy. The cell layers and cultured medium were collected on day 15
and prepared for proteomics, lipidomics and transcriptomics
analyses. In the present study, a total of 30 mice were used and
evenly assigned to three groups (0 Gy, 0.5 Gy and 1 Gy; n=10 mice
per group). The BM cells from each mouse were processed
independently. A portion of the isolated BM cells was subjected to
clonogenic assay, whereas the remaining cells were induced into the
osteoblastic lineage for further analyses (transcriptomics,
proteomics and lipidomics). OBCs, osteoblastic cells; BM, bone
marrow.

Figure 2

Radiation dose-response of HSPCs and
osteoblastic differentiation in mouse BM cells. (A) BM cells were
irradiated with α-radiation or X-irradiation and dose-response
curves of total CFCs were plotted. Representative images of
colony-forming cells (B) CFU-GEMM, (C) BFU-E and (D) CFU-G/GM from
BM cultures are shown. (E) Quantification of each colony type is
presented. (F-J) Flow cytometric analysis of BM cultures was
performed. Quantitative values (F-H) and representative histograms
(I-K) are shown for (F and I) CD45 expression and osteoblastic
differentiation markers (G and J) RUNX2 and (H and K) BAP. Each
value represents the mean ± SD of 8-10 mice per group. Statistical
analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by
Tukey-Kramer's multiple comparisons test. *P<0.05,
**P<0.01 vs. undifferentiated BM-MNCs. HSPCs,
hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells; BM, bone marrow; CFCs,
colony-forming cells; CFU-GEMM, colony-forming unit-granulocyte,
erythroid, macrophage and megakaryocyte; BFU-E, burst-forming
unit-erythroid; CFU-G/GM, colony-forming unit-granulocyte and
macrophage; MNCs, mononuclear cells ; NC, negative control.

Figure 3

Proteome analysis in irradiated OBCs.
Volcano plots comparing (A) 0.5 Gy vs. 0 Gy and (B) 1.0 Gy vs. 0
Gy. Proteins with significant differences (P<0.05;
Tukey-Kramer's multiple comparisons test) are labeled. (C) Box
plots of the proteins. Groups with significant differences are
indicated by asterisks. Rpl4 and Serpinc1 exhibited significant
differences in ANOVA among groups (not indicated). The vertical
axis represents the relative quantitative values (normalized peak
area values) (*P<0.05). (D) Pathway enrichment
analysis; markedly altered proteins were subjected to KEGG-based
annotation and analyzed using OmicsNet 2.0. Red circles indicate
the six key proteins of interest, while pink circles represent
predicted proteins that are functionally associated with these six.
OBCs, osteoblastic cells; KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and
Genomes.

Figure 4

Relative quantities of secreted lipids
species in irradiated OBCs. (A) Peak areas of lipids were
normalized to the total detected lipid signal. Lipid species
showing statistically significant changes compared to
non-irradiated controls (*P<0.05, unpaired t-test)
are shown. (B) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis based on the
markedly altered lipid species using compound IDs (such as C00157
and C04230) was performed to identify associated biological
pathways and metabolic processes. OBCs, osteoblastic cells; ; KEGG,
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.

Figure 5

miRNA expression and prediction
analysis. (A) The predicted mRNAs (orange color) from the microRNAs
(blue color) are shown as a map. The green color shows the
predictive proteins. (B) The expression of four focused miRNAs is
shown as a bar chart under the 0.5- and 1-Gy dose conditions. The
values are presented as mean±SD of separate experiments. miRNA,
microRNA.

Figure 6

Integrated network of α
radiation-responsive proteins and miRNA target genes. The network
was generated using OmicsNet 2.0 to illustrate the predicted
associations between markedly altered proteins (pink nodes) and
target genes of radiation-responsive miRNAs (red nodes), with
particular emphasis on ELF4 and LARS2. Transcription factors
associated with ELF4 are shown in purple. ELF4 is indirectly
associated with RPL4, PDIA3, ATP5B and PDIA6, whereas LARS2 forms a
subnetwork involving ATP5B and SERPINC1.
View References

