Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
December-2025 Volume 56 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2025 Volume 56 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Obesity in reproduction: Mechanisms from fertilization to post‑uterine development (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Nikola Pavlović
    • Marinela Križanac
    • Marko Kumrić
    • Katarina Vukojević
    • Doris Rušić
    • Joško Božić
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia, Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
    Copyright: © Pavlović et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 204
    |
    Published online on: September 24, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5645
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Obesity, a global health concern defined by excessive adiposity and persistent metabolic imbalance, has far‑reaching implications that extend beyond standard metabolic and cardiovascular comorbidities. While the association between obesity and reproductive dysfunction is well‑established, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these associations remain incompletely understood, particularly as regards the distinction between obesity‑specific effects and those mediated by dietary components or metabolic syndrome. The present review integrates currently available knowledge on the mechanisms through which obesity impairs reproductive function in both sexes, from gametogenesis to postnatal development. In males, obesity drives testicular inflammation, disrupts spermatogenesis, impairs sperm motility and DNA integrity, and alters key signaling pathways, with oxidative stress and metabolic endotoxemia as central mediators. In females, obesity induces ovarian dysfunction, alters steroidogenesis, compromises oocyte quality and disrupts follicular environments, leading to reduced fertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, the relative contribution of obesity‑induced inflammation vs. direct lipotoxic effects remains poorly characterized in both sexes. The present review further examines the impact of parental obesity on fertilization capacity, placental function and in utero development, highlighting sex‑specific and intergenerational effects mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction and epigenetic modifications. Notably, maternal obesity impairs placental and fetal organ development, increases the risk of metabolic and reproductive disorders in offspring, and alters key developmental signaling pathways. While some studies suggest that lifestyle interventions and antioxidant therapies may partially reverse obesity‑induced reproductive impairments, significant gaps remain in understanding the precise molecular mechanisms and potential for therapeutic rescue. By synthesizing findings from animal models and human studies, the present review highlights the pivotal role of oxidative stress as a mechanistic link between obesity and reproductive dysfunction. It emphasizes the need for further research to inform clinical strategies aimed at mitigating these adverse outcomes.
View Figures

Figure 1

Schematic illustration of the effects
of obesity on male and female reproductive systems. On the left
panel, male obesity is proven to have a significant impact on the
development of normal sperm, thereby causing reduced motility sperm
and atypical sperm production. On the right panel, female obesity
is proven to cause altered ovarian morphology and increased
cytoplasmic lipid accumulation in oocytes. Further effects of
obesity in both female and male reproductive system physiology and
development are indicated as a downward-looking arrow (decrease)
and an upward-looking arrow (increase). NS, normal sperm; RMS,
reduced motility sperm; atypical sperm; ILCA, increased cytoplasmic
lipid accumulation; BTB, blood-testis barrier; KISS-1, KiSS-1
metastasis suppressor; GPR54, G protein-coupled receptor 54; AR,
androgen receptor; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid
2-related factor 2; MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential; ATP,
adenosine triphosphate; StAR, steroidogenic acute regulatory
protein; CYP11A1, cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1;
GPX, glutathione peroxidase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; ROS,
reactive oxygen species; CASP3, caspase 3; BAX, BCL2-associated X
protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha;
MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; 8-OHdG,
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; ICLA,
in vitro cultured large antral follicle; Ppargc1a,
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator
1-alpha; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; COCs, cumulus-oocyte complexes;
LH, luteinizing hormone; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone.

Figure 2

Schematic illustration of the
mechanistic pathways by which maternal obesity influences fetal
development via placental alterations. On the left panel, maternal
obesity is associated with increased circulating levels of
pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), FFAs and glucose. Apart
from the increase in pro-inflammatory markers, altered placental
morphology, impaired angiogenesis, and increased oxidative stress
can also be observed. Importantly, deregulated placental signaling
pathways, including Wnt, ERK, and TLR2, as well as the activation
of NF-κB, collectively disrupt placental function. On the right
panel, these placental changes adversely impact multiple fetal
organ system development processes. The fetal liver exhibits lipid
accumulation and impaired TCA cycle activity. The pancreas shows
enlargement and accelerated BC development. The kidney exhibits a
reduced size and a decreased number of peroxisomes. The brain is
affected through altered hypothalamic and hippocampal development.
In addition, epigenetic modifications, such as altered methylation
patterns, which may program long-term disease susceptibility, are
caused by parental obesity. Fetal muscle is shown to have an
increased risk of atrophy and predisposition to cardiovascular
disease. Together, these pathways underscore the multifaceted
effects of maternal obesity on in utero development and
future offspring health. IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis
factor-alpha; FFA, free fatty acids; TCA, tricarboxylic acid; Wnt,
wingless-related integration site; ERK, extracellular
signal-regulated kinase; TLR2, Toll-like receptor 2; NF-κB, nuclear
factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; BC, beta cell;
PEX, peroxisome.

Figure 3

Schematic illustration of the
unresolved distinction between dietary components and obesity
effects on reproductive mechanisms. On the left panel, major
dietary components, including fat, sugar, protein, vitamins and
supplementation, are shown as potential direct influencers on
reproductive health. On the right panel, obesity-related factors,
including adiposity, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome, are
depicted as established contributors to reproductive dysfunction.
However, it remains unclear which reproductive mechanisms are
affected explicitly by dietary factors alone and which are driven
by obesity itself, resulting in an unexplained mechanistic overlap.
Therefore, distinct mechanisms of either diet or obesity on
reproductive parameters such as gamete quality, hormonal imbalance,
oxidative stress, and epigenetic effects remain to be elucidated.
To distinguish the dietary impact from obesity's impact on
reproduction, three approaches can be proposed: murine models of
obesity caused by gene manipulation without dietary interventions
(obesity's impact); short-term special diet feeding (impact of
dietary components without causing obesity); long-term special diet
feeding (obesity's impact). ST, short-term; LT, long-term; HFD,
high-fat diet.
View References

1 

Aida XMU, Ivan TV and Juan G JR: Adipose tissue immunometabolism: unveiling the intersection of metabolic and immune regulation. Rev Invest Clin. 76:65–79. 2024.

