Microbial short chain fatty acids: Effective histone deacetylase inhibitors in immune regulation (Review)

Millán-Zambrano G, Burton A, Bannister AJ and Schneider R: Histone post-translational modifications-cause and consequence of genome function. Nat Rev Genet. 23:563–580. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar

Zhao S, Zhang X and Li H: Beyond histone acetylation-writing and erasing histone acylations. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 53:169–177. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Shvedunova M and Akhtar A: Modulation of cellular processes by histone and Non-histone protein acetylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 23:329–349. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Shakespear MR, Halili MA, Irvine KM, Fairlie DP and Sweet MJ: Histone deacetylases as regulators of inflammation and immunity. Trends Immunol. 32:335–343. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bondarev AD, Attwood MM, Jonsson J, Chubarev VN, Tarasov VV and Schiöth HB: Recent developments of HDAC inhibitors: Emerging indications and novel molecules. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 87:4577–4597. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Rooks MG and Garrett WS: Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 16:341–352. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang J, He M, Yang M and Ai X: Gut microbiota as a key regulator of intestinal mucosal immunity. Life Sci. 345:1226122024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Woo V and Alenghat T: Epigenetic regulation by gut microbiota. Gut Microbes. 14:20224072022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Mann ER, Lam YK and Uhlig HH: Short-chain fatty acids: Linking diet, the microbiome and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 24:577–595. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Lin MY, de Zoete MR, van Putten JP and Strijbis K: Redirection of epithelial immune responses by Short-Chain fatty acids through inhibition of histone deacetylases. Front Immunol. 6:5542015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Licciardi PV, Ververis K and Karagiannis TC: Histone deacetylase inhibition and dietary Short-chain Fatty acids. ISRN Allergy. 2011:8696472011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, et al: The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 372:n712021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wardman JF, Bains RK, Rahfeld P and Withers SG: Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in the gut microbiome. Nat Rev Microbiol. 20:542–556. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sasaki M, Suaini NHA, Afghani J, Heye KN, O'Mahony L, Venter C, Lauener R, Frei R and Roduit C: Systematic review of the association between Short-chain fatty acids and allergic diseases. Allergy. 79:1789–1811. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Deleu S, Machiels K, Raes J, Verbeke K and Vermeire S: Short chain fatty acids and its producing organisms: An overlooked therapy for IBD? EBioMedicine. 66:1032932021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Portincasa P, Bonfrate L, Vacca M, De Angelis M, Farella I, Lanza E, Khalil M, Wang DQ, Sperandio M and Di Ciaula A: Gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids: Implications in glucose homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci. 23:11052022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Reichardt N, Duncan SH, Young P, Belenguer A, McWilliam Leitch C, Scott KP, Flint HJ and Louis P: Phylogenetic distribution of three pathways for propionate production within the human gut microbiota. ISME J. 8:1323–1335. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Louis P and Flint HJ: Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota. Environ Microbiol. 19:29–41. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

Mahdi T, Desmons A, Krasniqi P, Lacorte JM, Kapel N, Lamazière A, Fourati S and Eguether T: Effect of stool sampling on a routine clinical method for the quantification of six short chain fatty acids in stool using gas Chromatography-mass spectrometry. Microorganisms. 12:8282024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sivaprakasam S, Bhutia YD, Yang S and Ganapathy V: Short-chain fatty acid transporters: Role in colonic homeostasis. Compr Physiol. 8:299–314. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

Wang LY, He LH, Xu LJ and Li SB: Short-chain fatty acids: Bridges between diet, gut microbiota, and health. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 39:1728–1736. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Morrison DJ and Preston T: Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism. Gut Microbes. 7:189–200. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yao Y, Cai X, Fei W, Ye Y, Zhao M and Zheng C: The role of Short-chain fatty acids in immunity, inflammation and metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 62:1–12. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar

Li M, van Esch B, Wagenaar GTM, Garssen J, Folkerts G and Henricks PAJ: Pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of short chain fatty acids on immune and endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 831:52–59. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Seto E and Yoshida M: Erasers of histone acetylation: The histone deacetylase enzymes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 6:a0187132014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bassett SA and Barnett MP: The role of dietary histone deacetylases (HDACs) inhibitors in health and disease. Nutrients. 6:4273–4301. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kutil Z, Novakova Z, Meleshin M, Mikesova J, Schutkowski M and Barinka C: Histone deacetylase 11 is a Fatty-acid deacylase. ACS Chem Biol. 13:685–693. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Schiedel M, Robaa D, Rumpf T, Sippl W and Jung M: The current state of NAD+ -Dependent histone deacetylases (Sirtuins) as novel therapeutic targets. Med Res Rev. 38:147–200. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

Reichert N, Choukrallah MA and Matthias P: Multiple roles of class I HDACs in proliferation, differentiation, and development. Cell Mol Life Sci. 69:2173–2187. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Parra M: Class IIa HDACs-new insights into their functions in physiology and pathology. FEBS J. 282:1736–1744. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

Witt O, Deubzer HE, Milde T and Oehme I: HDAC family: What are the cancer relevant targets? Cancer Lett. 277:8–21. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

Hull EE, Montgomery MR and Leyva KJ: HDAC Inhibitors as epigenetic regulators of the immune system: Impacts on cancer therapy and inflammatory diseases. Biomed Res Int. 2016:87972062016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Grabiec AM and Potempa J: Epigenetic regulation in bacterial infections: Targeting histone deacetylases. Crit Rev Microbiol. 44:336–350. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar :

Schulthess J, Pandey S, Capitani M, Rue-Albrecht KC, Arnold I, Franchini F, Chomka A, Ilott NE, Johnston DGW, Pires E, et al: The short Chain fatty acid butyrate imprints an antimicrobial program in macrophages. Immunity. 50:432–445.e437. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chen X, Xie X, Sun N, Liu X, Liu J, Zhang W and Cao Y: Gut microbiota-derived butyrate improved acute leptospirosis in hamster via promoting macrophage ROS mediated by HDAC3 inhibition. mBio. 15:e01906242024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fernando MR, Saxena A, Reyes JL and McKay DM: Butyrate enhances antibacterial effects while suppressing other features of alternative activation in IL-4-induced macrophages. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 310:G822–G831. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Pineda Molina C, Hussey GS, Eriksson J, Shulock MA, Cárdenas Bonilla LL, Giglio RM, Gandhi RM, Sicari BM, Wang D, Londono R, et al: 4-Hydroxybutyrate promotes endogenous antimicrobial peptide expression in macrophages. Tissue Eng Part A. 25:693–706. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Strizova Z, Benesova I, Bartolini R, Novysedlak R, Cecrdlova E, Foley LK and Striz I: M1/M2 macrophages and their overlaps-myth or reality? Clin Sci (Lond). 137:1067–1093. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chang PV, Hao L, Offermanns S and Medzhitov R: The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111:2247–2252. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Park JW, Kim HY, Kim MG, Jeong S, Yun CH and Han SH: Short-chain fatty acids inhibit staphylococcal Lipoprotein-induced nitric oxide production in murine macrophages. Immune Netw. 19:e92019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Maa MC, Chang MY, Hsieh MY, Chen YJ, Yang CJ, Chen ZC, Li YK, Yen CK, Wu RR and Leu TH: Butyrate reduced lipopolysaccharide-mediated macrophage migration by suppression of Src enhancement and focal adhesion kinase activity. J Nutr Biochem. 21:1186–1192. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ji J, Shu D, Zheng M, Wang J, Luo C, Wang Y, Guo F, Zou X, Lv X, Li Y, et al: Microbial metabolite butyrate facilitates M2 macrophage polarization and function. Sci Rep. 6:248382016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang W, Dernst A, Martin B, Lorenzi L, Cadefau-Fabregat M, Phulphagar K, Wagener A, Budden C, Stair N, Wagner T, et al: Butyrate and propionate are microbial danger signals that activate the NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages upon TLR stimulation. Cell Rep. 43:1147362024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Park GY, Joo M, Pedchenko T, Blackwell TS and Christman JW: Regulation of macrophage cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression by modifications of histone H3. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 286:L956–L962. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

Cougoule C, Lastrucci C, Guiet R, Mascarau R, Meunier E, Lugo-Villarino G, Neyrolles O, Poincloux R and Maridonneau-Parini I: Podosomes, but not the maturation status, determine the protease-Dependent 3D migration in human dendritic cells. Front Immunol. 9:8462018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Singh N, Thangaraju M, Prasad PD, Martin PM, Lambert NA, Boettger T, Offermanns S and Ganapathy V: Blockade of dendritic cell development by bacterial fermentation products butyrate and propionate through a transporter (Slc5a8)-dependent inhibition of histone deacetylases. J Biol Chem. 285:27601–27608. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Liu L, Li L, Min J, Wang J, Wu H, Zeng Y, Chen S and Chu Z: Butyrate interferes with the differentiation and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Cell Immunol. 277:66–73. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Nascimento CR, Freire-de-Lima CG, da Silva de Oliveira A, Rumjanek FD and Rumjanek VM: The short chain fatty acid sodium butyrate regulates the induction of CD1a in developing dendritic cells. Immunobiology. 216:275–284. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

Kim YH and Lee JK: Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress immature dendritic cell's migration by regulating CC chemokine receptor 1 expression. Cell Immunol. 316:11–20. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kim YH, Han SB and Lee JK: Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress CXCR4-mediated dendritic cell migration by regulation of maturation process. Cell Immunol. 284:139–145. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Inamoto T, Furuta K, Han C, Uneme M, Kano T, Ishikawa K and Kaito C: Short-chain fatty acids stimulate dendrite elongation in dendritic cells by inhibiting histone deacetylase. FEBS J. 290:5794–5810. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Andrusaite A, Lewis J, Frede A, Farthing A, Kästele V, Montgomery J, Mowat A, Mann E and Milling S: Microbiota-derived butyrate inhibits cDC development via HDAC inhibition, diminishing their ability to prime T cells. Mucosal Immunol. 17:1199–1211. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kaisar MMM, Pelgrom LR, van der Ham AJ, Yazdanbakhsh M and Everts B: Butyrate conditions human dendritic cells to prime type 1 Regulatory T cells via both histone deacetylase inhibition and G Protein-coupled receptor 109A signaling. Front Immunol. 8:14292017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Berndt BE, Zhang M, Owyang SY, Cole TS, Wang TW, Luther J, Veniaminova NA, Merchant JL, Chen CC, Huffnagle GB, et al: Butyrate increases IL-23 production by stimulated dendritic cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 303:G1384–G1392. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Íñiguez-Gutiérrez L, Godínez-Méndez LA, Fafutis-Morris M, Padilla-Arellano JR, Corona-Rivera A, Bueno-Topete MR, Rojas-Rejón ÓA and Delgado-Rizo V: Physiological concentrations of short-chain fatty acids induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in vitro. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 34:20587384209589492020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yasuda H, Takishita Y, Morita A, Tsutsumi T, Nakagawa N and Sato EF: Sodium acetate enhances neutrophil extracellular trap formation via histone acetylation pathway in Neutrophil-like HL-60 Cells. Int J Mol Sci. 25:87572024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Vinolo MA, Rodrigues HG, Hatanaka E, Sato FT, Sampaio SC and Curi R: Suppressive effect of short-chain fatty acids on production of proinflammatory mediators by neutrophils. J Nutr Biochem. 22:849–855. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