1 

Amarasekara DS, Kim S and Rho J: Regulation of osteoblast differentiation by cytokine networks. Int J Mol Sci. 22:28512021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Mizoguchi T and Ono N: The diverse origin of bone-forming osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res. 36:1432–1447. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Clézardin P, Coleman R, Puppo M, Ottewell P, Bonnelye E, Paycha F, Confavreux CB and Holen I: Bone metastasis: Mechanisms, therapies and biomarkers. Physiol Rev. 101:797–855. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Hofbauer LC, Bozec A, Rauner M, Jakob F, Perner S and Pantel K: Novel approaches to target the microenvironment of bone metastasis. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 18:488–505. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, Helle SI, O'Sullivan JM, Fosså SD, Chodacki A, Wiechno P, Logue J, Seke M, et al: Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 369:213–223. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Hoskin P, Sartor O, O'Sullivan JM, Johannessen DC, Helle SI, Logue J, Bottomley D, Nilsson S, Vogelzang NJ, Fang F, et al: Efficacy and safety of radium-223 dichloride in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and symptomatic bone metastases, with or without previous docetaxel use: A prespecified subgroup analysis from the randomised, double-blind, phase 3 ALSYMPCA trial. Lancet Oncol. 15:1397–1406. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Wilson A and Trumpp A: Bone-marrow haematopoietic-stem-cell niches. Nat Rev Immunol. 6:93–106. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Morrison SJ and Scadden DT: The bone marrow niche for haematopoietic stem cells. Nature. 505:327–334. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Kilkenny C, Browne WJ, Cuthill IC, Emerson M and Altman DG: Improving bioscience research reporting: The ARRIVE guidelines for reporting animal research. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 1:94–99. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Tatara Y and Monzen S: Proteomics and secreted lipidomics of mouse-derived bone marrow cells exposed to a lethal level of ionizing radiation. Sci Rep. 13:88022023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Staaf E, Brehwens K, Haghdoost S, Pachnerová-Brabcová K, Czub J, Braziewicz J, Nievaart S and Wojcik A: Characterisation of a setup for mixed beam exposures of cells to 241Am alpha particles and X-rays. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 151:570–579. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Zhou G, Pang Z, Lu Y, Ewald J and Xia J: OmicsNet 2.0: A web-based platform for multi-omics integration and network visual analytics. Nucleic Acids Res. 50:W527–W533. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Hérodin F and Drouet M: Cytokine-based treatment of accidentally irradiated victims and new approaches. Exp Hematol. 33:1071–1080. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Takahashi K, Monzen S, Yoshino H, Abe Y, Eguchi-Kasai K and Kashiwakura I: Effects of a 2-step culture with cytokine combinations on megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis from carbon-ion beam-irradiated human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. J Radiat Res. 49:417–424. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Patterson AM, Wu T, Chua HL, Sampson CH, Fisher A, Singh P, Guise TA, Feng H, Muldoon J, Wright L, et al: Optimizing and profiling prostaglandin E2 as a medical countermeasure for the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. Radiat Res. 195:115–127. 2021.

16 

Goodhead DT: Mechanisms for the biological effectiveness of high-LET radiations. J Radiat Res. 40(Suppl): S1–S13. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Parlani M, Boccalatte F, Yeaton A, Wang F, Zhang J, Aifantis I and Dondossola E: 223Ra induces transient functional bone marrow toxicity. J Nucl Med. 63:1544–1550. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Heidegger I, Pichler R, Heidenreich A, Horninger W and Pircher A: Radium-223 for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: Results and remaining open issues after the ALSYMPCA trial. Transl Androl Urol. 7:S132–S134. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Nagata S: Apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 36:489–517. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Valadi H, Ekström K, Bossios A, Sjöstrand M, Lee JJ and Lötvall JO: Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat Cell Biol. 9:654–659. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Rafii S, Shapiro F, Pettengell R, Ferris B, Nachman RL, Moore MA and Asch AS: Human bone marrow microvascular endothelial cells support long-term proliferation and differentiation of myeloid and megakaryocytic progenitors. Blood. 86:3353–3363. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Monzen S, Tatara Y, Chiba M, Mariya Y and Wojcik A: Secretion of specific metabolites and changes in miRNA expression in murine osteoblastic cells exposed <em>in vitro</em> to &alpha;‑radiation. Int J Mol Med 56: 161, 2025.
APA
Monzen, S., Tatara, Y., Chiba, M., Mariya, Y., & Wojcik, A. (2025). Secretion of specific metabolites and changes in miRNA expression in murine osteoblastic cells exposed <em>in vitro</em> to &alpha;‑radiation. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 161. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5602
MLA
Monzen, S., Tatara, Y., Chiba, M., Mariya, Y., Wojcik, A."Secretion of specific metabolites and changes in miRNA expression in murine osteoblastic cells exposed <em>in vitro</em> to &alpha;‑radiation". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.4 (2025): 161.
Chicago
Monzen, S., Tatara, Y., Chiba, M., Mariya, Y., Wojcik, A."Secretion of specific metabolites and changes in miRNA expression in murine osteoblastic cells exposed <em>in vitro</em> to &alpha;‑radiation". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 4 (2025): 161. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5602
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Monzen S, Tatara Y, Chiba M, Mariya Y and Wojcik A: Secretion of specific metabolites and changes in miRNA expression in murine osteoblastic cells exposed <em>in vitro</em> to &alpha;‑radiation. Int J Mol Med 56: 161, 2025.
APA
Monzen, S., Tatara, Y., Chiba, M., Mariya, Y., & Wojcik, A. (2025). Secretion of specific metabolites and changes in miRNA expression in murine osteoblastic cells exposed <em>in vitro</em> to &alpha;‑radiation. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 161. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5602
MLA
Monzen, S., Tatara, Y., Chiba, M., Mariya, Y., Wojcik, A."Secretion of specific metabolites and changes in miRNA expression in murine osteoblastic cells exposed <em>in vitro</em> to &alpha;‑radiation". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.4 (2025): 161.
Chicago
Monzen, S., Tatara, Y., Chiba, M., Mariya, Y., Wojcik, A."Secretion of specific metabolites and changes in miRNA expression in murine osteoblastic cells exposed <em>in vitro</em> to &alpha;‑radiation". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 4 (2025): 161. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5602
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team