2 

Puljiz Z, Kumric M, Vrdoljak J, Martinovic D, Ticinovic Kurir T, Krnic MO, Urlic H, Puljiz Z, Zucko J, Dumanic P, et al: Obesity, gut microbiota, and metabolome: From pathophysiology to nutritional interventions. Nutrients. 15:22362023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Gallo G, Desideri G and Savoia C: Update on obesity and cardiovascular risk: From pathophysiology to clinical management. Nutrients. 16:27812024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, Iwaki M, Yamada Y, Nakajima Y, Nakayama O, Makishima M, Matsuda M and Shimomura I: Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest. 114:1752–1761. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Gregor MF and Hotamisligil GS: Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annu Rev Immunol. 29:415–445. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

White U: Adipose tissue expansion in obesity, health, and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol. 11:11888442023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Virtue S and Vidal-Puig A: Adipose tissue expandability, lipotoxicity and the metabolic syndrome-an allostatic perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1801:338–349. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Fabbrini E, Sullivan S and Klein S: Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Biochemical, metabolic, and clinical implications. Hepatology. 51:679–689. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Palacios-Marin I, Serra D, Jimenez-Chillarón J, Herrero L and Todorčević M: Adipose tissue dynamics: Cellular and lipid turnover in health and disease. Nutrients. 15:39682023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Pessayre D and Fromenty B: NASH: A mitochondrial disease. J Hepatol. 42:928–940. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Ramachandran A and Jaeschke H: Oxidative stress and acute hepatic injury. Curr Opin Toxicol. 7:17–21. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Allameh A, Niayesh-Mehr R, Aliarab A, Sebastiani G and Pantopoulos K: Oxidative stress in liver pathophysiology and disease. Antioxidants. 12:16532023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Goodpaster BH, He J, Watkins S and Kelley DE: Skeletal muscle lipid content and insulin resistance: Evidence for a paradox in endurance-trained athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86:5755–5761. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Akhmedov D and Berdeaux R: The effects of obesity on skeletal muscle regeneration. Front Physiol. 4:3712013. View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Thaler JP, Yi CX, Schur EA, Guyenet SJ, Hwang BH, Dietrich MO, Zhao X, Sarruf DA, Izgur V, Maravilla KR, et al: Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans. J Clin Invest. 122:153–162. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar :

16 

Lumeng CN, Bodzin JL and Saltiel AR: Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. J Clin Invest. 117:175–184. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia LA and Chen H: Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 112:1821–1830. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Broughton DE and Moley KH: Obesity and female infertility: Potential mediators of obesity's impact. Fertil Steril. 107:840–847. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Agarwal A, Mulgund A, Hamada A and Chyatte MR: A unique view on male infertility around the globe. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 13:372015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Yu X, Xu J, Song B, Zhu R, Liu J, Liu YF and Ma YJ: The role of epigenetics in women's reproductive health: The impact of environmental factors. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 15:13997572024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Cecchino GN, Seli E, Alves da Motta EL and García-Velasco JA: The role of mitochondrial activity in female fertility and assisted reproductive technologies: Overview and current insights. Reprod Biomed Online. 36:686–697. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Pasquali R, Vicennati V, Cacciari M and Pagotto U: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1083:111–128. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Agarwal A, Gupta S and Sharma RK: Role of oxidative stress in female reproduction. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 3:282005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Soubry A: Epigenetic inheritance and evolution: A paternal perspective on dietary influences. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 118:79–85. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

MacDonald AA, Herbison GP, Showell M and Farquhar CM: The impact of body mass index on semen parameters and reproductive hormones in human males: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 16:293–311. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Catalano PM and Shankar K: Obesity and pregnancy: Mechanisms of short term and long term adverse consequences for mother and child. BMJ. 356:j12017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Stevens A and Lowe J: Chapter 16: Male reproductive system. Human Histology. 3rd edition. Elsevier-Health Sciences Division; pp. 327–343. 2025

28 

Cheng CY and Mruk DD: The blood-testis barrier and its implications for male contraception. Pharmacol Rev. 64:16–64. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar :

29 

Griswold MD: Spermatogenesis: The commitment to meiosis. Physiol Rev. 96:1–17. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar :

30 

Oduwole OO, Peltoketo H and Huhtaniemi IT: Role of follicle-stimulating hormone in spermatogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 9:7632018. View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Naamneh Elzenaty R, du Toit T and Flück CE: Basics of androgen synthesis and action. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 36:1016652022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Johnson L, Thompson DL Jr and Varner DD: Role of Sertoli cell number and function on regulation of spermatogenesis. Anim Reprod Sci. 105:23–51. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Griswold MD: The central role of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 9:411–416. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Cai X, Haleem R, Oram S, Cyriac J, Jiang F, Grayhack JT, Kozlowski JM and Wang Z: High fat diet increases the weight of rat ventral prostate. Prostate. 49:1–8. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Migliaccio V, Sica R, Scudiero R, Simoniello P, Putti R and Lionetti L: Physiological adaptation to simultaneous chronic exposure to high-fat diet and dichlorodipheniletylhene (DDE) in wistar rat testis. Cells. 8:4432019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Feng J, Xu R, Li Y, Zhou Q, Song G, Deng Y and Yan Y: The effect of high-fat diet and exercise on KISS-1/GPR54 expression in testis of growing rats. Nutr Metab (Lond). 18:12021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Ma J, Bi J, Sun B, Li H, Li Y and Wang S: Zinc improves semen parameters in high-fat diet-induced male rats by regulating the expression of LncRNA in testis tissue. Biol Trace Elem Res. 201:4793–4805. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Falvo S, Minucci S, Santillo A, Senese R, Chieffi Baccari G and Venditti M: A short-term high-fat diet alters rat testicular activity and blood-testis barrier integrity through the SIRT1/NRF2/MAPKs signaling pathways. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 14:12740352023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Merino O, Sánchez R, Gregorio MB, Sampaio F and Risopatrón J: Effect of high-fat and vitamin D deficient diet on rat sperm quality and fertility. Theriogenology. 125:6–11. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Krizanac M, Mass Sanchez PB, Weiskirchen R and Asimakopoulos A: A scoping review on lipocalin-2 and its role in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci. 22:28652021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Jing J, Peng Y, Fan W, Han S, Peng Q, Xue C, Qin X, Liu Y and Ding Z: Obesity-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction negatively affect sperm quality. FEBS Open Bio. 13:763–778. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Pearce KL, Hill A and Tremellen KP: Obesity related metabolic endotoxemia is associated with oxidative stress and impaired sperm DNA integrity. Basic Clin Androl. 29:62019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Bakos HW, Mitchell M, Setchell BP and Lane M: The effect of paternal diet-induced obesity on sperm function and fertilization in a mouse model. Int J Androl. 34(5 Pt 1): 402–410. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Han J, Zhao C, Guo H, Liu T, Li Y, Qi Y, Deussing JM, Zhang Y, Tan J, Han H and Ma X: Obesity induces male mice infertility via oxidative stress, apoptosis, and glycolysis. Reproduction. 166:27–36. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Rahali D, Dallagi Y, Hupkens E, Veegh G, Mc Entee K, Asmi ME, El Fazaa S and El Golli N: Spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis disruption in a model of metabolic syndrome rats. Arch Physiol Biochem. 129:222–232. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Saez Lancellotti TE, Boarelli PV, Monclus MA, Cabrillana ME, Clementi MA, Espínola LS, Cid Barría JL, Vincenti AE, Santi AG and Fornés MW: Hypercholesterolemia impaired sperm functionality in rabbits. PLoS One. 5:e134572010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Lerro CC, McGlynn KA and Cook MB: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between body size and testicular cancer. Br J Cancer. 103:1467–1474. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Bjørge T, Tretli S, Lie AK and Engeland A: The impact of height and body mass index on the risk of testicular cancer in 600,000 Norwegian men. Cancer Causes Control. 17:983–987. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

49 

Dieckmann KP, Hartmann JT, Classen J, Diederichs M and Pichlmeier U: Is increased body mass index associated with the incidence of testicular germ cell cancer? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 135:731–738. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Garner MJ, Birkett NJ, Johnson KC, Shatenstein B, Ghadirian P and Krewski D; Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group: Dietary risk factors for testicular carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 106:934–941. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Gür Özcan SG, Erkan M, Baralı D and Erkan A: The importance of body fat composition evaluated by computed tomography and its prognostic significance in patients with testicular cancer. Istanb Med J. 26:37–41. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Puri D, Riviere P, Meagher M, Morgan K, Nelson T, Yuen K, Pandit K, Yodkhunnatham N, Taylor J, Herchenhorn D, et al: Metabolic syndrome among testicular cancer survivors: Long-term follow-up of the veterans affairs health system. Cancer Med. 14:e708582025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Billah MM, Khatiwada S, Lecomte V, Morris MJ and Maloney CA: Ameliorating high-fat diet-induced sperm and testicular oxidative damage by micronutrient-based antioxidant intervention in rats. Eur J Nutr. 61:3741–3753. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Suleiman JB, Mohamed M, Abu Bakar AB, Zakaria Z, Othman ZA and Nna VU: Therapeutic effects of bee bread on obesity-induced testicular-derived oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in high-fat diet obese rat model. Antioxidants (Basel). 11:2552022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Tüfek NH, Yahyazadeh A and Altunkaynak BZ: Protective effect of indole-3-carbinol on testis of a high fat diet induced obesity. Biotech Histochem. 98:1–12. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Lin T, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Wu L, Liu X and Huang H: Small RNA perspective of physical exercise-related improvement of male reproductive dysfunction due to obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 13:10384492022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Li Y, Liu L, Wang B, Xiong J, Li Q, Wang J and Chen D: Impairment of reproductive function in a male rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and beneficial effect of N-3 fatty acid supplementation. Toxicol Lett. 222:224–232. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Komninos D, Ramos L, van der Heijden GW, Morrison MC, Kleemann R, van Herwaarden AE, Kiliaan AJ and Arnoldussen IAC: High fat diet-induced obesity prolongs critical stages of the spermatogenic cycle in a Ldlr-/-.Leiden mouse model. Sci Rep. 12:4302022. View Article : Google Scholar

