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ZG16B: A key regulator of tumor progression and immune microenvironment modulation in cancer (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Xing-Ming Chen
    • Yu-Bo Liang
    • Jin-Xiang Zuo
    • Zi-Sheng Yang
    • Le-Yu Zhang
    • Xin-Yu Zhang
    • Ping Wan
    • Yang Ke
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650101, P.R. China, College of Clinical Oncology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China, Department of Gastroenterology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 58
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    Published online on: January 9, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5729
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Abstract

Zymogen granule protein 16B (ZG16B), also known as pancreatic adenocarcinoma upregulated factor, is a secretory lectin‑like glycoprotein that serves a crucial role in tumorigenesis and immune regulation. The present review summarizes the latest research progress on the molecular characteristics, biological functions, signaling pathway regulation and clinical importance of ZG16B. Structurally, ZG16B contains an N‑terminal hydrophobic signal peptide, a jacalin‑related lectin domain and a C‑terminal extension. Functionally, ZG16B promotes tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis, and increases vascular permeability by activating the Toll‑like receptor, C‑X‑C chemokine receptor type 4, β‑catenin and focal adhesion kinase signaling pathways. In the tumor microenvironment, ZG16B can modulate immune responses, enhance the immunosuppressive functions of myeloid‑derived suppressor cells and M2 macrophages, and also promote the maturation of dendritic cells. Clinically, ZG16B expression is upregulated in pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer and oral cancer, and its upregulation is associated with a worse prognosis in these malignancies. Several ZG16B‑specific therapeutic strategies, including monoclonal antibodies, RNA aptamers and trans‑splicing ribozymes, have shown preclinical efficacy against malignant tumors. Furthermore, a clinical trial is currently testing the efficacy and safety of PBP1510, a humanized ZG16B antibody, for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. In conclusion, ZG16B may be considered a novel target for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy.
View Figures

Figure 1

Structure and functional domains of
ZG16B. (A) A schematic diagram of ZG16B, including the N-terminal
signal peptide (yellow, 1-16 aa), jacalin-related lectin domain
(pink, 17-149 aa) and C-terminal extension (turquoise, 150-172 aa).
The key post-translational modification sites include one
N-glycosylation site (black diamond, 161-165 aa), two
phosphorylation sites (blue triangles, 29-32 and 101-104 aa) and
three N-myristoylation sites (red triangles, 40-45, 66-71 and
113-119 aa). (B) Predicted crystal structure of ZG16B. The β-prism
fold (pink) includes three β-sheets, with an α-helix at the
N-terminus (yellow) and a C-terminal extension (turquoise). The
structure was modeled using Swiss-Model and PyMOL software. aa,
amino acid; ZG16B, zymogen granule protein 16B.

Figure 2

Biological functions of ZG16B. ZG16B
promotes tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion through
autocrine and paracrine signaling. In vascular endothelial cells,
ZG16B activates the ERK, PI3K/AKT and eNOS pathways to enhance
angiogenesis and upregulates CXCR4 expression, increasing
SDF-1-induced angiogenesis. ZG16B also promotes the phosphorylation
of VE-cadherin, disrupting endothelial junctions and increasing
vascular permeability. On MDSCs, ZG16B binds TLR4 to activate the
MEK1/2, ERK and JNK pathways, promoting arginase, NO and ROS
production to suppress T-cell function. On monocytes, ZG16B binds
TLR2, inducing migration to the tumor and differentiation into M2
macrophages, which secrete IL-10 and arginase to inhibit T-cell
responses. In DCs, ZG16B activates the TLR4/MyD88 pathway,
increasing IL-12p70 and decreasing IL-10 expression, enhancing T
cell-mediated immunity. AP-1, activator protein-1; CXCR4, C-X-C
chemokine receptor type 4; DCs, dendritic cells; eNOS, endothelial
nitric oxide synthase; MDSCs, myeloid-derived suppressor cells;
MEK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1; NO, nitric oxide;
ROS, reactive oxygen species; SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1;
TLR, Toll-like receptor; ZG16B, zymogen granule protein 16B.