Li G, Lin J, Zhang C, Gao H, Lu H, Gao X, Zhu R, Li Z, Li M and Liu Z: Microbiota metabolite butyrate constrains neutrophil functions and ameliorates mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes. 13:19682572021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Aoyama M, Kotani J and Usami M: Butyrate and propionate induced activated or non-activated neutrophil apoptosis via HDAC inhibitor activity but without activating GPR-41/GPR-43 pathways. Nutrition. 26:653–661. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

Bartels M, Geest CR, Bierings M, Buitenhuis M and Coffer PJ: Histone deacetylase inhibition modulates cell fate decisions during myeloid differentiation. Haematologica. 95:1052–1060. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Folkerts J, Redegeld F, Folkerts G, Blokhuis B, van den Berg MPM, de Bruijn MJW, van IWFJ, Junt T, Tam SY, Galli SJ, et al: Butyrate inhibits human mast cell activation via epigenetic regulation of FcεRI-mediated signaling. Allergy. 75:1966–1978. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhang H, Du M, Yang Q and Zhu MJ: Butyrate suppresses murine mast cell proliferation and cytokine production through inhibiting histone deacetylase. J Nutr Biochem. 27:299–306. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

Gudneppanavar R, Sabu Kattuman EE, Teegala LR, Southard E, Tummala R, Joe B, Thodeti CK and Paruchuri S: Epigenetic histone modification by butyrate downregulates KIT and attenuates mast cell function. J Cell Mol Med. 27:2983–2994. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

MacDonald CA, Qian H, Pundir P and Kulka M: Sodium butyrate supresses malignant human mast cell proliferation, downregulates expression of KIT and promotes differentiation. Front Allergy. 4:11097172023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Carlini F, Squillario M, Casella V, Capaia M, Lusi V, Bagnara D, Colombo M, Palmeri S, Ivaldi F, Loiacono F, et al: Butyrate enhances CD56bright NK cell-driven killing of activated T cells and modulates NK cell chromatin accessibility. Genes Immun. 26:342–351. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Schmudde M, Braun A, Pende D, Sonnemann J, Klier U, Beck JF, Moretta L and Bröker BM: Histone deacetylase inhibitors sensitize tumour cells for cytotoxic effects of natural killer cells. Cancer Lett. 272:110–121. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dong C: Cytokine regulation and function in T cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 39:51–76. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kibbie JJ, Dillon SM, Thompson TA, Purba CM, McCarter MD and Wilson CC: Butyrate directly decreases human gut lamina propria CD4 T cell function through histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition and GPR43 signaling. Immunobiology. 226:1521262021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yang W, Yu T, Huang X, Bilotta AJ, Xu L, Lu Y, Sun J, Pan F, Zhou J, Zhang W, et al: Intestinal microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids regulation of immune cell IL-22 production and gut immunity. Nat Commun. 11:44572020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dagtas AS, Edens RE and Gilbert KM: Histone deacetylase inhibitor uses p21(Cip1) to maintain anergy in CD4+ T cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 9:1289–1297. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zimmerman MA, Singh N, Martin PM, Thangaraju M, Ganapathy V, Waller JL, Shi H, Robertson KD, Munn DH and Liu K: Butyrate suppresses colonic inflammation through HDAC1-dependent Fas upregulation and Fas-mediated apoptosis of T cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 302:G1405–G415. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Moore TV, Scurti GM, DeJong M, Wang SY, Dalheim AV, Wagner CR, Hutchens KA, Speiser JJ, Godellas CV, Fountain C, et al: HDAC inhibition prevents transgene expression downregulation and loss-of-function in T-cell-receptor-transduced T cells. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 20:352–363. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Luu M, Riester Z, Baldrich A, Reichardt N, Yuille S, Busetti A, Klein M, Wempe A, Leister H, Raifer H, et al: Microbial short-chain fatty acids modulate CD8+ T cell responses and improve adoptive immunotherapy for cancer. Nat Commun. 12:40772021. View Article : Google Scholar :

Luu M, Weigand K, Wedi F, Breidenbend C, Leister H, Pautz S, Adhikary T and Visekruna A: Regulation of the effector function of CD8+ T cells by gut microbiota-derived metabolite butyrate. Sci Rep. 8:144302018. View Article : Google Scholar :

Bolduc JF, Hany L, Barat C, Ouellet M and Tremblay MJ: Epigenetic metabolite acetate inhibits class I/II histone deacetylases, promotes histone acetylation, and increases HIV-1 integration in CD4+ T cells. J Virol. 91:e01943–e01916. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar :

Park J, Kim M, Kang SG, Jannasch AH, Cooper B, Patterson J and Kim CH: Short-chain fatty acids induce both effector and regulatory T cells by suppression of histone deacetylases and regulation of the mTOR-S6K pathway. Mucosal Immunol. 8:80–93. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

Chen L, Sun M, Wu W, Yang W, Huang X, Xiao Y, Ma C, Xu L, Yao S, Liu Z and Cong Y: Microbiota metabolite butyrate differentially regulates Th1 and Th17 cells' Differentiation and function in induction of colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 25:1450–1461. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kespohl M, Vachharajani N, Luu M, Harb H, Pautz S, Wolff S, Sillner N, Walker A, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Boettger T, et al: The microbial metabolite butyrate induces expression of Th1-associated factors in CD4+ T cells. Front Immunol. 8:10362017. View Article : Google Scholar :