59 

Ahangarpour A, Oroojan AA, Khorsandi L, Arzani G and Afshari G: Effects of betulinic acid on the male reproductive system of a streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic mouse model. World J Mens Health. 34:209–216. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Ruiz-Valderrama L, Mendoza-Sánchez JE, Rodríguez-Tobón E, Arrieta-Cruz I, González-Márquez H, Salame-Méndez PA, Tarragó-Castellanos R, Cortés-Barberena E, Rodríguez-Tobón A and Arenas-Ríos E: High-fat diets disturb rat epididymal sperm maturation. Int J Mol Sci. 26:18502025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Zhang W, Tian Z, Qi X, Chen P, Yang Q, Guan Q, Ye J and Yu C: Switching from high-fat diet to normal diet ameliorate BTB integrity and improve fertility potential in obese male mice. Sci Rep. 13:141522023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Kobori T, Iwabu M, Okada-Iwabu M, Ohuchi N, Kikuchi A, Yamauchi N, Kadowaki T, Yamauchi T and Kasuga M: Decreased AdipoR1 signaling and its implications for obesity-induced male infertility. Sci Rep. 14:57012024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Yi X, Gao H, Chen D, Tang D, Huang W, Li T, Ma T and Chang B: Effects of obesity and exercise on testicular leptin signal transduction and testosterone biosynthesis in male mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 312:R501–R510. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

El-Shehawi AM, El-Shazly S, Ahmed M, Alkafafy M, Sayed S, Farouk S, Alotaibi SS and Elseehy MM: Transcriptome analysis of testis from HFD-induced obese rats (Rattus norvigicus) indicated predisposition for male infertility. Int J Mol Sci. 21:64932020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Carvalho MG, Silva KM, Aristizabal VHV, Ortiz PEO, Paranzini CS, Melchert A, Amaro JL and Souza FF: Effects of obesity and diabetes on sperm cell proteomics in rats. J Proteome Res. 20:2628–2642. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Lotti F, Marchiani S, Corona G and Maggi M: Metabolic syndrome and reproduction. Int J Mol Sci. 22:19882021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Salvio G, Ciarloni A, Cutini M, Delli Muti N, Finocchi F, Perrone M, Rossi S and Balercia G: Metabolic syndrome and male fertility: Beyond heart consequences of a complex cardiometabolic endocrinopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 23:54972022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Service CA, Puri D, Al Azzawi S, Hsieh TC and Patel DP: The impact of obesity and metabolic health on male fertility: A systematic review. Fertil Steril. 120:1098–1111. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Ford C: An overview of the female reproductive system. Br J Nurs. 32:420–426. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Rosner J, Samardzic T and Sarao MS: Physiology, female reproduction. StatPearls (Internet). StatPearls Publishing; Treasure Island, FL: 2025

71 

Bukovsky A, Svetlikova M and Caudle MR: Oogenesis in cultures derived from adult human ovaries. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 3:172005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Hanuman S, Pande G and Nune M: Current status and challenges in uterine myometrial tissue engineering. Bioengineered. 14:22518472023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Gao X, Li Y, Ma Z, Jing J, Zhang Z, Liu Y and Ding Z: Obesity induces morphological and functional changes in female reproductive system through increases in NF-κB and MAPK signaling in mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 19:1482021. View Article : Google Scholar

74 

St-Germain LE, Castellana B, Baltayeva J and Beristain AG: Maternal obesity and the uterine immune cell landscape: The shaping role of inflammation. Int J Mol Sci. 21:37762020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Nteeba J, Ganesan S and Keating AF: Progressive obesity alters ovarian folliculogenesis with impacts on pro-inflammatory and steroidogenic signaling in female mice. Biol Reprod. 91:862014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Tasaki H, Munakata Y, Arai S, Murakami S, Kuwayama T and Iwata H: The effect of high glucose concentration on the quality of oocytes derived from different growth stages of follicles. J Mamm Ova Res. 32:41–48. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

77 

Skaznik-Wikiel ME, Swindle DC, Allshouse AA, Polotsky AJ and McManaman JL: High-fat diet causes subfertility and compromised ovarian function independent of obesity in mice. Biol Reprod. 94:1082016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Wu LL, Dunning KR, Yang X, Russell DL, Lane M, Norman RJ and Robker RL: High-fat diet causes lipotoxicity responses in cumulus-oocyte complexes and decreased fertilization rates. Endocrinology. 151:5438–5445. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Zhu Q, Li F, Wang H, Wang X, Xiang Y, Ding H, Wu H, Xu C, Weng L, Cai J, et al: Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the effects of high-fat diet on oocyte and early embryo development in female mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 22:1052024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Choi HG, Kim JK, Kwak DH, Cho JR, Kim JY, Kim BJ, Jung KY, Choi BK, Shin MK and Choo YK: Effects of high molecular weight water-soluble chitosan on in vitro fertilization and ovulation in mice fed a high-fat diet. Arch Pharm Res. 25:178–183. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Morimoto A, Rose RD, Smith KM, Dinh DT, Umehara T, Winstanley YE, Shibahara H, Russell DL and Robker RL: Granulosa cell metabolism at ovulation correlates with oocyte competence and is disrupted by obesity and aging. Hum Reprod. 39:2053–2066. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Di Berardino C, Barceviciute U, Camerano Spelta Rapini C, Peserico A, Capacchietti G, Bernabò N, Russo V, Gatta V, Konstantinidou F, Donato M and Barboni B: High-fat diet-negative impact on female fertility: From mechanisms to protective actions of antioxidant matrices. Front Nutr. 11:14154552024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Yong W, Wang J, Leng Y, Li L and Wang H: Role of obesity in female reproduction. Int J Med Sci. 20:366–375. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Gitsi E, Livadas S and Argyrakopoulou G: Nutritional and exercise interventions to improve conception in women suffering from obesity and distinct nosological entities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 15:14265422024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Rakic D, Joksimovic Jovic J, Jakovljevic V, Zivkovic V, Nikolic M, Sretenovic J, Nikolic M, Jovic N, Bicanin Ilic M, Arsenijevic P, et al: High fat diet exaggerate metabolic and reproductive PCOS features by promoting oxidative stress: An improved EV model in rats. Medicina (Kaunas). 59:11042023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Mirseyyed SF, Zavareh S, Nasiri M and Hashemi-Moghaddam H: An experimental study on the oxidative status and inflammatory levels of a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome induced by letrozole and a new high-fat diet. Int J Fertil Steril. 18:45–53. 2023.PubMed/NCBI

