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Metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Pathogenesis, model and treatment (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Qinge Ma
    • Kejia Liu
    • Chenyu Chang
    • Lei Wang
    • Zhangyang Shen
    • Jiaxin Li
    • Mozili Adu
    • Qingyuan Lin
    • Huilian Huang
    • Xutao Wu
    • Rongrui Wei
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Ministry of Education, Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Laboratory Service Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330004, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Ma et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 227
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    Published online on: October 17, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5668
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Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is caused by multiple factors that lead to the buildup of steatosis and fat deposition in hepatocytes. These changes are the primary hallmarks of the disease and result in significant impairment of liver function. Consequently, the quality of life of patients and their ability to work are adversely affected. The pathogenesis of MASLD involves both Western and Chinese medicines, with these mechanisms markedly influencing the onset and progression of MASLD; they are not independent but rather interrelated. Conducting histopathological diagnosis of MASLD in the liver is challenging in humans. Consequently, both in vivo and in vitro models are essential. Researchers must select appropriate methods and model types to establish MASLD models that most suitably mimic the human body. Currently, both pharmacological and non‑pharmacological treatments have some efficacy in improving the condition of MASLD and the combination of the two is more helpful in providing more effective treatment for patients, but further research and clinical trials are needed to verify in the future. Therefore, the present review comprehensively summarized the pathogenesis, model and treatment of MASLD. It will provide an important basis for subsequent research on MASLD.
View Figures

Figure 1

The mechanism 'Multiple Strike'
hypothesis of MASLD. MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated
steatotic liver disease; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease;
NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Figure 2

The mechanism of hepatic fatty acid
metabolism on MASLD. FAO, fatty acid beta-oxidation; FATP, fatty
acid transport protein; MASLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated
steatotic liver disease; VLDL, very low-density lipoprotein.

Figure 3

The mechanism of lipotoxicity-induced
inflammation promotes MASLD. LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MASLD,
metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MD2,
myeloid differentiation factor 2; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4.

Figure 4

The advantages and disadvantages of
different cell lines and different culture methods.

Figure 5

The means of drug therapy and
non-drug therapy of MASLD. HMG-CoA, hydroxy methylglutaryl coenzyme
A; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MASLD, metabolic
dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; NAFLD,
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; ROS, reactive oxygen
species.

Figure 6

The pathogenesis, model and
treatments of MASLD. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HF, hepatic
fibrosis; HS, hepatic steatosis; MASH, metabolic
dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis; MASLD, metabolic
dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; NAFL, non-alcoholic
fatty liver; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Ma Q, Liu K, Chang C, Wang L, Shen Z, Li J, Adu M, Lin Q, Huang H, Wu X, Wu X, et al: Metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Pathogenesis, model and treatment (Review). Int J Mol Med 56: 227, 2025.
APA
Ma, Q., Liu, K., Chang, C., Wang, L., Shen, Z., Li, J. ... Wei, R. (2025). Metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Pathogenesis, model and treatment (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 227. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5668
MLA
Ma, Q., Liu, K., Chang, C., Wang, L., Shen, Z., Li, J., Adu, M., Lin, Q., Huang, H., Wu, X., Wei, R."Metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Pathogenesis, model and treatment (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.6 (2025): 227.
Chicago
Ma, Q., Liu, K., Chang, C., Wang, L., Shen, Z., Li, J., Adu, M., Lin, Q., Huang, H., Wu, X., Wei, R."Metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Pathogenesis, model and treatment (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 6 (2025): 227. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5668
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ma Q, Liu K, Chang C, Wang L, Shen Z, Li J, Adu M, Lin Q, Huang H, Wu X, Wu X, et al: Metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Pathogenesis, model and treatment (Review). Int J Mol Med 56: 227, 2025.
APA
Ma, Q., Liu, K., Chang, C., Wang, L., Shen, Z., Li, J. ... Wei, R. (2025). Metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Pathogenesis, model and treatment (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 56, 227. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5668
MLA
Ma, Q., Liu, K., Chang, C., Wang, L., Shen, Z., Li, J., Adu, M., Lin, Q., Huang, H., Wu, X., Wei, R."Metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Pathogenesis, model and treatment (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56.6 (2025): 227.
Chicago
Ma, Q., Liu, K., Chang, C., Wang, L., Shen, Z., Li, J., Adu, M., Lin, Q., Huang, H., Wu, X., Wei, R."Metabolic dysfunction‑associated steatotic liver disease: Pathogenesis, model and treatment (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 56, no. 6 (2025): 227. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2025.5668
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