Wang J, Hou Y, Mu L, Yang M and Ai X: Gut microbiota contributes to the intestinal and extraintestinal immune homeostasis by balancing Th17/Treg cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 143:1135702024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhang M, Zhou L, Wang Y, Dorfman RG, Tang D, Xu L, Pan Y, Zhou Q, Li Y, Yin Y, et al: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii produces butyrate to decrease c-Myc-related metabolism and Th17 differentiation by inhibiting histone deacetylase 3. Int Immunol. 31:499–514. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhou L, Zhang M, Wang Y, Dorfman RG, Liu H, Yu T, Chen X, Tang D, Xu L, Yin Y, et al: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii produces butyrate to maintain Th17/treg balance and to ameliorate colorectal colitis by inhibiting histone deacetylase 1. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 24:1926–1940. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sałkowska A, Karaś K, Walczak-Drzewiecka A, Dastych J and Ratajewski M: Differentiation stage-specific effect of histone deacetylase inhibitors on the expression of RORγT in human lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 102:1487–1495. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

Arpaia N, Campbell C, Fan X, Dikiy S, van der Veeken J, deRoos P, Liu H, Cross JR, Pfeffer K, Coffer PJ and Rudensky AY: Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation. Nature. 504:451–455. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sanchez HN, Moroney JB, Gan H, Shen T, Im JL, Li T, Taylor JR, Zan H and Casali P: B cell-intrinsic epigenetic modulation of antibody responses by dietary fiber-derived short-chain fatty acids. Nat Commun. 11:602020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zou F, Qiu Y, Huang Y, Zou H, Cheng X, Niu Q, Luo A and Sun J: Effects of short-chain fatty acids in inhibiting HDAC and activating p38 MAPK are critical for promoting B10 cell generation and function. Cell Death Dis. 12:5822021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Föh B, Buhre JS, Lunding HB, Moreno-Fernandez ME, König P, Sina C, Divanovic S and Ehlers M: Microbial metabolite butyrate promotes induction of IL-10+IgM+ plasma cells. PLoS One. 17:e02660712022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Xiao P, Cai X, Zhang Z, Guo K, Ke Y, Hu Z, Song Z, Zhao Y, Yao L, Shen M, et al: Butyrate prevents the pathogenic Anemia-inflammation circuit by facilitating macrophage iron export. Adv Sci (Weinh). 11:e23065712024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dupraz L, Magniez A, Rolhion N, Richard ML, Da Costa G, Touch S, Mayeur C, Planchais J, Agus A, Danne C, et al: Gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids regulate IL-17 production by mouse and human intestinal γδ T cells. Cell Rep. 36:1093322021. View Article : Google Scholar

Nepelska M, Cultrone A, Béguet-Crespel F, Le Roux K, Doré J, Arulampalam V and Blottière HM: Butyrate produced by commensal bacteria potentiates phorbol esters induced AP-1 response in human intestinal epithelial cells. PLoS One. 7:e528692012. View Article : Google Scholar

Eshleman EM, Rice T, Potter C, Waddell A, Hashimoto-Hill S, Woo V, Field S, Engleman L, Lim HW, Schumacher MA, et al: Microbiota-derived butyrate restricts tuft cell differentiation via histone deacetylase 3 to modulate intestinal type 2 immunity. Immunity. 57:319–332.e316. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bilotta AJ, Ma C, Yang W, Yu Y, Yu Y, Zhao X, Zhou Z, Yao S, Dann SM and Cong Y: Propionate enhances cell speed and persistence to promote intestinal epithelial turnover and repair. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 11:1023–1044. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar :

Mariadason JM, Velcich A, Wilson AJ, Augenlicht LH and Gibson PR: Resistance to butyrate-induced cell differentiation and apoptosis during spontaneous Caco-2 cell differentiation. Gastroenterology. 120:889–899. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Gibson PR, Rosella O, Wilson AJ, Mariadason JM, Rickard K, Byron K and Barkla DH: Colonic epithelial cell activation and the paradoxical effects of butyrate. Carcinogenesis. 20:539–544. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Siavoshian S, Segain JP, Kornprobst M, Bonnet C, Cherbut C, Galmiche JP and Blottière HM: Butyrate and trichostatin A effects on the proliferation/differentiation of human intestinal epithelial cells: Induction of cyclin D3 and p21 expression. Gut. 46:507–514. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fischer N, Sechet E, Friedman R, Amiot A, Sobhani I, Nigro G, Sansonetti PJ and Sperandio B: Histone deacetylase inhibition enhances antimicrobial peptide but not inflammatory cytokine expression upon bacterial challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113:E2993–E3001. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Schauber J, Iffland K, Frisch S, Kudlich T, Schmausser B, Eck M, Menzel T, Gostner A, Lührs H and Scheppach W: Histone-deacetylase inhibitors induce the cathelicidin LL-37 in gastrointestinal cells. Mol Immunol. 41:847–854. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Beisner J, Filipe Rosa L, Kaden-Volynets V, Stolzer I, Günther C and Bischoff SC: Prebiotic inulin and sodium butyrate attenuate Obesity-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction by induction of antimicrobial peptides. Front Immunol. 12:6783602021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dou X, Gao N, Lan J, Han J, Yang Y and Shan A: TLR2/EGFR are two sensors for pBD3 and pEP2C induction by sodium butyrate independent of HDAC inhibition. J Agric Food Chem. 68:512–522. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

