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Aging of the human eye lens: Epigenetic landscape and therapeutic targets in age‑related cataracts (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Wenxin Yang
    • Yingying Zheng
    • Silong Chen
    • Jiarui Guo
    • Zicai Pan
    • Yibo Yu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 216
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    Published online on: October 3, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5657
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Abstract

Age‑related cataracts (ARCs) are the predominant cause of blindness globally and are characterized by progressive opacification of the ocular lens. Although oxidative stress, ultraviolet radiation and metabolic dysfunction are well‑documented etiological factors, growing evidence implicates epigenetic dysregulation as a critical pathogenic mechanism in ARCs. Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression that occur without alterations to the underlying DNA sequence. The primary epigenetic alterations include non‑coding RNAs, DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNA modifications and chromatin remodelling. Epigenetic modifications dynamically regulate gene expression profiles in lens epithelial cells, modulating critical cellular processes such as proliferation, the oxidative stress response and DNA repair, all of which are essential for maintaining lens transparency. Epigenetic research offers novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ARCs and may yield therapeutic strategies targeting dysregulated epigenetic pathways. The present review discusses current evidence on epigenetic mechanisms in ARC pathogenesis, delineating their roles in lens opacity development and highlighting potential targets for clinical intervention.
View Figures

Figure 1

Functional landscape of non-coding
RNAs. miRNA, microRNA; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA; circRNA,
circular RNA; tsRNA, transfer RNA-derived small RNA; piRNA, PIWI
interacting RNA; ORF, open reading frame; RBP, RNA-binding protein;
3' UTR, 3' untranslated region; AGO, Argonaute; YB-1, Y-box binding
protein 1.

Figure 2

DNA methylation and histone
modifications in ARC pathogenesis. ARC, age-related cataract; DNMT,
DNA methyltransferase; Me, methyl group; HAT, histone
acetyltransferase; Ac, acetyl group; HMT, histone
methyltransferase; HDAC, histone deacetylase; HDM, histone
demethylase; ERCC6, excision repair cross-complementing rodent
repair deficiency, complementation group 6; OGG1, 8-oxoguanine DNA
glycosylase 1; WRN, Werner syndrome gene; MGMT,
O6-methylguanine-DNA methyl-transferase; GSTP1, glutathione
S-transferase P1; GSTM3, glutathione S-transferase Mu 3; SOD1,
superoxide dismutase 1; CRYAA, crystallin αA; COL4A1, collagen type
IV α1 chain.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yang W, Zheng Y, Chen S, Guo J, Pan Z and Yu Y: Aging of the human eye lens: Epigenetic landscape and therapeutic targets in age‑related cataracts (Review). Int J Mol Med 56: 216, 2025.
APA
Yang, W., Zheng, Y., Chen, S., Guo, J., Pan, Z., & Yu, Y. (2025). Aging of the human eye lens: Epigenetic landscape and therapeutic targets in age‑related cataracts (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 216. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5657
MLA
Yang, W., Zheng, Y., Chen, S., Guo, J., Pan, Z., Yu, Y."Aging of the human eye lens: Epigenetic landscape and therapeutic targets in age‑related cataracts (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.6 (2025): 216.
Chicago
Yang, W., Zheng, Y., Chen, S., Guo, J., Pan, Z., Yu, Y."Aging of the human eye lens: Epigenetic landscape and therapeutic targets in age‑related cataracts (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 6 (2025): 216. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5657
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yang W, Zheng Y, Chen S, Guo J, Pan Z and Yu Y: Aging of the human eye lens: Epigenetic landscape and therapeutic targets in age‑related cataracts (Review). Int J Mol Med 56: 216, 2025.
APA
Yang, W., Zheng, Y., Chen, S., Guo, J., Pan, Z., & Yu, Y. (2025). Aging of the human eye lens: Epigenetic landscape and therapeutic targets in age‑related cataracts (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 216. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5657
MLA
Yang, W., Zheng, Y., Chen, S., Guo, J., Pan, Z., Yu, Y."Aging of the human eye lens: Epigenetic landscape and therapeutic targets in age‑related cataracts (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.6 (2025): 216.
Chicago
Yang, W., Zheng, Y., Chen, S., Guo, J., Pan, Z., Yu, Y."Aging of the human eye lens: Epigenetic landscape and therapeutic targets in age‑related cataracts (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 6 (2025): 216. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5657
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