Figure 3

Signaling pathways regulated by
ZG16B. (A) TLR signaling pathway. ZG16B activates TLR2-JNK, p38 and
IKK-β/TPL-2/MEK/ERK signaling, enhancing AP-1-mediated cytokine
expression, and promoting angiogenesis and metastasis. Through
TLR4, ZG16B triggers the MyD88/NF-κB and MEK/ERK pathways to
enhance tumor cell migration and invasion. (B) CXCR4 signaling
pathway. ZG16B activates the ERK/p90RSK and JNK pathways,
upregulating CXCR4 gene transcription to increase tumor
motility and metastasis. ZG16B also stimulates ERK and
PI3K/AKT/eNOS-dependent angiogenesis and enhances
SDF-1/CXCR4-mediated angiogenic signaling. Through the CXCR4-TLR2
co-receptor, ZG16B activates cAMP/PKA to suppress NF-κB activity
and reduce TNF-α production, contributing to immune escape. (C)
β-catenin signaling pathway. ZG16B activates AKT, inhibiting
β-catenin degradation and promoting its nuclear accumulation, which
induces TCF/LEF-dependent CCND1 and JUN transcription to drive
proliferation. SIRT1 counteracts this effect by promoting β-catenin
degradation. (D) FAK signaling pathway. ZG16B promotes formation of
the FAK/Src complex at focal adhesions to enhance integrin-mediated
adhesion and F-actin assembly. This signaling also inhibits
caspase-3 activity, supporting anoikis resistance. AP-1, activator
protein-1; ATF2, activating transcription factor 2; CCND1, cyclin
D1; CK-1α, casein kinase-1α; CREB, cAMP-responsive element binding
protein; CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; eNOS, endothelial
nitric oxide synthase; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; JUN, c-Jun; LEF,
lymphoid enhancer factor; MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory
factor; PKA, protein kinase A; p90RSK, p90 ribosomal s6 kinase;
SDF-1, stromal cell-derived factor-1; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; TCF, T-cell
factor; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TPL-2, tumor progression locus 2;
ZG16B, zymogen granule protein 16B.
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Chen X, Liang Y, Zuo J, Yang Z, Zhang L, Zhang X, Wan P and Ke Y: ZG16B: A key regulator of tumor progression and immune microenvironment modulation in cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 57: 58, 2026.
APA
Chen, X., Liang, Y., Zuo, J., Yang, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, X. ... Ke, Y. (2026). ZG16B: A key regulator of tumor progression and immune microenvironment modulation in cancer (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 57, 58. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5729
MLA
Chen, X., Liang, Y., Zuo, J., Yang, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Wan, P., Ke, Y."ZG16B: A key regulator of tumor progression and immune microenvironment modulation in cancer (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57.3 (2026): 58.
Chicago
Chen, X., Liang, Y., Zuo, J., Yang, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Wan, P., Ke, Y."ZG16B: A key regulator of tumor progression and immune microenvironment modulation in cancer (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57, no. 3 (2026): 58. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5729
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Chen X, Liang Y, Zuo J, Yang Z, Zhang L, Zhang X, Wan P and Ke Y: ZG16B: A key regulator of tumor progression and immune microenvironment modulation in cancer (Review). Int J Mol Med 57: 58, 2026.
APA
Chen, X., Liang, Y., Zuo, J., Yang, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, X. ... Ke, Y. (2026). ZG16B: A key regulator of tumor progression and immune microenvironment modulation in cancer (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 57, 58. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5729
MLA
Chen, X., Liang, Y., Zuo, J., Yang, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Wan, P., Ke, Y."ZG16B: A key regulator of tumor progression and immune microenvironment modulation in cancer (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57.3 (2026): 58.
Chicago
Chen, X., Liang, Y., Zuo, J., Yang, Z., Zhang, L., Zhang, X., Wan, P., Ke, Y."ZG16B: A key regulator of tumor progression and immune microenvironment modulation in cancer (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57, no. 3 (2026): 58. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5729
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