87 

Zheng L, Yang L, Guo Z, Yao N, Zhang S and Pu P: Obesity and its impact on female reproductive health: Unraveling the connections. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 14:13265462024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Heng N, Zhu H, Talukder AK and Zhao S: Obesity and oxidative stress: Implications for female fertility. Anim Res One Health. 2:377–399. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

89 

Dağ ZÖ and Dilbaz B: Impact of obesity on infertility in women. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc. 16:111–117. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

90 

Sam S: Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Obes Manag. 3:69–73. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Barber TM, Hanson P, Weickert MO and Franks S: Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome: Implications for pathogenesis and novel management strategies. Clin Med Insights Reprod Health. 13:11795581198740422019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Naqvi A, MacKintosh ML, Derbyshire AE, Tsakiroglou AM, Walker TDJ, McVey RJ, Bolton J, Fergie M, Bagley S, Ashton G, et al: The impact of obesity and bariatric surgery on the immune microenvironment of the endometrium. Int J Obes (Lond). 46:605–612. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar

93 

Nagashima M, Miwa N, Hirasawa H, Katagiri Y, Takamatsu K and Morita M: Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in obese women predicts an epigenetic signature for future endometrial cancer. Sci Rep. 9:64692019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Sim KA, Partridge SR and Sainsbury A: Does weight loss in overweight or obese women improve fertility treatment outcomes? A systematic review. Obes Rev. 15:839–850. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Pettigrew R and Hamilton-Fairley D: Obesity and female reproductive function. Br Med Bull. 53:341–358. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Zhu Y, Luo M, Bai X, Li J, Nie P, Li B and Luo P: SS-31: A mitochondria-targeting peptide, ameliorates kidney disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022:12955092022. View Article : Google Scholar

97 

Igosheva N, Abramov AY, Poston L, Eckert JJ, Fleming TP, Duchen MR and McConnell J: Maternal diet-induced obesity alters mitochondrial activity and redox status in mouse oocytes and zygotes. PLoS One. 5:e100742010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Legro RS, Arslanian SA, Ehrmann DA, Hoeger KM, Murad MH, Pasquali R and Welt CK; Endocrine Society: Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 98:4565–4592. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Okabe M: The cell biology of mammalian fertilization. Development. 140:4471–4479. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Marquard KL, Stephens SM, Jungheim ES, Ratts VS, Odem RR, Lanzendorf S and Moley KH: Polycystic ovary syndrome and maternal obesity affect oocyte size in in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles. Fertil Steril. 95:2146–2149. 2149.e12011. View Article : Google Scholar

101 

Martín-Hidalgo D, Solar-Málaga S, González-Fernández L, Zamorano J, García-Marín LJ and Bragado MJ: The compound YK 3-237 promotes pig sperm capacitation-related events. Vet Res Commun. 48:773–786. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar :

102 

Trebichalská Z and Holubcová Z: Perfect date-the review of current research into molecular bases of mammalian fertilization. J Assist Reprod Genet. 37:243–256. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Delgado-Bermúdez A, Yeste M, Bonet S and Pinart E: Physiological role of potassium channels in mammalian germ cell differentiation, maturation, and capacitation. Andrology. 13:184–201. 2025.In Italian. View Article : Google Scholar :

104 

Aldana A, Carneiro J, Martínez-Mekler G and Darszon A: Discrete dynamic model of the mammalian sperm acrosome reaction: the influence of acrosomal pH and physiological heterogeneity. Front Physiol. 12:6827902021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Hafez ESE, Goff L and Hafez B: Mammalian fertilization, IVF, ICSI: Physiological/molecular parameters, clinical application. Arch Androl. 50:69–88. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Kwon WS, Rahman MS and Pang MG: Diagnosis and prognosis of male infertility in mammal: The focusing of tyrosine phosphorylation and phosphotyrosine proteins. J Proteome Res. 13:4505–4517. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Schatten H, Sun QY and Prather R: The impact of mitochondrial function/dysfunction on IVF and new treatment possibilities for infertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 12:1112014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Vural F, Vural B and Çakıroğlu Y: The role of overweight and obesity in in vitro fertilization outcomes of poor ovarian responders. BioMed Res Int. 2015:7815432015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Schon SB, Yang K, Schindler R, Jiang L, Neff LM, Seeley RJ and Marsh EE: Obesity-related alterations in protein expression in human follicular fluid from women undergoing in vitro fertilization. F S Sci. 3:331–339. 2022.PubMed/NCBI

110 

Bunay J, Gallardo LM, Torres-Fuentes JL, Aguirre-Arias MV, Orellana R, Sepúlveda N and Moreno RD: A decrease of docosahexaenoic acid in testes of mice fed a high-fat diet is associated with impaired sperm acrosome reaction and fertility. Asian J Androl. 23:306–313. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar :

111 

Cooray A, Kim JH, Chae MR, Lee S and Lee KP: Perspectives on potential fatty acid modulations of motility associated human sperm ion channels. Int J Mol Sci. 23:37182022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Borges BC, Garcia-Galiano D, da Silveira Cruz-Machado S, Han X, Gavrilina GB, Saunders TL, Auchus RJ, Hammoud SS, Smith GD and Elias CF: Obesity-induced infertility in male mice is associated with disruption of Crisp4 expression and sperm fertilization capacity. Endocrinology. 158:2930–2943. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Krizanac M, Mass Sanchez PB, Weiskirchen R and Schröder SK: Overview of the expression patterns and roles of Lipocalin 2 in the reproductive system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 15:13656022024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Seekford ZK, Davis DB, Dickson MJ, Melo Gonçlaves L, Burato S, Holton MP, Gordon J, Pohler KG, Cliff Lamb G, Pringle TD, et al: Bulls fed a high-gain diet decrease blastocyst formation after in vitro fertilization. Reproduction. 166:149–159. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Bozdemir N, Kablan T, Altintas MO, Sukur G, Cinar O and Uysal F: Altered DNA methylation and Dnmt expression in obese uterus may cause implantation failure. J Mol Histol. 55:427–436. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

116 

Fabian D, Kubandová-Babeľová J, Kšiňanová M, Waczulíková I, Fabianová K and Koppel J: Overweight and fertility: What we can learn from an intergenerational mouse obesity model. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 19:79182022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Gude NM, Roberts CT, Kalionis B and King RG: Growth and function of the normal human placenta. Thromb Res. 114:397–407. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Roberts KA, Riley SC, Reynolds RM, Barr S, Evans M, Statham A, Hor K, Jabbour HN, Norman JE and Denison FC: Placental structure and inflammation in pregnancies associated with obesity. Placenta. 32:247–254. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

119 

Amabebe E, Ikumi N, Pillay K, Matjila M and Anumba DOC: Maternal obesity-related placental dysfunction: From peri-conception to late gestation. Placenta Reprod Med. 2:92023. View Article : Google Scholar

120 

Louwen F, Kreis NN, Ritter A and Yuan J: Maternal obesity and placental function: Impaired maternal-fetal axis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 309:2279–2288. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

121 

Stuart TJ, O'Neill K, Condon D, Sasson I, Sen P, Xia Y and Simmons RA: Diet-induced obesity alters the maternal metabolome and early placenta transcriptome and decreases placenta vascularity in the mouse. Biol Reprod. 98:795–809. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Castellana B, Perdu S, Kim Y, Chan K, Atif J, Marziali M and Beristain AG: Maternal obesity alters uterine NK activity through a functional KIR2DL1/S1 imbalance. Immunol Cell Biol. 96:805–819. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

123 

Perdu S, Castellana B, Kim Y, Chan K, DeLuca L and Beristain AG: Maternal obesity drives functional alterations in uterine NK cells. JCI Insight. 1:e855602016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

124 

Wilson MR, Skalski H, Reske JJ, Wegener M, Adams M, Hostetter G, Hoffmann HM, Bernard JJ, Bae-Jump VL, Teixeira JM and Chandler RL: Obesity alters the mouse endometrial transcriptome in a cell context-dependent manner. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 20:1632022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

125 

Ford SP, Zhang L, Zhu M, Miller MM, Smith DT, Hess BW, Moss GE, Nathanielsz PW and Nijland MJ: Maternal obesity accelerates fetal pancreatic β-cell but not alpha-cell development in sheep: Prenatal consequences. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 297:R835–R843. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

126 

Liu Y, Ding Q and Guo W: Life course impact of glucocorticoids during pregnancy on muscle development and function. Front Anim Sci. 2:7889302021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

127 

Sahoo T, del Gaudio D, German JR, Shinawi M, Peters SU, Person RE, Garnica A, Cheung SW and Beaudet AL: Prader-Willi phenotype caused by paternal deficiency for the HBII-85 C/D box small nucleolar RNA cluster. Nat Genet. 40:719–721. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

128 

Fowden AL and Forhead AJ: Glucocorticoids as regulatory signals during intrauterine development. Exp Physiol. 100:1477–1487. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

129 

Gohir W, Kennedy KM, Wallace JG, Saoi M, Bellissimo CJ, Britz-McKibbin P, Petrik JJ, Surette MG and Sloboda DM: High-fat diet intake modulates maternal intestinal adaptations to pregnancy and results in placental hypoxia, as well as altered fetal gut barrier proteins and immune markers. J Physiol. 597:3029–3051. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

130 

George G, Draycott SAV, Muir R, Clifford B, Elmes MJ and Langley-Evans SC: Exposure to maternal obesity during suckling outweighs in utero exposure in programming for post-weaning adiposity and insulin resistance in rats. Sci Rep. 9:101342019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

131 

Puppala S, Li C, Glenn JP, Saxena R, Gawrieh S, Quinn A, Palarczyk J, Dick EJ Jr, Nathanielsz PW and Cox LA: Primate fetal hepatic responses to maternal obesity: Epigenetic signalling pathways and lipid accumulation. J Physiol. 596:5823–5837. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

132 

Meakin AS, Nathanielsz PW, Li C, Clifton VL, Wiese MD and Morrison JL: Maternal obesity impacts fetal liver androgen signalling in a sex-specific manner. Life Sci. 337:1223442024. View Article : Google Scholar

133 

Zhou P, Guan H, Guo Y, Zhu L and Liu X: Maternal high-fat diet programs renal peroxisomes and activates NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in the rat fetus. J Inflamm Res. 14:5095–5110. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