Korsten S, Vromans H, Garssen J and Willemsen LEM: Butyrate protects barrier integrity and suppresses immune activation in a Caco-2/PBMC Co-Culture model while HDAC inhibition mimics butyrate in restoring Cytokine-induced barrier disruption. Nutrients. 15:27602023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zheng L, Kelly CJ, Battista KD, Schaefer R, Lanis JM, Alexeev EE, Wang RX, Onyiah JC, Kominsky DJ and Colgan SP: Microbial-derived butyrate promotes epithelial barrier function through IL-10 Receptor-dependent repression of Claudin-2. J Immunol. 199:2976–2984. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang RX, Lee JS, Campbell EL and Colgan SP: Microbiota-derived butyrate dynamically regulates intestinal homeostasis through regulation of actin-associated protein synaptopodin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 117:11648–11657. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ohata A, Usami M and Miyoshi M: Short-chain fatty acids alter tight junction permeability in intestinal monolayer cells via lipoxygenase activation. Nutrition. 21:838–847. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Gaudier E, Jarry A, Blottière HM, de Coppet P, Buisine MP, Aubert JP, Laboisse C, Cherbut C and Hoebler C: Butyrate specifically modulates MUC gene expression in intestinal epithelial goblet cells deprived of glucose. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 287:G1168–G1174. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Borthakur A, Saksena S, Gill RK, Alrefai WA, Ramaswamy K and Dudeja PK: Regulation of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) promoter by butyrate in human intestinal epithelial cells: Involvement of NF-kappaB pathway. J Cell Biochem. 103:1452–1463. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

Larraufie P, Martin-Gallausiaux C, Lapaque N, Dore J, Gribble FM, Reimann F and Blottiere HM: SCFAs strongly stimulate PYY production in human enteroendocrine cells. Sci Rep. 8:742018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Subramanian VS, Teafatiller T, Moradi H and Marchant JS: Histone deacetylase inhibitors regulate vitamin C transporter functional expression in intestinal epithelial cells. J Nutr Biochem. 98:1088382021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zapletal O, Tylichová Z, Neča J, Kohoutek J, Machala M, Milcová A, Pokorná M, Topinka J, Moyer MP, Hofmanová J, et al: Butyrate alters expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 and metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene via its histone deacetylase activity in colon epithelial cell models. Arch Toxicol. 91:2135–2150. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

Bachmann M, Meissner C, Pfeilschifter J and Mühl H: Cooperation between the bacterial-derived short-chain fatty acid butyrate and interleukin-22 detected in human Caco2 colon epithelial/carcinoma cells. Biofactors. 43:283–292. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

Kobori A, Bamba S, Imaeda H, Ban H, Tsujikawa T, Saito Y, Fujiyama Y and Andoh A: Butyrate stimulates IL-32alpha expression in human intestinal epithelial cell lines. World J Gastroenterol. 16:2355–2361. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Korsten S, Peracic L, van Groeningen LMB, Diks MAP, Vromans H, Garssen J and Willemsen LEM: Butyrate prevents induction of CXCL10 and Non-canonical IRF9 expression by activated human intestinal epithelial cells via HDAC inhibition. Int J Mol Sci. 23:39802022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Inan MS, Rasoulpour RJ, Yin L, Hubbard AK, Rosenberg DW and Giardina C: The luminal short-chain fatty acid butyrate modulates NF-kappaB activity in a human colonic epithelial cell line. Gastroenterology. 118:724–734. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Martin-Gallausiaux C, Larraufie P, Jarry A, Béguet-Crespel F, Marinelli L, Ledue F, Reimann F, Blottière HM and Lapaque N: Butyrate produced by commensal bacteria Down-regulates indolamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO-1) expression via a dual mechanism in human intestinal epithelial cells. Front Immunol. 9:28382018. View Article : Google Scholar

Martin-Gallausiaux C, Béguet-Crespel F, Marinelli L, Jamet A, Ledue F, Blottière HM and Lapaque N: Butyrate produced by gut commensal bacteria activates TGF-beta1 expression through the transcription factor SP1 in human intestinal epithelial cells. Sci Rep. 8:97422018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Xu L, Ma C, Huang X, Yang W, Chen L, Bilotta AJ, Yao S and Cong Y: Microbiota metabolites short-chain fatty acid butyrate conditions intestinal epithelial cells to promote development of Treg cells and T cell IL-10 production. J Immunol. 200:53.162018. View Article : Google Scholar

Jin UH, Cheng Y, Park H, Davidson LA, Callaway ES, Chapkin RS, Jayaraman A, Asante A, Allred C, Weaver EA and Safe S: Short chain fatty acids enhance aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) responsiveness in mouse colonocytes and Caco-2 human colon cancer cells. Sci Rep. 7:101632017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Modoux M, Rolhion N, Lefevre JH, Oeuvray C, Nádvorník P, Illes P, Emond P, Parc Y, Mani S, Dvorak Z and Sokol H: Butyrate acts through HDAC inhibition to enhance aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by gut microbiota-derived ligands. Gut Microbes. 14:21056372022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fawad JA, Luzader DH, Hanson GF, Moutinho TJ Jr, McKinney CA, Mitchell PG, Brown-Steinke K, Kumar A, Park M, Lee S, et al: Histone deacetylase inhibition by gut microbe-Generated Short-Chain fatty acids entrains intestinal epithelial circadian rhythms. Gastroenterology. 163:1377–1390.e11. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Gill RK, Kumar A, Malhotra P, Maher D, Singh V, Dudeja PK, Alrefai W and Saksena S: Regulation of intestinal serotonin transporter expression via epigenetic mechanisms: Role of HDAC2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 304:C334–C341. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar :

Schilderink R, Verseijden C, Seppen J, Muncan V, van den Brink GR, Lambers TT, van Tol EA and de Jonge WJ: The SCFA butyrate stimulates the epithelial production of retinoic acid via inhibition of epithelial HDAC. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 310:G1138–G1146. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zheng M, Yang X, Wu Q, Gong Y, Pang N, Ge X, Nagaratnam N, Jiang P, Zhou M, Hu T, et al: Butyrate attenuates hepatic steatosis induced by a High-fat and Fiber-deficient diet via the hepatic GPR41/43-CaMKII/HDAC1-CREB pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res. 67:e22005972023. View Article : Google Scholar

Zhou D, Chen YW, Zhao ZH, Yang RX, Xin FZ, Liu XL, Pan Q, Zhou H and Fan JG: Sodium butyrate reduces high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis through upregulation of hepatic GLP-1R expression. Exp Mol Med. 50:1–12. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

Li H, Gao Z, Zhang J, Ye X, Xu A, Ye J and Jia W: Sodium butyrate stimulates expression of fibroblast growth factor 21 in liver by inhibition of histone deacetylase 3. Diabetes. 61:797–806. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bridgeman S, Woo HC, Newsholme P and Mamotte C: Butyrate lowers cellular cholesterol through HDAC Inhibition and Impaired SREBP-2 Signalling. Int J Mol Sci. 23:155062022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Jourova L, Anzenbacherova E, Dostal Z, Anzenbacher P, Briolotti P, Rigal E, Daujat-Chavanieu M and Gerbal-Chaloin S: Butyrate, a typical product of gut microbiome, affects function of the AhR gene, being a possible agent of crosstalk between gut microbiome, and hepatic drug metabolism. J Nutr Biochem. 107:1090422022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhao Y, Xu X, Liu S, Wang X, Musha J, Li T, Ge L, Sun Y, Zhang S, Zhao L and Zhan J: Butyrate inhibits histone deacetylase 2 expression to alleviate liver fibrosis in biliary atresia. BMC Pediatr. 25:2862025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhang J, Wang W, Liang S, Zhou X, Rekha RS, Gudmundsson GH, Bergman P, Ai Q, Mai K and Wan M: Butyrate induces STAT3/HIF-1α/IL-22 signaling via GPCR and HDAC3 inhibition to activate autophagy in head kidney macrophages from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 143:1092142023. View Article : Google Scholar

Ma X and Wang Q: Short-Chain fatty acids attenuate renal fibrosis and enhance autophagy of renal tubular cells in diabetic mice through the HDAC2/ULK1 axis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 37:432–443. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Giordano L, Ahmed S, van der Made TK, Masereeuw R and Mihăilă SM: Gut microbial-derived short chain fatty acids enhance kidney proximal tubule cell secretory function. Biomed Pharmacother. 188:1182142025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Du Y, Tang G and Yuan W: Suppression of HDAC2 by sodium butyrate alleviates apoptosis of kidney cells in db/db mice and HG-induced NRK-52E cells. Int J Mol Med. 45:210–222. 2020.

Felizardo RJF, de Almeida DC, Pereira RL, Watanabe IKM, Doimo NTS, Ribeiro WR, Cenedeze MA, Hiyane MI, Amano MT, Braga TT, et al: Gut microbial metabolite butyrate protects against proteinuric kidney disease through epigenetic- and GPR109a-mediated mechanisms. FASEB J. 33:11894–11908. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Xu Y, Wei S, Zhu L, Huang C, Yang T, Wang S, Zhang Y, Duan Y, Li X, Wang Z, et al: Low expression of the intestinal metabolite butyric acid and the corresponding memory pattern regulate HDAC4 to promote apoptosis in rat hippocampal neurons. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 253:1146602023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Cho JH, Chae CW, Lim JR, Jung YH, Han SJ, Yoon JH, Park JY and Han HJ: Sodium butyrate ameliorates high glucose-suppressed neuronal mitophagy by restoring PRKN expression via inhibiting the RELA-HDAC8 complex. Autophagy. 20:1505–1522. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Song L, Sun Q, Zheng H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu S and Duan L: Roseburia hominis alleviates neuroinflammation via Short-Chain fatty acids through histone deacetylase inhibition. Mol Nutr Food Res. 66:e22001642022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ziabska K, Gargas J, Sypecka J and Ziemka-Nalecz M: The impact of the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate on microglial polarization after oxygen and glucose deprivation. Pharmacol Rep. 74:909–919. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chen PS, Wang CC, Bortner CD, Peng GS, Wu X, Pang H, Lu RB, Gean PW, Chuang DM and Hong JS: Valproic acid and other histone deacetylase inhibitors induce microglial apoptosis and attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity. Neuroscience. 149:203–212. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang P, Zhang Y, Gong Y, Yang R, Chen Z, Hu W, Wu Y, Gao M, Xu X, Qin Y and Huang C: Sodium butyrate triggers a functional elongation of microglial process via Akt-small RhoGTPase activation and HDACs inhibition. Neurobiol Dis. 111:12–25. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

Singh V, Bhatia HS, Kumar A, de Oliveira AC and Fiebich BL: Histone deacetylase inhibitors valproic acid and sodium butyrate enhance prostaglandins release in lipopolysaccharide-activated primary microglia. Neuroscience. 265:147–157. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wu X, Chen PS, Dallas S, Wilson B, Block ML, Wang CC, Kinyamu H, Lu N, Gao X, Leng Y, et al: Histone deacetylase inhibitors up-regulate astrocyte GDNF and BDNF gene transcription and protect dopaminergic neurons. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 11:1123–1134. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wu KLH, Liu WC, Wu CW, Fu MH, Huang HM, Tain YL, Liang CK, Hung CY, Chen IC, Hung PL, et al: Butyrate reduction and HDAC4 increase underlie maternal high fructose-induced metabolic dysfunction in hippocampal astrocytes in female rats. J Nutr Biochem. 126:1095712024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kanski R, Sneeboer MA, van Bodegraven EJ, Sluijs JA, Kropff W, Vermunt MW, Creyghton MP, De Filippis L, Vescovi A, Aronica E, et al: Histone acetylation in astrocytes suppresses GFAP and stimulates a reorganization of the intermediate filament network. J Cell Sci. 127:4368–4380. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

Li M, van Esch B, Henricks PAJ, Folkerts G and Garssen J: The Anti-inflammatory effects of short Chain fatty acids on Lipopolysaccharide- or tumor necrosis factor α-Stimulated endothelial cells via activation of GPR41/43 and inhibition of HDACs. Front Pharmacol. 9:5332018. View Article : Google Scholar

Li M, van Esch B, Henricks PAJ, Garssen J and Folkerts G: IL-33 is involved in the Anti-inflammatory effects of butyrate and propionate on TNFα-activated endothelial cells. Int J Mol Sci. 22:24472021. View Article : Google Scholar

Miyoshi M, Usami M and Ohata A: Short-chain fatty acids and trichostatin A alter tight junction permeability in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Nutrition. 24:1189–1198. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Nicese MN, Bijkerk R, Van Zonneveld AJ, Van den Berg BM and Rotmans JI: Sodium butyrate as key regulator of mitochondrial function and barrier integrity of human glomerular endothelial cells. Int J Mol Sci. 24:130902023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Rössig L, Li H, Fisslthaler B, Urbich C, Fleming I, Förstermann U, Zeiher AM and Dimmeler S: Inhibitors of histone deacetylation downregulate the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and compromise endothelial cell function in vasorelaxation and angiogenesis. Circ Res. 91:837–844. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Farsetti A, Illi B and Gaetano C: How epigenetics impacts on human diseases. Eur J Intern Med. 114:15–22. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Surace AEA and Hedrich CM: The role of epigenetics in Autoimmune/inflammatory disease. Front Immunol. 10:15252019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Tang J, Yan H and Zhuang S: Histone deacetylases as targets for treatment of multiple diseases. Clin Sci (Lond). 124:651–662. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhang SY, Zhang LY, Wen R, Yang N and Zhang TN: Histone deacetylases and their inhibitors in inflammatory diseases. Biomed Pharmacother. 179:1172952024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhang LY, Zhang SY, Wen R, Zhang TN and Yang N: Role of histone deacetylases and their inhibitors in neurological diseases. Pharmacol Res. 208:1074102024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Peng K, Xiao S, Xia S, Li C, Yu H and Yu Q: Butyrate inhibits the HDAC8/NF-κB Pathway to Enhance Slc26a3 expression and improve the intestinal epithelial barrier to relieve colitis. J Agric Food Chem. 72:24400–24416. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Lee C, Kim BG, Kim JH, Chun J, Im JP and Kim JS: Sodium butyrate inhibits the NF-kappa B signaling pathway and histone deacetylation, and attenuates experimental colitis in an IL-10 independent manner. Int Immunopharmacol. 51:47–56. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Simeoli R, Mattace Raso G, Pirozzi C, Lama A, Santoro A, Russo R, Montero-Melendez T, Berni Canani R, Calignano A, Perretti M and Meli R: An orally administered butyrate-releasing derivative reduces neutrophil recruitment and inflammation in dextran sulphate sodium-induced murine colitis. Br J Pharmacol. 174:1484–1496. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

Feng Z, Wang X, Kang G, Zhao J, Ye Y, Liu L, Huang H and Cao X: P006 Engineered propionate-producing bacteria attenuates murine colitis by modulating the immune function of resident macrophages via histone deacetylase. J Crohn's Colitis. 17:i174–i177. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar

Kang G, Wang X, Gao M, Wang L, Feng Z, Meng S, Wu J, Zhu Z, Gao X, Cao X and Huang H: Propionate-producing engineered probiotics ameliorated murine ulcerative colitis by restoring anti-inflammatory macrophage via the GPR43/HDAC1/IL-10 axis. Bioeng Transl Med. 9:e106822024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhang L, Ma Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Tian W, Ren Y, Liu Y, Wang T, Li Y, Liu Y, et al: Butyrate alleviates alcoholic liver disease-associated inflammation through macrophage regulation and polarization via the HDAC1/miR-155 axis. Int Immunopharmacol. 131:1118522024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sun J, Wu Q, Sun H and Qiao Y: Inhibition of histone deacetylase by butyrate protects rat liver from ischemic reperfusion injury. Int J Mol Sci. 15:21069–21079. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Olaniyi KS and Amusa OA: Sodium acetate-mediated inhibition of histone deacetylase alleviates hepatic lipid dysregulation and its accompanied injury in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Biomed Pharmacother. 128:1102262020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Liu Y, Li YJ, Loh YW, Singer J, Zhu W, Macia L, Mackay CR, Wang W, Chadban SJ and Wu H: Fiber derived microbial metabolites prevent acute kidney injury through G-Protein coupled receptors and HDAC inhibition. Front Cell Dev Biol. 9:6486392021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Khan S and Jena G: Sodium butyrate, a HDAC inhibitor ameliorates eNOS, iNOS and TGF-β1-induced fibrogenesis, apoptosis and DNA damage in the kidney of juvenile diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 73:127–139. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Al-Harbi NO, Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Alotaibi MR, AlAsmari AF, Alanazi WA, Al-Harbi MM, El-Sherbeeny AM and Ibrahim KE: Short chain fatty acid, acetate ameliorates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by inhibition of NADPH oxidase signaling in T cells. Int Immunopharmacol. 58:24–31. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Li Z, Sun T, He Z, Li Z, Zhang W, Wang J and Xiang H: SCFAs ameliorate chronic postsurgical Pain-related cognition dysfunction via the ACSS2-HDAC2 axis in rats. Mol Neurobiol. 59:6211–6227. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Patnala R, Arumugam TV, Gupta N and Dheen ST: HDAC inhibitor sodium Butyrate-mediated epigenetic regulation enhances neuroprotective function of microglia during ischemic stroke. Mol Neurobiol. 54:6391–6411. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