134 

Lee YQ, Lumbers ER, Oldmeadow C, Collins CE, Johnson V, Keogh L, Sutherland K, Gordon A, Smith R, Rae KM and Pringle KG: The relationship between maternal adiposity during pregnancy and fetal kidney development and kidney function in infants: The Gomeroi gaaynggal study. Physiol Rep. 7:e142272019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

135 

Tain YL, Chan JY and Hsu CN: Maternal fructose intake affects transcriptome changes and programmed hypertension in offspring in later life. Nutrients. 8:7572016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

136 

Tang S, Wu H, Chen Q, Tang T, Li J, An H, Zhu S, Han L, Sun H, Ge J, et al: Maternal obesity induces the meiotic defects and epigenetic alterations during fetal oocyte development. Adv Sci (Weinh). 11:e23091842024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

137 

Şanlı E and Kabaran S: Maternal obesity, maternal overnutrition and fetal programming: Effects of epigenetic mechanisms on the development of metabolic disorders. Curr Genomics. 20:419–427. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

138 

Liu S, Hua L, Mo X, Lei B, Zhang R, Zhou S, Jiang X, Fang Z, Feng B, Che L, et al: Comparative impact of alternate-day fasting and time-restricted feeding on placental function and fetal development in maternal obesity. Nutrients. 17:252024. View Article : Google Scholar

139 

Naeye RL: Maternal body weight and pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr. 52:273–279. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

140 

Metzger BE, Silverman BL, Freinkel N, Dooley SL, Ogata ES and Green OC: Amniotic fluid insulin concentration as a predictor of obesity. Arch Dis Child. 65(10 Spec No): 1050–1052. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

141 

Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R and Vohr BR: Metabolic syndrome in childhood: Association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 115:e290–e296. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

142 

Moeckli B, Delaune V, Prados J, Tihy M, Peloso A, Oldani G, Delmi T, Slits F, Gex Q, Rubbia-Brandt L, et al: Impact of maternal obesity on liver disease in the offspring: A comprehensive transcriptomic analysis and confirmation of results in a murine model. Biomedicines. 10:2942022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

143 

Furigo IC and Dearden L: Mechanisms mediating the impact of maternal obesity on offspring hypothalamic development and later function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 13:10789552022. View Article : Google Scholar

144 

Zhang J, Li S, Luo X and Zhang C: Emerging role of hypothalamus in the metabolic regulation in the offspring of maternal obesity. Front Nutr. 10:10946162023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

145 

Dow C, Lorthe E, Bernard JY, Galera C, Marchand-Martin L, Tafflet M, Ancel PY, Charles MA and Heude B: Maternal prepregnancy obesity and offspring intelligence quotient at 5 years: A multicohort analysis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 39:162–174. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

146 

Sertorio MN, César H, de Souza EA, Mennitti LV, Santamarina AB, De Souza Mesquita LM, Jucá A, Casagrande BP, Estadella D, Aguiar O Jr and Pisani LP: Parental high-fat high-sugar diet intake programming inflammatory and oxidative parameters of reproductive health in male offspring. Front Cell Dev Biol. 10:8671272022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

147 

Santillán JAG, Mezo-González CE, Gourdel M, Croyal M and Bolaños-Jiménez F: Diet-induced obesity in the rat impairs sphingolipid metabolism in the brain and this metabolic dysfunction is transmitted to the offspring via both the maternal and the paternal lineage. J Neurochem. 169:e163072025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

148 

Alba-Linares JJ, Pérez RF, Tejedor JR, Bastante-Rodríguez D, Ponce F, Carbonell NG, Zafra RG, Fernández AF, Fraga MF and Lurbe E: Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes reprogram the methylome of offspring beyond birth by inducing epigenetic signatures in metabolic and developmental pathways. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 22:442023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

149 

Zheng Y, Wang W, Huo Y and Gui Y: Maternal obesity and kawasaki disease-like vasculitis: A new perspective on cardiovascular injury and inflammatory response in offspring male mice. Nutrients. 15:38232023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

150 

Shiadeh SMJ, Goretta F, Svedin P, Jansson T, Mallard C and Ardalan M: Long-term impact of maternal obesity on the gliovascular unit and ephrin signaling in the hippocampus of adult offspring. J Neuroinflammation. 21:392024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

151 

Nelson BN and Friedman JE: Developmental programming of the fetal immune system by maternal western-style diet: Mechanisms and implications for disease pathways in the offspring. Int J Mol Sci. 25:59512024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

152 

Xiong YW, Zhu HL, Zhang J, Geng H, Tan LL, Zheng XM, Li H, Fan LL, Wang XR, Zhang XD, et al: Multigenerational paternal obesity enhances the susceptibility to male subfertility in offspring via Wt1 N6-methyladenosine modification. Nat Commun. 15:13532024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

153 

Billah MM, Khatiwada S, Morris MJ and Maloney CA: Effects of paternal overnutrition and interventions on future generations. Int J Obes (Lond). 46:901–917. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

154 

Wu HY, Cheng Y, Jin LY, Zhou Y, Pang HY, Zhu H, Yan CC, Yan YS, Yu JE, Sheng JZ and Huang HF: Paternal obesity impairs hepatic gluconeogenesis of offspring by altering Igf2/H19 DNA methylation. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 529:1112642021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

155 

Shi Y, Li W, Yu X, Zhao Y, Zhu D, Song Y, Zhao Z, Gu Y, Wei B, Li L, et al: Paternal obesity-induced H3K27me3 elevation leads to MANF-mediated transgenerational metabolic dysfunction in female offspring. Adv Sci (Weinh). 12:e24159562025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

156 

Tahiri I, Llana SR, Fos-Domènech J, Milà-Guash M, Toledo M, Haddad-Tóvolli R, Claret M and Obri A: Paternal obesity induces changes in sperm chromatin accessibility and has a mild effect on offspring metabolic health. Heliyon. 10:e340432024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

157 

Anuradha R, Srinivas M, Satyavani M, Suresh K, Muralidhar MN and Rajender Rao K: Preconceptional paternal caloric restriction of high-fat diet-induced obesity in Wistar rats dysregulates the metabolism of their offspring via AMPK/SIRT1 pathway. Lipids Health Dis. 23:1742024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

158 

Achkar ME, Atieh O, Ghadban C, Awad T, Ghadban E, Grandjean V, Yarkiner Z, Raad G and Khalife MF: Preconceptional paternal obesity may increase the risk of congenital urogenital anomalies in offspring: A case-control study. Andrology. 13:45–54. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar

159 

Jevtovic F, Claiborne A, Biagioni EM, Collier DN, DeVente JE, Mouro S, Kaneko-Tarui T, O-Tierney-Ginn PF, Goodyear LJ, Houmard JA, et al: Paternal obesity decreases infant MSC mitochondrial functional capacity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 327:E441–E448. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

160 

Ballard O and Morrow AL: Human milk composition: Nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatr Clin North Am. 60:49–74. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar :

161 

Froń A and Orczyk-Pawiłowicz M: Understanding the immunological quality of breast milk in maternal overweight and obesity. Nutrients. 15:50162023. View Article : Google Scholar

162 

Ross MG, Coca KP, Rocha ACL, Camargo BTS, de Castro LS, Horta BL and Desai M: Composition of breast milk in women with obesity. J Clin Med. 13:69472024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

163 

Ross MG, Kavasery MP, Cervantes MK, Han G, Horta B, Coca KP, Costa SO and Desai M: High-fat, high-calorie breast milk in women with overweight or obesity and its association with maternal serum insulin concentration and triglycerides levels. Children (Basel). 11:1412024.PubMed/NCBI

164 

Enstad S, Cheema S, Thomas R, Fichorova RN, Martin CR, O'Tierney-Ginn P, Wagner CL and Sen S: The impact of maternal obesity and breast milk inflammation on developmental programming of infant growth. Eur J Clin Nutr. 75:180–188. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar :

165 

Huang LL, Yang F and Xiong F: Association of leptin, adiponectin, and ghrelin in breast milk with the growth of infants with exclusive breastfeeding. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi. 20:91–96. 2018.In Chinese. PubMed/NCBI

166 

Tekin Guler T, Koc N, Kara Uzun A and Fisunoglu M: The association of pre-pregnancy BMI on leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin and insulin-like growth factor-1 in breast milk: A case-control study. Br J Nutr. 127:1675–1681. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar

167 

Zamanillo R, Sánchez J, Serra F and Palou A: Breast milk supply of microrna associated with leptin and adiponectin is affected by maternal overweight/obesity and influences infancy BMI. Nutrients. 11:25892019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

168 

Urrutia-Baca VH, Gutiérrez-Uribe JA, Ramos-Parra PA, Domínguez-Uscanga A, Rodriguez-Gutierrez NA, Chavez-Caraza KL, Martinez-Cano I, Padilla-Garza AS, Ruiz-Villarreal EG, Espiricueta-Candelaria F and Chuck-Hernández C: Exploring the impact of maternal factors and dietary habits on human milk oligosaccharide composition in early breastfeeding among Mexican women. Sci Rep. 14:146852024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

169 

Garcia-Mantrana I and Collado MC: Obesity and overweight: Impact on maternal and milk microbiome and their role for infant health and nutrition. Mol Nutr Food Res. 60:1865–1875. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Pavlović N, Križanac M, Kumrić M, Vukojević K, Rušić D and Božić J: Obesity in reproduction: Mechanisms from fertilization to post‑uterine development (Review). Int J Mol Med 56: 204, 2025.
APA
Pavlović, N., Križanac, M., Kumrić, M., Vukojević, K., Rušić, D., & Božić, J. (2025). Obesity in reproduction: Mechanisms from fertilization to post‑uterine development (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 204. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5645
MLA
Pavlović, N., Križanac, M., Kumrić, M., Vukojević, K., Rušić, D., Božić, J."Obesity in reproduction: Mechanisms from fertilization to post‑uterine development (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.6 (2025): 204.
Chicago
Pavlović, N., Križanac, M., Kumrić, M., Vukojević, K., Rušić, D., Božić, J."Obesity in reproduction: Mechanisms from fertilization to post‑uterine development (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 6 (2025): 204. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5645
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Pavlović N, Križanac M, Kumrić M, Vukojević K, Rušić D and Božić J: Obesity in reproduction: Mechanisms from fertilization to post‑uterine development (Review). Int J Mol Med 56: 204, 2025.
APA
Pavlović, N., Križanac, M., Kumrić, M., Vukojević, K., Rušić, D., & Božić, J. (2025). Obesity in reproduction: Mechanisms from fertilization to post‑uterine development (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 204. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5645
MLA
Pavlović, N., Križanac, M., Kumrić, M., Vukojević, K., Rušić, D., Božić, J."Obesity in reproduction: Mechanisms from fertilization to post‑uterine development (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.6 (2025): 204.
Chicago
Pavlović, N., Križanac, M., Kumrić, M., Vukojević, K., Rušić, D., Božić, J."Obesity in reproduction: Mechanisms from fertilization to post‑uterine development (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 6 (2025): 204. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5645
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team