Sharma S, Taliyan R and Singh S: Beneficial effects of sodium butyrate in 6-OHDA induced neurotoxicity and behavioral abnormalities: Modulation of histone deacetylase activity. Behav Brain Res. 291:306–314. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Soliman ML, Smith MD, Houdek HM and Rosenberger TA: Acetate supplementation modulates brain histone acetylation and decreases interleukin-1β expression in a rat model of neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation. 9:512012. View Article : Google Scholar

Moleón J, González-Correa C, Miñano S, Robles-Vera I, de la Visitación N, Barranco AM, Gómez-Guzmán M, Sánchez M, Riesco P, Guerra-Hernández E, et al: Protective effect of microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids on vascular dysfunction in mice with systemic lupus erythematosus induced by toll like receptor 7 activation. Pharmacol Res. 198:1069972023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ma H, Yang L, Liu Y, Yan R, Wang R, Zhang P, Bai Z, Liu Y, Ren Y, Li Y, et al: Butyrate suppresses atherosclerotic inflammation by regulating macrophages and polarization via GPR43/HDAC-miRNAs axis in ApoE-/-mice. PLoS One. 18:e02826852023. View Article : Google Scholar

Karoor V, Strassheim D, Sullivan T, Verin A, Umapathy NS, Dempsey EC, Frank DN, Stenmark KR and Gerasimovskaya E: The Short-Chain fatty acid butyrate attenuates pulmonary vascular remodeling and inflammation in Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Int J Mol Sci. 22:99162021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chen H, Wang SH, Li HL, Zhou XB, Zhou LW, Chen C, Mansell T, Novakovic B, Saffery R, Baker PN, et al: The attenuation of gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids elevates lipid transportation through suppression of the intestinal HDAC3-H3K27ac-PPAR-γ axis in gestational diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Biochem. 133:1097082024. View Article : Google Scholar

Jiang M, Wang J, Li Z, Xu D, Jing J, Li F, Ding J and Li Q: Dietary Fiber-derived microbial butyrate suppresses ILC2-dependent airway inflammation in COPD. Mediators Inflamm. 2024:62634472024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Whitt J, Woo V, Lee P, Moncivaiz J, Haberman Y, Denson L, Tso P and Alenghat T: Disruption of epithelial HDAC3 in intestine prevents Diet-induced obesity in mice. Gastroenterology. 155:501–513. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Islam R, Dash D and Singh R: Intranasal curcumin and sodium butyrate modulates airway inflammation and fibrosis via HDAC inhibition in allergic asthma. Cytokine. 149:1557202022. View Article : Google Scholar

Olaniyi KS, Areloegbe SE and Fiemotongha FE: Cardiac energy depletion in a rat model of polycystic ovarian syndrome is reversed by acetate and associated with inhibitory effect of HDAC2/mTOR. Eur J Pharmacol. 962:1762432024. View Article : Google Scholar

Olaniyi KS, Amusa OA, Areola ED and Olatunji LA: Suppression of HDAC by sodium acetate rectifies cardiac metabolic disturbance in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 245:667–676. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Du HX, Yue SY, Niu D, Liu C, Zhang LG, Chen J, Chen Y, Guan Y, Hua XL, Li C, et al: Gut microflora modulates Th17/Treg cell differentiation in experimental autoimmune prostatitis via the Short-Chain fatty acid propionate. Front Immunol. 13:9152182022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Cavalli G and Heard E: Advances in epigenetics link genetics to the environment and disease. Nature. 571:489–499. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Narita T, Weinert BT and Choudhary C: Functions and mechanisms of non-histone protein acetylation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 20:156–174. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

Lang C, Campbell KR, Ryan BJ, Carling P, Attar M, Vowles J, Perestenko OV, Bowden R, Baig F, Kasten M, et al: Single-cell sequencing of iPSC-dopamine neurons reconstructs disease progression and identifies HDAC4 as a regulator of parkinson cell phenotypes. Cell Stem Cell. 24:93–106.e6. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar :

Sussman JH, Xu J, Amankulor N and Tan K: Dissecting the tumor microenvironment of epigenetically driven gliomas: Opportunities for single-cell and spatial multiomics. Neurooncol Adv. 5:vdad1012023.PubMed/NCBI

Camargo Tavares L and Marques FZ: Clinical trial evidence of the gut microbial metabolite butyrate in hypertension. Hypertension. 81:2137–2139. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Gong X, Geng H, Yang Y, Zhang S, He Z, Fan Y, Yin F, Zhang Z and Chen GQ: Metabolic engineering of commensal bacteria for gut butyrate delivery and dissection of host-microbe interaction. Metab Eng. 80:94–106. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dalile B, Van Oudenhove L, Vervliet B and Verbeke K: The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 16:461–478. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

van der Beek CM, Bloemen JG, van den Broek MA, Lenaerts K, Venema K, Buurman WA and Dejong CH: Hepatic uptake of rectally administered butyrate prevents an increase in systemic butyrate concentrations in humans. J Nutr. 145:2019–2024. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI