Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
April-2026 Volume 57 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2026 Volume 57 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Post‑translational modifications in diabetic kidney disease (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Mengfei He
    • Zihang Wang
    • Zhuang Miao
    • Yu Zhao
    • Lingling Wei
    • Lijie Zhang
    • Ruili Yin
    • Yan Wang
    • Longyan Yang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China, Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, P.R. China
    Copyright: © He et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 88
    |
    Published online on: February 9, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5759
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:


Abstract

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease, with increasing global prevalence, resulting in a notable increase in the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events. Post‑translational modifications (PTMs) are biochemical modifications that occur on specific residues on proteins, leading to an increase in the diversity of proteins and modulation of protein functions. PTMs encompass numerous processes, including phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, small ubiquitin‑like modifier‑ylation, glycosylation, palmitoylation, glutathionylation, S‑nitrosylation, sulfhydration, as well as lactylation and neddylation. PTMs are associated with the occurrence and progression of DKD. The present review aimed to summarize PTMs and their roles in the pathophysiological mechanisms of DKD, including cell death, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis.
View Figures

Figure 1

Pathological mechanisms of DKD. The
key pathogenic factors in DKD include continual hyperglycemia,
oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. These processes
promote intrinsic renal cell injury and renal dysfunction, driven
by key mediators such as Nrf2, pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic
factors, growth factors and adhesion molecules. Created with
BioRender.com. AGEs, advanced glycation end
products; Ang II, angiotensin II; CTGF, connective tissue growth
factor; DKD, diabetic kidney disease; EGF, epidermal growth factor;
GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant
protein-1; NOS, nitric oxide synthase; PAI-1, plasminogen activator
inhibitor-1; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; ROS, reactive
oxygen species; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1,
vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; 8-OHdG,
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin.

Figure 2

Structural changes in DKD histology.
The key pathological features of DKD include glomerular basement
membrane thickening, mesangial matrix expansion, podocyte foot
process effacement and loss, hypertrophy of mesangial cells and
podocytes, tubular epithelial cell atrophy, brush border loss and
immune cell infiltration, which contribute to pronounced
albuminuria. DKD, diabetic kidney disease.

Figure 3

Overview of the crosstalk between
post-translational modifications in diabetic kidney disease. Role
of crosstalk among PTMs in regulating cell death, oxidative stress,
mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis in (A)
podocytes, (B) tubular epithelial and (C) mesangial cells in DKD.
Created with BioRender.com.
View References

1 

Martinez Leon V, Hilburg R and Susztak K: Mechanisms of diabetic kidney disease and established and emerging treatments. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 22:21–35. 2026. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Cheng HT, Xu X, Lim PS and Hung KY: Worldwide epidemiology of diabetes-related end-stage renal disease, 2000-2015. Diabetes Care. 44:89–97. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Tonneijck L, Muskiet MH, Smits MM, van Bommel EJ, Heerspink HJ, van Raalte DH and Joles JA: Glomerular hyper-filtration in diabetes: Mechanisms, clinical significance, and treatment. J Am Soc Nephrol. 28:1023–1039. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Ye K, Zhao Y, Huang W and Zhu Y: Sodium butyrate improves renal injury in diabetic nephropathy through AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Sci Rep. 14:178672024. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Lee JM, Hammarén HM, Savitski MM and Baek SH: Control of protein stability by post-translational modifications. Nat Commun. 14:2012023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Wu X, Xu M, Geng M, Chen S, Little PJ, Xu S and Weng J: Targeting protein modifications in metabolic diseases: Molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 8:2202023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Burnett G and Kennedy EP: The enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins. J Biol Chem. 211:969–980. 1954. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Chen T, Xie S, Cheng J, Zhao Q, Wu H, Jiang P and Du W: AKT1 phosphorylation of cytoplasmic ME2 induces a metabolic switch to glycolysis for tumorigenesis. Nat Commun. 15:6862024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Pearah A, Ramatchandirin B, Liu T, Wolf RM, Ikeda A, Radovick S, Sesaki H, Wondisford FE, O'Rourke B and He L: Blocking AMPKαS496 phosphorylation improves mitochondrial dynamics and hyperglycemia in aging and obesity. Cell Chem Biol. 30:15852023. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Zhao A, Guo C, Wang L, Chen S, Xu Q, Cheng J, Zhang J, Jiang J, Di J, Zhang H, et al: Xiebai San alleviates acute lung injury by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the ERK/Stat3 pathway and regulating multiple metabolisms. Phytomedicine. 128:1553972024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Liu Z, Yang J, Du M and Xin W: Functioning and mechanisms of PTMs in renal diseases. Front Pharmacol. 14:12387062023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Lu HC, Dai WN and He LY: Epigenetic histone modifications in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 14:329–344. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Du C, Zhu Y, Duan J, Yang Y, Ren Y, Mu L, Yan Z, Li G, Wang H, Shi Y and Yao F: A-485 alleviates fibrosis and apoptosis in kidney by disrupting tandem activation of acetylation and phosphorylation on STAT3. Biomed Pharmacother. 188:1182172025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Natarajan R: Epigenetic mechanisms in diabetic vascular complications and metabolic memory: The 2020 edwin bierman award lecture. Diabetes. 70:328–337. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Kouzarides T: Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell. 128:693–705. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Cheng Y, Chen Y, Wang G, Liu P, Xie G, Jing H, Chen H, Fan Y, Wang M and Zhou J: Protein methylation in diabetic kidney disease. Front Med (Lausanne). 9:7360062022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Mevissen TET and Komander D: Mechanisms of deubiquitinase specificity and regulation. Annu Rev Biochem. 86:159–192. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Goru SK, Kadakol A and Gaikwad AB: Hidden targets of ubiquitin proteasome system: To prevent diabetic nephropathy. Pharmacol Res. 120:170–179. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Liu B, Miao X, Shen J, Lou L, Chen K, Mei F, Chen M, Su X, Du X, Zhu Z, et al: USP25 ameliorates diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting TRAF6-mediated inflammatory responses. Int Immunopharmacol. 124:1108772023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Lu D, Zhang Y, Zhu P, Wu J, Yuan C and Ni L: The roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in renal disease. Int J Med Sci. 22:1791–1810. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Xu X, Qin Z, Zhang C, Mi X, Zhang C, Zhou F, Wang J, Zhang L and Hua F: TRIM29 promotes podocyte pyroptosis in diabetic nephropathy through the NF-kB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Cell Biol Int. 47:1126–1135. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Zhu S, Hou S, Lu Y, Sheng W, Cui Z, Dong T, Feng H and Wan Q: USP36-mediated deubiquitination of DOCK4 contributes to the diabetic renal tubular epithelial cell injury via Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol. 9:6384772021. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Yang Z, Zhang Y and Sun S: Deciphering the SUMO code in the kidney. J Cell Mol Med. 23:711–719. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar :

24 

Chen ZH, Li D, Zhang JY, Wei BY, Zhao HL, Li P and Chen DQ: SUMOylation and NEDDylation in kidney diseases. Exp Mol Pathol. 144:1050102025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Chatham JC and Patel RP: Protein glycosylation in cardiovascular health and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 21:525–544. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Liu Z, Qin Z, Bai W, Wang S, Huang C, Li N, Yan L, Gu Y and Shao F: Integrating bioinformatics and machine learning to elucidate the role of protein glycosylation-related genes in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. PLoS One. 20:e03296402025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Ren W, Bian Q and Cai Y: Mass spectrometry-based N-glycosylation analysis in kidney disease. Front Mol Biosci. 9:9762982022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Magalhães A, Duarte HO and Reis CA: The role of O-glycosylation in human disease. Mol Aspects Med. 79:1009642021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Liu C, Dong W, Li J, Kong Y and Ren X: O-GlcNAc modification and its role in diabetic retinopathy. Metabolites 2022. 12:7252022.

30 

Ye L, Ding W, Xiao D, Jia Y, Zhao Z, Ao X and Wang J: O-GlcNAcylation: cellular physiology and therapeutic target for human diseases. MedComm (2020). 4:e4562023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Pasupulati AK, Nagati V, Paturi ASV and Reddy GB: Non-enzymatic glycation and diabetic kidney disease. Vitam Horm. 125:251–285. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Ma Y, Wang X, Lin S, King L and Liu L: The potential role of advanced glycation end products in the development of kidney disease. Nutrients. 17:7582025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Parwani K and Mandal P: Role of advanced glycation end products and insulin resistance in diabetic nephropathy. Arch Physiol Biochem. 129:95–107. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Chahla C, Kovacic H, Ferhat L and Leloup L: pathological impact of redox post-translational modifications. Antioxid Redox Signal. 41:152–180. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Peleli M, Zampas P and Papapetropoulos A: Hydrogen sulfide and the kidney: Physiological roles, contribution to pathophysiology, and therapeutic potential. Antioxid Redox Signal. 36:220–243. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Vrettou S and Wirth B: S-Glutathionylation and S-Nitrosylation in mitochondria: Focus on homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 23:158492022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Nakamura T, Oh CK, Zhang X and Lipton SA: Protein S-nitrosylation and oxidation contribute to protein misfolding in neurodegeneration. Free Radic Biol Med. 172:562–577. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zhang D, Tang Z, Huang H, Zhou G, Cui C, Weng Y, Liu W, Kim S, Lee S, Perez-Neut M, et al: Metabolic regulation of gene expression by histone lactylation. Nature. 574:575–580. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Wang Y, Li H, Jiang S, Fu D, Lu X, Lu M, Li Y, Luo D, Wu K, Xu Y, et al: The glycolytic enzyme PFKFB3 drives kidney fibrosis through promoting histone lactylation-mediated NF-κB family activation. Kidney Int. 106:226–240. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Ye Z, Sun Y, Yang S, Li L, Li B, Xia Y, Yuan T, Yu W, Chen L, Zhou X and Cheng F: Lgals3 promotes calcium oxalate crystal formation and kidney injury through histone lactylation-mediated FGFR4 activation. Adv Sci (Weinh). 12:e24139372025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Qiao J, Tan Y, Liu H, Yang B, Zhang Q, Liu Q, Sun W, Li Z, Wang Q, Feng W, et al: Histone H3K18 and ezrin lactylation promote renal dysfunction in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. Adv Sci (Weinh). 11:e23072162024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Peng X and Du J: Histone and non-histone lactylation: Molecular mechanisms, biological functions, diseases, and therapeutic targets. Mol Biomed. 6:382025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Wei X, Long M, Yu J and Du Y: The lactate-lactylation axis in renal fibrosis: Potential mechanisms in diabetic kidney disease. Ann Med. 57:25873262025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Shen R, Ruan H, Lin S, Liu B, Song H, Li L and Ma T: Lysine succinylation, the metabolic bridge between cancer and immunity. Genes Dis. 10:2470–2478. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Tan M, Luo H, Lee S, Jin F, Yang JS, Montellier E, Buchou T, Cheng Z, Rousseaux S, Rajagopal N, et al: Identification of 67 histone marks and histone lysine crotonylation as a new type of histone modification. Cell. 146:1016–1028. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Wan J, Liu H, Chu J and Zhang H: Functions and mechanisms of lysine crotonylation. J Cell Mol Med. 23:7163–7169. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Yang P, Qin Y, Zeng L, He Y, Xie Y, Cheng X, Huang W and Cao L: Crotonylation and disease: Current progress and future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother. 165:1151082023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Li L, Xiang T, Guo J, Guo F, Wu Y, Feng H, Liu J, Tao S, Fu P and Ma L: Inhibition of ACSS2-mediated histone crotonylation alleviates kidney fibrosis via IL-1β-dependent macrophage activation and tubular cell senescence. Nat Commun. 15:32002024. View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Zhou T, Cheng X, He Y, Xie Y, Xu F, Xu Y and Huang W: Function and mechanism of histone beta-hydroxybutyrylation in health and disease. Front Immunol. 13:9812852022. View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Alicic RZ, Rooney MT and Tuttle KR: Diabetic kidney disease: Challenges, progress, and possibilities. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 12:2032–2045. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Darenskaya M, Kolesnikov S, Semenova N and Kolesnikova L: Diabetic nephropathy: Significance of determining oxidative stress and opportunities for antioxidant therapies. Int J Mol Sci. 24:123782023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Mohandes S, Doke T, Hu H, Mukhi D, Dhillon P and Susztak K: Molecular pathways that drive diabetic kidney disease. J Clin Invest. 133:e1656542023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Jin Q, Liu T, Qiao Y, Liu D, Yang L, Mao H, Ma F, Wang Y, Peng L and Zhan Y: Oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic nephropathy: Role of polyphenols. Front Immunol. 14:11853172023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Yao L, Liang X, Qiao Y, Chen B, Wang P and Liu Z: Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic tubulopathy. Metabolism. 131:1551952022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Hou Y, Wang Q, Han B, Chen Y, Qiao X and Wang L: CD36 promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation via the mtROS pathway in renal tubular epithelial cells of diabetic kidneys. Cell Death Dis. 12:5232021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Kim J, Kundu M, Viollet B and Guan KL: AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nat Cell Biol. 13:132–141. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Chen C, Ma J, Miao CS, Zhang H, Zhang M, Cao X and Shi Y: Trigonelline induces autophagy to protect mesangial cells in response to high glucose via activating the miR-5189-5p-AMPK pathway. Phytomedicine. 92:1536142021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Jin D, Zhao Y, Sun Y, Xue J, Li X and Wang X: Jiedu Tongluo Baoshen formula enhances renal tubular epithelial cell autophagy to prevent renal fibrosis by activating SIRT1/LKB1/AMPK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 160:1143402023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Li A, Yi B, Han H, Yang S, Hu Z, Zheng L, Wang J, Liao Q and Zhang H: Vitamin D-VDR (vitamin D receptor) regulates defective autophagy in renal tubular epithelial cell in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice via the AMPK pathway. Autophagy. 18:877–890. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar :

60 

Chen Y, Zheng YF, Lin XH, Zhang JP, Lin F and Shi H: Dendrobium mixture attenuates renal damage in rats with diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Mol Med Rep. 24:5902021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Wang X, Jiang L, Liu XQ, Huang YB, Wang AL, Zeng HX, Gao L, Zhu QJ, Xia LL and Wu YG: Paeoniflorin binds to VEGFR2 to restore autophagy and inhibit apoptosis for podocyte protection in diabetic kidney disease through PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. Phytomedicine. 106:1544002022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Wang N and Zhang C: Oxidative stress: A culprit in the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Antioxidants (Basel). 13:4552024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Song S, Qiu D, Wang Y, Wei J, Wu H, Wu M, Wang S, Zhou X, Shi Y and Duan H: TXNIP deficiency mitigates podocyte apoptosis via restraining the activation of mTOR or p38 MAPK signaling in diabetic nephropathy. Exp Cell Res. 388:1118622020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Li H, Zhao K and Li Y: Gasdermin D protects mouse podocytes against high-glucose-induced inflammation and apoptosis via the C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway. Med Sci Monit. 27:e9284112021.PubMed/NCBI

65 

Liu Y, Li Y, Xu L, Shi J, Yu X, Wang X, Li X, Jiang H, Yang T, Yin X, et al: Quercetin attenuates podocyte apoptosis of diabetic nephropathy through targeting EGFR signaling. Front Pharmacol. 12:7927772022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Zhai Y, Li D, Wang Z, Shao L, Yin N and Li W: Cortex mori radicis attenuates streptozotocin-induced diabetic renal injury in mice via regulation of transient receptor potential canonical channel 6. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 22:862–873. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Chen M, Fang Y, Ge Y, Qiu S, Dworkin L and Gong R: The redox-sensitive GSK3β is a key regulator of glomerular podocyte injury in type 2 diabetic kidney disease. Redox Biol. 72:1031272024. View Article : Google Scholar

68 

Feng Q, Yu X, Xie J, Liu F, Zhang X, Li S, Wang Y, Pan S, Liu D and Liu Z: Phillygenin improves diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis via regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathways. Phytomedicine. 136:1563142025. View Article : Google Scholar

69 

Liang LL, He MF, Zhou PP, Pan SK, Liu DW and Liu ZS: GSK3β: A ray of hope for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease. FASEB J. 38:e234582024. View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Wang H, Yu X, Liu D, Qiao Y, Huo J, Pan S, Zhou L, Wang R, Feng Q and Liu Z: VDR activation attenuates renal tubular epithelial cell ferroptosis by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Adv Sci (Weinh). 11:e23055632024. View Article : Google Scholar :

71 

Dong D, Zhang Y, He H, Zhu Y and Ou H: Alpinetin inhibits macrophage infiltration and atherosclerosis by improving the thiol redox state: Requirement of GSk3β/Fyn-dependent Nrf2 activation. FASEB J. 36:e222612022. View Article : Google Scholar

72 

Yu X, Jiang N, Li J, Li X and He S: Upregulation of BRD7 protects podocytes against high glucose-induced apoptosis by enhancing Nrf2 in a GSK-3β-dependent manner. Tissue Cell. 76:1018132022. View Article : Google Scholar

73 

Paeng J, Chang JH, Lee SH, Nam BY, Kang HY, Kim S, Oh HJ, Park JT, Han SH, Yoo TH and Kang SW: Enhanced glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity mediates podocyte apoptosis under diabetic conditions. Apoptosis. 19:1678–1690. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Xie J, Yuan Y, Yao G, Yu W and Zhu Q: Role and mechanism of NUP160-regulated autophagy in pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Iran J Kidney Dis. 17:327–334. 2023.PubMed/NCBI

75 

Fang X, Huang W, Sun Q, Zhao Y, Sun R, Liu F, Huang D, Zhang Y, Gao F and Wang B: Melatonin attenuates cellular senescence and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy by regulating STAT3 phosphorylation. Life Sci. 332:1221082023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Jia J, Tan R, Xu L, Wang H, Li J, Su H, Zhong X, Liu P and Wang L: Hederagenin improves renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by regulating Smad3/NOX4/SLC7A11 signaling-mediated tubular cell ferroptosis. Int Immunopharmacol. 135:1123032024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Sun HJ, Xiong SP, Cao X, Cao L, Zhu MY, Wu ZY and Bian JS: Polysulfide-mediated sulfhydration of SIRT1 prevents diabetic nephropathy by suppressing phosphorylation and acetylation of p65 NF-κB and STAT3. Redox Biol. 38:1018132021. View Article : Google Scholar

78 

Lu J, Chen PP, Zhang JX, Li XQ, Wang GH, Yuan BY, Huang SJ, Liu XQ, Jiang TT, Wang MY, et al: GPR43 deficiency protects against podocyte insulin resistance in diabetic nephropathy through the restoration of AMPKα activity. Theranostics. 11:4728–4742. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

79 

Jiang W, Xiao T, Han W, Xiong J, He T, Liu Y, Huang Y, Yang K, Bi X, Xu X, et al: Klotho inhibits PKCα/p66SHC-mediated podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 494:1104902019. View Article : Google Scholar

80 

Wang X, Zhang Y, Chi K, Ji Y, Zhang K, Li P, Fu Z, Wang X, Cui S, Shen W, et al: IGFBP2 induces podocyte apoptosis promoted by mitochondrial damage via integrin α5/FAK in diabetic kidney disease. Apoptosis. 29:1109–1125. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Cao Y, Chen Z, Hu J, Feng J, Zhu Z, Fan Y, Lin Q and Ding G: Mfn2 regulates high glucose-induced MAMs dysfunction and apoptosis in podocytes via PERK pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol. 9:7692132021. View Article : Google Scholar

82 

Tian N, Gao Y, Wang X, Wu X, Zou D, Zhu Z, Han Z, Wang T and Shi Y: Emodin mitigates podocytes apoptosis induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress through the inhibition of the PERK pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 12:2195–2211. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Uehara R, Yamada E, Okada S, Bastie CC, Maeshima A, Ikeuchi H, Horiguchi K and Yamada M: Fyn phosphorylates transglutaminase 2 (Tgm2) and modulates autophagy and p53 Expression in the development of diabetic kidney disease. Cells. 12:11972023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Khan MF, Mathur A, Pandey VK and Kakkar P: Endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent activation of TRB3-FoxO1 signaling pathway exacerbates hyperglycemic nephrotoxicity: Protection accorded by Naringenin. Eur J Pharmacol. 917:1747452022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Wu H, Shi Y, Deng X, Su Y, Du C, Wei J, Ren Y, Wu M, Hou Y and Duan H: Inhibition of c-Src/p38 MAPK pathway ameliorates renal tubular epithelial cells apoptosis in db/db mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 417:27–35. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Dusabimana T, Kim SR, Park EJ, Je J, Jeong K, Yun SP, Kim HJ, Kim H and Park SW: P2Y2R contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting autophagy response. Mol Metab. 42:1010892020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Dong R, Zhang X, Liu Y, Zhao T, Sun Z, Liu P, Xiang Q, Xiong J, Du X, Yang X, et al: Rutin alleviates EndMT by restoring autophagy through inhibiting HDAC1 via PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in diabetic kidney disease. Phytomedicine. 112:1547002023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Lazar AG, Vlad ML, Manea A, Simionescu M and Manea SA: Activated histone acetyltransferase p300/CBP-Related signalling pathways mediate up-regulation of NADPH oxidase, inflammation, and fibrosis in diabetic kidney. Antioxidants (Basel). 10:13562021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Li Y, Li X, He K, Li B, Liu K, Qi J, Wang H, Wang Y and Luo W: C-peptide prevents NF-κB from recruiting p300 and binding to the inos promoter in diabetic nephropathy. FASEB J. 32:2269–2279. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

90 

Wang M, Huang Z, Li X, He P, Sun H, Peng Y and Fan Q: Apabetalone, a BET protein inhibitor, inhibits kidney damage in diabetes by preventing pyroptosis via modulating the P300/H3K27ac/PLK1 axis. Pharmacol Res. 207:1073062024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Lu J, Li XQ, Chen PP, Zhang JX, Liu L, Wang GH, Liu XQ, Jiang TT, Wang MY, Liu WT, et al: Activation of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 mediates kidney injury in diabetic nephropathy. JCI Insight. 8:e1658172023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Xu J, Deng Y, Ke Y, Zhu Y, Wang P, Yu Q, Li C and Shi B: Mutation of Beclin1 acetylation site at K414 alleviates high glucose-induced podocyte impairment in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting hyperactivated autophagy. Mol Biol Rep. 49:3919–3926. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Li X, Zhang Y, Chen H, Wu Y, Chen Y, Gong S, Liu Y and Liu H: Inhibition of TFEB deacetylation in proximal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) promotes TFEB activation and alleviates TEC damage in diabetic kidney disease. FASEB J. 38:e238842024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Brijmohan AS, Batchu SN, Majumder S, Alghamdi TA, Thieme K, McGaugh S, Liu Y, Advani SL, Bowskill BB, Kabir MG, et al: HDAC6 inhibition promotes transcription factor EB activation and is protective in experimental kidney disease. Front Pharmacol. 9:342018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Liang T, Qi C, Lai Y, Xie J, Wang H, Zhang L, Lin T, Jv M, Li J, Wang Y, et al: HDAC6-mediated α-tubulin deacetylation suppresses autophagy and enhances motility of podocytes in diabetic nephropathy. J Cell Mol Med. 24:11558–11572. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Wang X, Liu J, Zhen J, Zhang C, Wan Q, Liu G, Wei X, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Han H, et al: Histone deacetylase 4 selectively contributes to podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 86:712–725. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Wang W, Sun W, Cheng Y, Xu Z and Cai L: Role of sirtuin-1 in diabetic nephropathy. J Mol Med (Berl). 97:291–309. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Lo CS, Shi Y, Chenier I, Ghosh A, Wu CH, Cailhier JF, Ethier J, Lattouf JB, Filep JG, Ingelfinger JR, et al: Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F stimulates sirtuin-1 gene expression and attenuates nephropathy progression in diabetic mice. Diabetes. 66:1964–1978. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Liu Y, Liu W, Zhang Z, Hu Y, Zhang X, Sun Y, Lei Q, Sun D, Liu T, Fan Y, et al: Yishen capsule promotes podocyte autophagy through regulating SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway to improve diabetic nephropathy. Ren Fail. 43:128–140. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Jiao X, Li Y, Zhang T, Liu M and Chi Y: Role of Sirtuin3 in high glucose-induced apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 480:387–393. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Liu M, Liang K, Zhen J, Zhou M, Wang X, Wang Z, Wei X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Zhou Z, et al: Sirt6 deficiency exacerbates podocyte injury and proteinuria through targeting Notch signaling. Nat Commun. 8:4132017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Liu DW, Zhang JH, Liu FX, Wang XT, Pan SK, Jiang DK, Zhao ZH and Liu ZS: Silencing of long noncoding RNA PVT1 inhibits podocyte damage and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy by upregulating FOXA1. Exp Mol Med. 51:1–15. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

103 

Zhao Y, Li D, Zhou P, Zhao Y and Kuang J: microRNA-29b-3p attenuates diabetic nephropathy in mice by modifying EZH2. Hormones (Athens). 22:223–233. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Tang Y, Wan F, Tang X, Lin Y, Zhang H, Cao J and Yang R: Celastrol attenuates diabetic nephropathy by upregulating SIRT1-mediated inhibition of EZH2related wnt/β-catenin signaling. Int Immunopharmacol. 122:1105842023. View Article : Google Scholar

105 

Wang H, Wang J, Ran Q, Leng Y, Liu T, Xiong Z, Zou D and Yang W: Identification and functional analysis of the hub Ferroptosis-Related gene EZH2 in diabetic kidney disease. Int Immunopharmacol. 133:1121382024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Kim D, Ban KY, Lee GH and Jun HS: Lysophosphatidic acid induces podocyte pyroptosis in diabetic nephropathy by an increase of Egr1 expression via downregulation of EzH2. Int J Mol Sci. 24:99682023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Liebisch M and Wolf G: AGE-Induced suppression of EZH2 mediates injury of podocytes by reducing H3K27me3. Am J Nephrol. 51:676–692. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Lin CL, Hsu YC, Huang YT, Shih YH, Wang CJ, Chiang WC and Chang PJ: A KDM6A-KLF10 reinforcing feedback mechanism aggravates diabetic podocyte dysfunction. EMBO Mol Med. 11:e98282019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Chen H, Huang Y, Zhu X, Liu C, Yuan Y, Su H, Zhang C, Liu C, Xiong M, Qu Y, et al: Histone demethylase UTX is a therapeutic target for diabetic kidney disease. J Physiol. 597:1643–1660. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

110 

Chen Q, Xie C, Tang K, Luo M, Zhang Z, Jin Y, Liu Y, Zhou L and Kong Y: The E3 ligase Trim63 promotes podocyte injury and proteinuria by targeting PPARα to inhibit fatty acid oxidation. Free Radic Biol Med. 209(Pt 1): 40–54. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Liang L, He M, Zhou P, Pan S, Chen J, Lv L, Hu M, Zhou S, Liu D and Liu Z: c-Cbl induced podocin ubiquitination contributes to the podocytes injury in diabetic nephropathy. FASEB J. 38:e236622024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Xu J, Deng Y, Wang Y, Sun X, Chen S and Fu G: SPAG5-AS1 inhibited autophagy and aggravated apoptosis of podocytes via SPAG5/AKT/mTOR pathway. Cell Prolif. 53:e127382020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Xu Y, Gao H, Hu Y, Fang Y, Qi C, Huang J, Cai X, Wu H, Ding X and Zhang Z: High glucose-induced apoptosis and necroptosis in podocytes is regulated by UCHL1 via RIPK1/RIPK3 pathway. Exp Cell Res. 382:1114632019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Pontrelli P, Oranger A, Barozzino M, Divella C, Conserva F, Fiore MG, Rossi R, Papale M, Castellano G, Simone S, et al: Deregulation of autophagy under hyperglycemic conditions is dependent on increased lysine 63 ubiquitination: a candidate mechanism in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. J Mol Med (Berl). 96:645–659. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Huang Y, Sun Y, Cao Y, Sun H, Li M, You H, Su D, Li Y and Liang X: HRD1 prevents apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells by mediating eIF2α ubiquitylation and degradation. Cell Death Dis. 8:32022017. View Article : Google Scholar

116 

Li X, Ma TK, Wen S, Li LL, Xu L, Zhu XW, Zhang CX, Liu N, Wang X and Fan QL: LncRNA ARAP1-AS2 promotes high glucose-induced human proximal tubular cell injury via persistent transactivation of the EGFR by interacting with ARAP1. J Cell Mol Med. 24:12994–13009. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Li X, Ma TK, Wang M, Zhang XD, Liu TY, Liu Y, Huang ZH, Zhu YH, Zhang S, Yin L, et al: YY1-induced upregulation of LncRNA-ARAP1-AS2 and ARAP1 promotes diabetic kidney fibrosis via aberrant glycolysis associated with EGFR/PKM2/HIF-1α pathway. Front Pharmacol. 14:10693482023. View Article : Google Scholar

118 

Cai J, Wei J, Zeng Y, Yi M, Zhou Y, Ai K, Chen W, Liu Y, Chen G, Chen A, et al: UBC9-associated SUMOylation contributes to β-catenin activation and kidney fibrosis. Kidney Int. 108:642–657. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

119 

Cai J, Pan J, Zeng Y, Wei J, Yi M, Xiang Y, Liu Z, Duan S, Wang C and Dong Z: SUMOylation protects against sepsis-associated acute kidney injury by stabilizing IκBα. Mol Ther. Oct 27–2025.Epub ahead of print. View Article : Google Scholar

120 

Lizotte F, Rousseau M, Denhez B, Lévesque D, Guay A, Liu H, Moreau J, Higgins S, Sabbagh R, Susztak K, et al: Deletion of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 restores SUMOylation of podocin and reverses the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 104:787–802. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

121 

Wu L, Li O, Zhu F, Wang X, Chen P, Cai G, Chen X and Hong Q: Krϋppel-like factor 15 suppresses renal glomerular mesangial cell proliferation via enhancing P53 SUMO1 conjugation. J Cell Mol Med. 25:5691–5706. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Degrell P, Cseh J, Mohás M, Molnár GA, Pajor L, Chatham JC, Fülöp N and Wittmann I: Evidence of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine in diabetic nephropathy. Life Sci. 84:389–393. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

123 

Silva-Aguiar RP, Teixeira DE, Peres RAS, Alves SAS, Novaes-Fernandes C, Dias WB, Pinheiro AAS, Peruchetti DB and Caruso-Neves C: O-linked GlcNAcylation mediates the inhibition of proximal tubule (Na++K+)ATPase activity in the early stage of diabetes mellitus. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 1867:1304662023. View Article : Google Scholar

124 

Gellai R, Hodrea J, Lenart L, Hosszu A, Koszegi S, Balogh D, Ver A, Banki NF, Fulop N, Molnar A, et al: Role of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 311:F1172–F1181. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

125 

Akimoto Y, Miura Y, Toda T, Wolfert MA, Wells L, Boons GJ, Hart GW, Endo T and Kawakami H: Morphological changes in diabetic kidney are associated with increased O-GlcNAcylation of cytoskeletal proteins including α-actinin 4. Clin Proteomics. 8:152011. View Article : Google Scholar

126 

Song S, Hu T, Shi X, Jin Y, Liu S, Li X, Zou W and Wang C: ER stress-perturbed intracellular protein O-GlcNAcylation aggravates podocyte injury in diabetes nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 24:176032023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

127 

Sugahara S, Kume S, Chin-Kanasaki M, Tomita I, Yasuda-Yamahara M, Yamahara K, Takeda N, Osawa N, Yanagita M, Araki SI and Maegawa H: Protein O-GlcNAcylation is essential for the maintenance of renal energy homeostasis and function via lipolysis during fasting and diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 30:962–978. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

128 

Chen CH, Lin KD, Ke LY, Liang CJ, Kuo WC, Lee MY, Lee YL, Hsiao PJ, Hsu CC and Shin SJ: O-GlcNAcylation disrupts STRA6-retinol signals in kidneys of diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 1863:1059–1069. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

129 

Qin J, Chen Z, Ye M, Liang L and Ding X: High glucose promotes O-GlcNAcylation of ACSL4 to induce ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cell. Autoimmunity. 58:25768812025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

130 

Fang M, Kang L, Wang X, Guo X, Wang W, Qin B, Du X, Tang Q and Lin H: Inhibition of core fucosylation limits progression of diabetic kidney disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 520:612–618. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

131 

Ferreira MJ, Rodrigues TA, Pedrosa AG, Silva AR, Vilarinho BG, Francisco T and Azevedo JE: Glutathione and peroxisome redox homeostasis. Redox Biol. 67:1029172023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

132 

Rashdan NA, Shrestha B and Pattillo CB: S-glutathionylation, friend or foe in cardiovascular health and disease. Redox Biol. 37:1016932020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

133 

Guo Y, Liu Y, Zhao S, Xu W, Li Y, Zhao P, Wang D, Cheng H, Ke Y and Zhang X: Oxidative stress-induced FABP5 S-glutathionylation protects against acute lung injury by suppressing inflammation in macrophages. Nat Commun. 12:70942021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

134 

Lash LH: Renal glutathione: Dual roles as antioxidant protector and bioactivation promoter. Biochem Pharmacol. 228:1161812024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

135 

Li SS, Cui N, Yang Y, Trower TC, Wei YM, Wu Y, Zhang S, Jin X and Jiang C: Impairment of the vascular KATP channel imposes fatal susceptibility to experimental diabetes due to multi-organ injuries. J Cell Physiol. 230:2915–2926. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

136 

Sampathkumar R, Balasubramanyam M, Sudarslal S, Rema M, Mohan V and Balaram P: Increased glutathionylated hemoglobin (HbSSG) in type 2 diabetes subjects with microangiopathy. Clin Biochem. 38:892–899. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

137 

Li Q, Veron D and Tufro A: S-Nitrosylation of RhoGAP Myosin9A is altered in advanced diabetic kidney disease. Front Med (Lausanne). 8:6795182021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

138 

Michelis R, Kristal B, Zeitun T, Shapiro G, Fridman Y, Geron R and Sela S: Albumin oxidation leads to neutrophil activation in vitro and inaccurate measurement of serum albumin in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Free Radic Biol Med. 60:49–55. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

139 

Wu M and Ye X: Quercetin-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside inhibits podocyte injury by SIRT5-mediated desuccinylation of NEK7. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 51:e139092024. View Article : Google Scholar

140 

Suk Kang J, Son SS, Lee JH, Lee SW, Jeong AR, Lee ES, Cha SK, Chung CH and Lee EY: Protective effects of klotho on palmitate-induced podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy. PLoS One. 16:e02506662021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

141 

Liu H, Chen W, Lu P, Ma Y, Liang X and Liu Y: Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates the inflammation and oxidative stress induced by diabetic nephropathy through regulating the PI3K/AKT/FOXO3 pathway. Ann Transl Med. 9:17892021. View Article : Google Scholar

142 

Park HS, Lim JH, Kim MY, Kim Y, Hong YA, Choi SR, Chung S, Kim HW, Choi BS, Kim YS, et al: Resveratrol increases AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 expression in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. J Transl Med. 14:1762016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

143 

Huang Q, Ouyang DS and Liu Q: Isoeucommin A attenuates kidney injury in diabetic nephropathy through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. FEBS Open Bio. 11:2350–2363. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

144 

Garner KL, Betin VMS, Pinto V, Graham M, Abgueguen E, Barnes M, Bedford DC, McArdle CA and Coward RJM: Enhanced insulin receptor, but not PI3K, signalling protects podocytes from ER stress. Sci Rep. 8:39022018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

145 

Li L, Zou J, Zhou M, Li H, Zhou T, Liu X, Huang Q, Yang S, Xiang Q and Yu R: Phenylsulfate-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in podocytes are ameliorated by Astragaloside IV activation of the SIRT1/PGC1α/Nrf1 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 177:1170082024. View Article : Google Scholar

146 

Wang X, Gao Y, Tian N, Wang T, Shi Y, Xu J and Wu B: Astragaloside IV inhibits glucose-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of podocytes through autophagy enhancement via the SIRT-NF-κB p65 axis. Sci Rep. 9:3232019. View Article : Google Scholar

147 

Lu J, Li XQ, Chen PP, Zhang JX, Li L, Wang GH, Liu XQ, Jiang CM and Ma KL: Acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 promotes diabetic renal tubular injury in mice by rewiring fatty acid metabolism through SIRT1/ChREBP pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 45:366–377. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

148 

Ogura Y, Kitada M, Monno I, Kanasaki K, Watanabe A and Koya D: Renal mitochondrial oxidative stress is enhanced by the reduction of Sirt3 activity, in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Redox Rep. 23:153–159. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

149 

Lv T, Lu Y, Liu Y, Feng H, Li C, Sheng W, Cui Z, Zhu S, Gu X, Yang Z and Wan Q: General control of amino acid synthesis 5-like 1-mediated acetylation of manganese superoxide dismutase regulates oxidative stress in diabetic kidney disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021:66912262021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

150 

Chen J, Guo Y, Zeng W, Huang L, Pang Q, Nie L, Mu J, Yuan F and Feng B: ER stress triggers MCP-1 expression through SET7/9-induced histone methylation in the kidneys of db/db mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 306:F916–F925. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

151 

Zhao M, Wang S, Zuo A, Zhang J, Wen W, Jiang W, Chen H, Liang D, Sun J and Wang M: HIF-1α/JMJD1A signaling regulates inflammation and oxidative stress following hyperglycemia and hypoxia-induced vascular cell injury. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 26:402021. View Article : Google Scholar

152 

Siddiqi FS, Majumder S, Thai K, Abdalla M, Hu P, Advani SL, White KE, Bowskill BB, Guarna G, Dos Santos CC, et al: The histone methyltransferase enzyme enhancer of zeste homolog 2 protects against podocyte oxidative stress and renal injury in diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol. 27:2021–2034. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

153 

Dai X, Liao R, Liu C, Liu S, Huang H, Liu J, Jin T, Guo H, Zheng Z, Xia M, et al: Epigenetic regulation of TXNIP-mediated oxidative stress and NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to SAHH inhibition-aggravated diabetic nephropathy. Redox Biol. 45:1020332021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

154 

Li T, Yu C and Zhuang S: Histone methyltransferase EZH2: A potential therapeutic target for kidney diseases. Front Physiol. 12:6407002021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

155 

Wang M, Hu J, Yan L, Yang Y, He M, Wu M, Li Q, Gong W, Yang Y, Wang Y, et al: High glucose-induced ubiquitination of G6PD leads to the injury of podocytes. FASEB J. 33:6296–6310. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

156 

Mathur A, Pandey VK, Khan MF and Kakkar P: PHLPP1/Nrf2-Mdm2 axis induces renal apoptosis via influencing nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of FoxO1 during diabetic nephropathy. Mol Cell Biochem. 476:3681–3699. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

157 

Ye G, Hu ML and Xiao L: Forkhead box A2-mediated lncRNA SOX2OT up-regulation alleviates oxidative stress and apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells by promoting SIRT1 expression in diabetic nephropathy. Nephrology (Carlton). 28:196–207. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar

158 

Li S, Lin Z, Xiao H, Xu Z, Li C, Zeng J, Xie X, Deng L and Huang H: Fyn deficiency inhibits oxidative stress by decreasing c-Cbl-mediated ubiquitination of Sirt1 to attenuate diabetic renal fibrosis. Metabolism. 139:1553782023. View Article : Google Scholar

159 

Chen ZQ, Sun XH, Li XJ, Xu ZC, Yang Y, Lin ZY, Xiao HM, Zhang M, Quan SJ and Huang HQ: Polydatin attenuates renal fibrosis in diabetic mice through regulating the Cx32-Nox4 signaling pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 41:1587–1596. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

160 

Du L, Wang L, Wang B, Wang J, Hao M, Chen YB, Li XZ, Li Y, Jiang YF, Li CC, et al: A novel compound AB38b attenuates oxidative stress and ECM protein accumulation in kidneys of diabetic mice through modulation of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 41:358–372. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar :

161 

Gong W, Chen Z, Zou Y, Zhang L, Huang J, Liu P and Huang H: CKIP-1 affects the polyubiquitination of Nrf2 and Keap1 via mediating Smurf1 to resist HG-induced renal fibrosis in GMCs and diabetic mice kidneys. Free Radic Biol Med. 115:338–350. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

162 

Chen J, Ou Z, Gao T, Yang Y, Shu A, Xu H, Chen Y and Lv Z: Ginkgolide B alleviates oxidative stress and ferroptosis by inhibiting GPX4 ubiquitination to improve diabetic nephropathy. Biomed Pharmacother. 156:1139532022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

163 

Zhao QX, Yan SB, Wang F, Li XX, Shang GK, Zheng ZJ, Xiao J, Lin ZW, Li CB and Ji XP: STING deficiency alleviates ferroptosis through FPN1 stabilization in diabetic kidney disease. Biochem Pharmacol. 222:1161022024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

164 

Kim M, Bae JY, Yoo S, Kim HW, Lee SA, Kim ET and Koh G: 2-Deoxy-d-ribose induces ferroptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells via ubiquitin-proteasome system-mediated xCT protein degradation. Free Radic Biol Med. 208:384–393. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

165 

Xu L, Zhou Y, Wang G, Bo L, Jin B, Dai L, Lu Q, Cai X, Hu L, Liu L, et al: The UDPase ENTPD5 regulates ER stress-associated renal injury by mediating protein N-glycosylation. Cell Death Dis. 14:1662023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

166 

Jo R, Shibata H, Kurihara I, Yokota K, Kobayashi S, Murai-Takeda A, Mitsuishi Y, Hayashi T, Nakamura T and Itoh H: Mechanisms of mineralocorticoid receptor-associated hypertension in diabetes mellitus: the role of O-GlcNAc modification. Hypertens Res. 46:19–31. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar

167 

Sampathkumar R, Balasubramanyam M, Tara C, Rema M and Mohan V: Association of hypoglutathionemia with reduced Na+/K+ ATPase activity in type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy. Mol Cell Biochem. 282:169–176. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

168 

Dursun E, Timur M, Dursun B, Süleymanlar G and Ozben T: Protein oxidation in type 2 diabetic patients on hemodialysis. J Diabetes Complications. 19:142–146. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

169 

Wang M, Li Q, Wang S, Zuo L, Hai Y, Yuan S, Li X, Huang X, Yang C, Yao L, et al: Astragaloside IV protects renal tubular epithelial cells against oxidative stress-induced injury by upregulating CPT1A-mediated HSD17B10 lysine succinylation in diabetic kidney disease. Phytother Res. 38:4519–4540. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

170 

Lin Q, Ma Y, Chen Z, Hu J, Chen C, Fan Y, Liang W and Ding G: Sestrin-2 regulates podocyte mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis under high-glucose conditions via AMPK. Int J Mol Med. 45:1361–1372. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

171 

Sun MY, Ye HJ, Zheng C, Jin ZJ, Yuan Y and Weng HB: Astragalin ameliorates renal injury in diabetic mice by modulating mitochondrial quality control via AMPK-dependent PGC1α pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 44:1676–1686. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

172 

Yao L, Liang X, Liu Y, Li B, Hong M, Wang X, Chen B, Liu Z and Wang P: Non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist finerenone ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction via PI3K/Akt/eNOS signaling pathway in diabetic tubulopathy. Redox Biol. 68:1029462023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

173 

Kong Z, Xiao M, Wang B, Zhang W, Che K, Lv W, Wang Y, Huang Y, Zhao H, Zhao Y, et al: Renoprotective effect of isoorientin in diabetic nephropathy via activating autophagy and inhibiting the PI3K-AKT-TSC2-mTOR pathway. Am J Chin Med. 51:1269–1291. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

174 

Rousseau M, Denhez B, Spino C, Lizotte F, Guay A, Côté A-M, Burger D and Geraldes P: Reduction of DUSP4 contributes to podocytes oxidative stress, insulin resistance and diabetic nephropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 624:127–133. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

175 

Wang S, Yang Y, He X, Yang L, Wang J, Xia S, Liu D, Liu S, Yang L, Liu W and Duan H: Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation of Sirt1 contributes to podocyte mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy. Antioxid Redox Signal. 34:171–190. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

176 

Zeng Y, Guo M, Wu Q, Tan X, Jiang C, Teng F, Chen J, Zhang F, Ma X, Li X, et al: Gut microbiota-derived indole-3-propionic acid alleviates diabetic kidney disease through its mitochondrial protective effect via reducing ubiquitination mediated-degradation of SIRT1. J Adv Res. 73:607–630. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar :

177 

Wang F, Xu W, Liu X and Zhang J: Dexmedetomidine ameliorates high glucose-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in HK-2 cells through the Cdk5/Drp1/ROS pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 56:71–81. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar :

178 

Chen Z, Ma Y, Yang Q, Hu J, Feng J, Liang W and Ding G: AKAP1 mediates high glucose-induced mitochondrial fission through the phosphorylation of Drp1 in podocytes. J Cell Physiol. 235:7433–7448. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

179 

Liu S, Li X, Wen R, Chen L, Yang Q, Song S, Xiao G, Su Z and Wang C: Increased thromboxane/prostaglandin receptors contribute to high glucose-induced podocyte injury and mitochondrial fission through ROCK1-Drp1 signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 151:1062812022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

180 

Wang W, Wang Y, Long J, Wang J, Haudek SB, Overbeek P, Chang BH, Schumacker PT and Danesh FR: Mitochondrial fission triggered by hyperglycemia is mediated by ROCK1 activation in podocytes and endothelial cells. Cell Metab. 15:186–200. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

181 

Zhu X, Deng Z, Cao Y, Zhou Z, Sun W, Liu C, Fan S and Yin XX: Resveratrol prevents Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission in the diabetic kidney through the PDE4D/PKA pathway. Phytother Res. 37:5916–5931. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

182 

Picca A, Faitg J, Auwerx J, Ferrucci L and D'Amico D: Mitophagy in human health, ageing and disease. Nat Metab. 5:2047–2061. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

183 

Li K, Xia X and Tong Y: Multiple roles of mitochondrial autophagy receptor FUNDC1 in mitochondrial events and kidney disease. Front Cell Dev Biol. 12:14533652024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

184 

Liu L, Feng D, Chen G, Chen M, Zheng Q, Song P, Ma Q, Zhu C, Wang R, Qi W, et al: Mitochondrial outer-membrane protein FUNDC1 mediates hypoxia-induced mitophagy in mammalian cells. Nat Cell Biol. 14:177–185. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

185 

Zheng T, Wang HY, Chen Y, Chen X, Wu ZL, Hu QY and Sun H: Src activation aggravates podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy via suppression of FUNDC1-mediated mitophagy. Front Pharmacol. 13:8970462022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

186 

Feng J, Chen Z, Ma Y, Yang X, Zhu Z, Zhang Z, Hu J, Liang W and Ding G: AKAP1 contributes to impaired mtDNA replication and mitochondrial dysfunction in podocytes of diabetic kidney disease. Int J Biol Sci. 18:4026–4042. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

187 

Li X, Yang Q, Liu S, Song S and Wang C: Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes promote mitochondrial fission through AKAP1-Drp1 pathway in podocytes under high glucose conditions. Exp Cell Res. 424:1135122023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

188 

Small DM, Morais C, Coombes JS, Bennett NC, Johnson DW and Gobe GC: Oxidative stress-induced alterations in PPAR-γ and associated mitochondrial destabilization contribute to kidney cell apoptosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 307:F814–F822. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

189 

Lee J, Tsogbadrakh B, Yang S, Ryu H, Kang E, Kang M, Kang HG, Ahn C and Oh KH: Klotho ameliorates diabetic nephropathy via LKB1-AMPK-PGC1α-mediated renal mitochondrial protection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 534:1040–1046. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

190 

Pham TK, Nguyen THT, Yun HR, Vasileva EA, Mishchenko NP, Fedoreyev SA, Stonik VA, Vu TT, Nguyen HQ, Cho SW, et al: Echinochrome a prevents diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the PKC-Iota pathway and enhancing renal mitochondrial function in db/db Mice. Mar Drugs. 21:2222023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

191 

Zhou D, Zhou M, Wang Z, Fu Y, Jia M, Wang X, Liu M, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Lu Y, et al: PGRN acts as a novel regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis by facilitating mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis to prevent podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy. Cell Death Dis. 10:5242019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

192 

Saxena S, Anand SK, Sharma A and Kakkar P: Involvement of Sirt1-FoxO3a-Bnip3 axis and autophagy mediated mitochondrial turnover in according protection to hyperglycemic NRK-52E cells by Berberine. Toxicol In Vitro. 100:1059162024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

193 

Li Q, Liao J, Chen W, Zhang K, Li H, Ma F, Zhang H, Han Q, Guo J, Li Y, et al: NAC alleviative ferroptosis in diabetic nephropathy via maintaining mitochondrial redox homeostasis through activating SIRT3-SOD2/Gpx4 pathway. Free Radic Biol Med. 187:158–170. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

194 

Fan Y, Yang Q, Yang Y, Gao Z, Ma Y, Zhang L, Liang W and Ding G: Sirt6 suppresses high glucose-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in podocytes through AMPK activation. Int J Biol Sci. 15:701–713. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

195 

Zhang Z, Zhou F, Lu M, Zhang D, Zhang X, Xu S and He Y: WTAP-mediated m6A modification of TRIM22 promotes diabetic nephropathy by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction via ubiquitination of OPA1. Redox Rep. 29:24047942024. View Article : Google Scholar

196 

Lv Z, Wang Z, Hu J, Su H, Liu B, Lang Y, Yu Q, Liu Y, Fan X, Yang M, et al: LncRNA PVT1 induces mitochondrial dysfunction of podocytes via TRIM56 in diabetic kidney disease. Cell Death Dis. 15:6972024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

197 

Xiao L and Ye G: RUNX3 alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and tubular damage by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signalling pathway in diabetic kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton). 29:470–481. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

198 

Ji X, Yang X, Gu X, Chu L, Sun S, Sun J, Song P, Mu Q, Wang Y, Sun X, et al: CUL3 induces mitochondrial dysfunction via MRPL12 ubiquitination in renal tubular epithelial cells. FEBS J. 290:5340–5352. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

199 

Yang Y, Ren S, Xue J, Dong W, He W, Luo J, Li X, Xu H, Zheng Z, Wang X, et al: DeSUMOylation of RBMX regulates exosomal sorting of cargo to promote renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease. J Adv Res. 74:175–189. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

200 

Pérez-Gallardo RV, Noriega-Cisneros R, Esquivel-Gutiérrez E, Calderón-Cortés E, Cortés-Rojo C, Manzo-Avalos S, Campos-García J, Salgado-Garciglia R, Montoya-Pérez R, Boldogh I and Saavedra-Molina A: Effects of diabetes on oxidative and nitrosative stress in kidney mitochondria from aged rats. J Bioenerg Biomembr. 46:511–518. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

201 

Rosca MG, Mustata TG, Kinter MT, Ozdemir AM, Kern TS, Szweda LI, Brownlee M, Monnier VM and Weiss MF: Glycation of mitochondrial proteins from diabetic rat kidney is associated with excess superoxide formation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 289:F420–F430. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

202 

Rosca MG, Monnier VM, Szweda LI and Weiss MF: Alterations in renal mitochondrial respiration in response to the reactive oxoaldehyde methylglyoxal. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 283:F52–F59. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

203 

Chen J, Feng Q, Qiao Y, Pan S, Liang L, Liu Y, Zhang X, Liu D and Liu Z and Liu Z: ACSF2 and lysine lactylation contribute to renal tubule injury in diabetes. Diabetologia. 67:1429–1443. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

204 

Fan Z, Zhang Y, Yuan L, Gao Y, Tian X, Tian J, Wan J, Li B, Wang X, Wang S, et al: LARS1 lactylation inhibits autophagy by activating mTORC1 to promote podocytes injury in diabetic kidney disease. Cell Signal. 134:1119552025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

205 

Qian J, Yin S, Ye L, Wang Z, Shu S, Mou Z, Xu M, Chattipakorn N, Liu Z and Liang G: An Indole-2-Carboxamide Derivative, LG4, alleviates diabetic kidney disease through inhibiting MAPK-Mediated inflammatory responses. J Inflamm Res. 14:1633–1645. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

206 

Li X, Wang J, Yan J, He JC, Li Y and Zhong Y: Additive renal protective effects between arctigenin and puerarin in diabetic kidney disease. Biomed Pharmacother. 171:1161072024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

207 

Xu X, Zhang L, Hua F, Zhang C, Zhang C, Mi X, Qin N, Wang J, Zhu A, Qin Z and Zhou F: FOXM1-activated SIRT4 inhibits NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome to alleviate kidney injury and podocyte pyroptosis in diabetic nephropathy. Exp Cell Res. 408:1128632021. View Article : Google Scholar

208 

Ma L, Wu F, Shao Q, Chen G, Xu L and Lu F: Baicalin alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic nephropathy via Nrf2 and MAPK signaling pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther. 15:3207–3221. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

209 

Li X, Wen J, Dong Y, Zhang Q, Guan J, Liu F, Zhou T, Li Z, Fan Y and Wang N: Wnt5a promotes renal tubular inflammation in diabetic nephropathy by binding to CD146 through noncanonical Wnt signaling. Cell Death Dis. 12:922021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

210 

Pei D, Tian S, Bao Y, Zhang J, Xu D and Piao M: Protective effect of salidroside on streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation in rats via the Akt/GSK-3β signalling pathway. Pharm Biol. 60:1732–1738. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

211 

Han X, Wei J, Zheng R, Tu Y, Wang M, Chen L, Xu Z, Zheng L, Zheng C, Shi Q, et al: Macrophage SHP2 deficiency alleviates diabetic nephropathy via suppression of MAPK/NF-κB-dependent inflammation. Diabetes. 73:780–796. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

212 

Li J, Zhang J, Zhao X and Tian L: MSU crystallization promotes fibroblast proliferation and renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy via the ROS/SHP2/TGFβ pathway. Sci Rep. 14:202512024. View Article : Google Scholar

213 

Wei TT, Yang LT, Guo F, Tao SB, Cheng L, Huang RS, Ma L and Fu P: Activation of GPR120 in podocytes ameliorates kidney fibrosis and inflammation in diabetic nephropathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 42:252–263. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

214 

Yang WX, Liu Y, Zhang SM, Wang HF, Liu YF, Liu JL, Li XH, Zeng MR, Han YZ, Liu FY, et al: Epac activation ameliorates tubulointerstitial inflammation in diabetic nephropathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 43:659–671. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar

215 

Reddy MA, Sumanth P, Lanting L, Yuan H, Wang M, Mar D, Alpers CE, Bomsztyk K and Natarajan R: Losartan reverses permissive epigenetic changes in renal glomeruli of diabetic db/db mice. Kidney Int. 85:362–373. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar :

216 

Huang J, Wan D, Li J, Chen H, Huang K and Zheng L: Histone acetyltransferase PCAF regulates inflammatory molecules in the development of renal injury. Epigenetics. 10:62–72. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

217 

Pandey A and Gaikwad AB: Compound 21 and telmisartan combination mitigates type 2 diabetic nephropathy through amelioration of caspase mediated apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 487:827–833. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

218 

Nicholas SB, Aguiniga E, Ren Y, Kim J, Wong J, Govindarajan N, Noda M, Wang W, Kawano Y, Collins A and Hsueh WA: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 deficiency retards diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 67:1297–1307. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

219 

Chen H, Li J, Jiao L, Petersen RB, Li J, Peng A, Zheng L and Huang K: Apelin inhibits the development of diabetic nephropathy by regulating histone acetylation in Akita mouse. J Physiol. 592:505–521. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

220 

Du YG, Wang LP, Qian JW, Zhang KN and Chai KF: Panax notoginseng saponins protect kidney from diabetes by up-regulating silent information regulator 1 and activating antioxidant proteins in rats. Chin J Integr Med. 22:910–917. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

221 

Kitada M, Takeda A, Nagai T, Ito H, Kanasaki K and Koya D: Dietary restriction ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through anti-inflammatory effects and regulation of the autophagy via restoration of Sirt1 in diabetic Wistar fatty (fa/fa) rats: A model of type 2 diabetes. Exp Diabetes Res. 2011:9081852011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

222 

Du YG, Zhang KN, Gao ZL, Dai F, Wu XX and Chai KF: Tangshen formula improves inflammation in renal tissue of diabetic nephropathy through SIRT1/NF-κB pathway. Exp Ther Med. 15:2156–2164. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

223 

Liu HW, Kao HH and Wu CH: Exercise training upregulates SIRT1 to attenuate inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in kidney and liver of diabetic db/db mice. Nutr Metab (Lond). 16:222019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

224 

Li X, Liu J, Lu L, Huang T, Hou W, Wang F, Yu L, Wu F, Qi J, Chen X, et al: Sirt7 associates with ELK1 to participate in hyperglycemia memory and diabetic nephropathy via modulation of DAPK3 expression and endothelial inflammation. Transl Res. 247:99–116. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

225 

Sankrityayan H, Kale A, Shelke V and Gaikwad AB: Cyproheptadine, a SET7/9 inhibitor, reduces hyperglycaemia-induced ER stress alleviating inflammation and fibrosis in renal tubular epithelial cells. Arch Physiol Biochem. 130:411–419. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

226 

Brasacchio D, Okabe J, Tikellis C, Balcerczyk A, George P, Baker EK, Calkin AC, Brownlee M, Cooper ME and El-Osta A: Hyperglycemia induces a dynamic cooperativity of histone methylase and demethylase enzymes associated with gene-activating epigenetic marks that coexist on the lysine tail. Diabetes. 58:1229–1236. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

227 

Wang F, Hou W, Li X, Lu L, Huang T, Zhu M and Miao C: SETD8 cooperates with MZF1 to participate in hyperglycemia-induced endothelial inflammation via elevation of WNT5A levels in diabetic nephropathy. Cell Mol Biol Lett. 27:302022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

228 

Hou W, Lu L, Li X, Sun M, Zhu M and Miao C: c-Myc participates in high glucose-mediated endothelial inflammation via upregulation of IRAK1 expression in diabetic nephropathy. Cell Signal. 92:1102632022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

229 

Huang T, Li X, Wang F, Lu L, Hou W, Zhu M and Miao C: The CREB/KMT5A complex regulates PTP1B to modulate high glucose-induced endothelial inflammatory factor levels in diabetic nephropathy. Cell Death Dis. 12:3332021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

230 

Wang Y, Xu J and Cheng Z: YAP1 promotes high glucose-induced inflammation and extracellular matrix deposition in glomerular mesangial cells by modulating NF-κB/JMJD3 pathway. Exp Ther Med. 22:13492021. View Article : Google Scholar

231 

Zheng W, Guo J and Liu ZS: Effects of metabolic memory on inflammation and fibrosis associated with diabetic kidney disease: An epigenetic perspective. Clin Epigenetics. 13:872021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

232 

Zhao Y, Fan S, Zhu H, Zhao Q, Fang Z, Xu D, Lin W, Lin L, Hu X, Wu G, et al: Podocyte OTUD5 alleviates diabetic kidney disease through deubiquitinating TAK1 and reducing podocyte inflammation and injury. Nat Commun. 15:54412024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

233 

Wang B, Dai Z, Gao Q, Liu Y, Gu G and Zheng H: Spop ameliorates diabetic nephropathy through restraining NLRP3 inflammasome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 594:131–138. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

234 

Wu W, Huang XR, You Y, Xue L, Wang XJ, Meng X, Lin X, Shen J, Yu X, Lan HY and Chen H: Latent TGF-β1 protects against diabetic kidney disease via Arkadia/Smad7 signaling. Int J Biol Sci. 17:3583–3594. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

235 

Zhang X, Wang S, Chong N, Chen D, Shu J, Sun J, Sun Z, Wang R, Wang Q and Xu Y: GDF-15 alleviates diabetic nephropathy via inhibiting NEDD4L-mediated IKK/NF-κB signalling pathways. Int Immunopharmacol. 128:1114272024. View Article : Google Scholar

236 

Chen K, Chen J, Wang L, Yang J, Xiao F, Wang X, Yuan J, Wang L and He Y: Parkin ubiquitinates GATA4 and attenuates the GATA4/GAS1 signaling and detrimental effects on diabetic nephropathy. FASEB J. 34:8858–8875. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

237 

Guo F, Song Y, Wu L, Zhao Y, Ma X, Wang J, Shao M, Ji H, Huang F, Fan X, et al: SUMO specific peptidase 6 regulates the crosstalk between podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells in diabetic kidney disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 1869:1666852023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

238 

Huang W, Xu L, Zhou X, Gao C, Yang M, Chen G, Zhu J, Jiang L, Gan H, Gou F, et al: High glucose induces activation of NF-κB inflammatory signaling through IκBα sumoylation in rat mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 438:568–574. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

239 

Huang W, Liang Y, Dong J, Zhou L, Gao C, Jiang C, Chen M, Long Y and Xu Y: SUMO E3 Ligase PIASy mediates high glucose-induced activation of NF-κB inflammatory signaling in rat mesangial cells. Mediators Inflamm. 2017:16851942017. View Article : Google Scholar

240 

Yao D, Taguchi T, Matsumura T, Pestell R, Edelstein D, Giardino I, Suske G, Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ, Sarthy VP, et al: High glucose increases angiopoietin-2 transcription in microvascular endothelial cells through methylglyoxal modification of mSin3A. J Biol Chem. 282:31038–31045. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

241 

He Y, Xie Y, Zhou T, Li D, Cheng X, Yang P, Luo C, Liu Y, Guo M, Wan Q, et al: Sodium crotonate alleviates diabetic kidney disease partially via the histone crotonylation pathway. Inflammation. 48:254–275. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar

242 

Zhang XX, Liu Y, Xu SS, Yang R, Jiang CH, Zhu LP, Xu YY, Pan K, Zhang J and Yin ZQ: Asiatic acid from Cyclocarya paliurus regulates the autophagy-lysosome system via directly inhibiting TGF-β type I receptor and ameliorates diabetic nephropathy fibrosis. Food Funct. 13:5536–5546. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

243 

Zhu QQ, Yang XY, Zhang XJ, Yu CJ, Pang QQ, Huang YW, Wang XJ and Sheng J: EGCG targeting Notch to attenuate renal fibrosis via inhibition of TGFβ/Smad3 signaling pathway activation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Food Funct. 11:9686–9695. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

244 

Das F, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Maity S, Kasinath BS and Choudhury GG: Oncoprotein DJ-1 interacts with mTOR complexes to effect transcription factor Hif1α-dependent expression of collagen I (α2) during renal fibrosis. J Biol Chem. 298:1022462022. View Article : Google Scholar

245 

Wu L, Liu C, Chang DY, Zhan R, Zhao M, Man Lam S, Shui G, Zhao MH, Zheng L and Chen M: The attenuation of diabetic nephropathy by annexin A1 via regulation of lipid metabolism through the AMPK/PPARα/CPT1b pathway. Diabetes. 70:2192–2203. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

246 

Cho W, Oh H, Choi SW, Abd El-Aty AM, Birdal O, Jeong JH, Song JH and Jung TW: CTRP4 attenuates apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in podocytes through an AMPK/autophagy-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 682:104–110. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

247 

Han Y, Xiong S, Zhao H, Yang S, Yang M, Zhu X, Jiang N, Xiong X, Gao P, Wei L, et al: Lipophagy deficiency exacerbates ectopic lipid accumulation and tubular cells injury in diabetic nephropathy. Cell Death Dis. 12:10312021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

248 

Chen J, Chen KH, Wang LM, Luo J, Zheng QY and He YN: Decoy receptor 2 mediates the apoptosis-resistant phenotype of senescent renal tubular cells and accelerates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. Cell Death Dis. 13:5222022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

249 

Li J, Jin S, Barati MT, Rane S, Lin Q, Tan Y, Cai L and Rane MJ: ERK and p38 MAPK inhibition controls NF-E2 degradation and profibrotic signaling in renal proximal tubule cells. Life Sci. 287:1200922021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

250 

Zhang L, Zang CS, Chen B, Wang Y, Xue S and Wu MY: Renalase regulates renal tubular injury in diabetic nephropathy via the p38MAPK signaling pathway. FASEB J. 37:e231882023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

251 

Wen Y, Liu Y, Huang Q, Liu R, Liu J, Zhang F, Liu S and Jiang Y: Moringa oleifera Lam. seed extract protects kidney function in rats with diabetic nephropathy by increasing GSK-3β activity and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Phytomedicine. 95:1538562022. View Article : Google Scholar

252 

Shin JH, Kim KM, Jeong JU, Shin JM, Kang JH, Bang K and Kim JH: Nrf2-heme oxygenase-1 attenuates high-glucose-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of renal tubule cells by inhibiting ROS-Mediated PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling. J Diabetes Res. 2019:25101052019. View Article : Google Scholar

253 

Zeng J, Liang L, Chen R, Li C, Pan L, Wen M, Lv D, Liu M, Xu Z and Huang H: Fraxin represses NF-κB pathway via inhibiting the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor to ameliorate diabetic renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 955:1759152023. View Article : Google Scholar

254 

Ram C, Gairola S, Verma S, Mugale MN, Bonam SR, Murty US and Sahu BD: Biochanin A ameliorates nephropathy in high-fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Effects on NF-kB/NLRP3 axis, pyroptosis, and fibrosis. Antioxidants (Basel). 12:10522023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

255 

Qu X, Zhai B, Liu Y, Chen Y, Xie Z, Wang Q, Wu Y, Liu Z, Chen J, Mei S, et al: Pyrroloquinoline quinone ameliorates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting the pyroptosis pathway in C57BL/6 mice and human kidney 2 cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 150:1129982022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

256 

Gu LY, Yun-Sun, Tang HT and Xu ZX: Huangkui capsule in combination with metformin ameliorates diabetic nephropathy via the Klotho/TGF-β1/p38MAPK signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 281:1135482021. View Article : Google Scholar

257 

Duan YR, Chen BP, Chen F, Yang SX, Zhu CY, Ma YL, Li Y and Shi J: LncRNA lnc-ISG20 promotes renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by inducing AKT phosphorylation through miR-486-5p/NFAT5. J Cell Mol Med. 25:4922–4937. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

258 

Subathra M, Korrapati M, Howell LA, Arthur JM, Shayman JA, Schnellmann RG and Siskind LJ: Kidney glycosphingolipids are elevated early in diabetic nephropathy and mediate hypertrophy of mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 309:F204–F215. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

259 

Hsu YC, Ho C, Shih YH, Ni WC, Li YC, Chang HC and Lin CL: Knockout of KLF10 ameliorated diabetic renal fibrosis via downregulation of DKK-1. Molecules. 27:26442022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

260 

Chen X, Xiao J, Tao D, Liang Y, Chen S, Shen L, Li S, Zheng Z, Zeng Y, Luo C, et al: Metadherin orchestrates PKA and PKM2 to activate β-catenin signaling in podocytes during proteinuric chronic kidney disease. Transl Res. 266:68–83. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

261 

Chen G, Wang T, Uttarwar L, vanKrieken R, Li R, Chen X, Gao B, Ghayur A, Margetts P and Krepinsky JC: SREBP-1 is a novel mediator of TGFβ1 signaling in mesangial cells. J Mol Cell Biol. 6:516–530. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

262 

Noh H, Oh EY, Seo JY, Yu MR, Kim YO, Ha H and Lee HB: Histone deacetylase-2 is a key regulator of diabetes- and transforming growth factor-beta1-induced renal injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 297:F729–F739. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

263 

Zhang L, Chen L, Gao C, Chen E, Lightle AR, Foulke L, Zhao B, Higgins PJ and Zhang W: Loss of histone H3 K79 methyltransferase Dot1l facilitates kidney fibrosis by upregulating endothelin 1 through histone deacetylase 2. J Am Soc Nephrol. 31:337–349. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

264 

Zheng Z, Zhang S, Chen J, Zou M, Yang Y, Lu W, Ren S, Wang X, Dong W, Zhang Z, et al: The HDAC2/SP1/miR-205 feedback loop contributes to tubular epithelial cell extracellular matrix production in diabetic kidney disease. Clin Sci (Lond). 136:223–238. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

265 

Feng J, Bao L, Wang X, Li H, Chen Y, Xiao W, Li Z, Xie L, Lu W, Jiang H, et al: Low expression of HIV genes in podocytes accelerates the progression of diabetic kidney disease in mice. Kidney Int. 99:914–925. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

266 

Wang Y, Zuo B, Wang N, Li S, Liu C and Sun D: Calcium dobesilate mediates renal interstitial fibrosis and delay renal peritubular capillary loss through Sirt1/p53 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 132:1107982020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

267 

Zhong X and Zhang J: RUNX3-activated apelin signaling inhibits cell proliferation and fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by regulation of the SIRT1/FOXO pathway. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 16:1672024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

268 

Srivastava SP, Li J, Takagaki Y, Kitada M, Goodwin JE, Kanasaki K and Koya D: Endothelial SIRT3 regulates myofibroblast metabolic shifts in diabetic kidneys. iScience. 24:1023902021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

269 

Wang X, Ji T, Li X, Qu X and Bai S: FOXO3a protects against kidney injury in type II diabetic nephropathy by promoting Sirt6 expression and inhibiting Smad3 Acetylation. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021:55657612021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

270 

Yang G, Jin L, Zheng D, Tang X, Yang J, Fan L and Xie X: Fucoxanthin alleviates oxidative stress through Akt/Sirt1/FoxO3α signaling to inhibit HG-induced renal fibrosis in GMCs. Mar Drugs. 17:7022019. View Article : Google Scholar

271 

Jia Y, Reddy MA, Das S, Oh HJ, Abdollahi M, Yuan H, Zhang E, Lanting L, Wang M and Natarajan R: Dysregulation of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation in transforming growth factor-β1-induced gene expression in mesangial cells and diabetic kidney. J Biol Chem. 294:12695–12707. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

272 

Zhang L, Zhao S and Zhu Y: Long noncoding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 alleviates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by downregulating matrix metalloproteinase 9 through recruitment of enhancer of zeste homolog 2. FASEB J. 34:2703–2714. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

273 

Fang N and Li P: O-linked N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase OGT inhibits diabetic nephropathy by stabilizing histone methyltransferases EZH2 via the HES1/PTEN axis. Life Sci. 274:1192262021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

274 

Das F, Bera A, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Sataranatarajan K, Kamat A, Kasinath BS and Choudhury GG: High glucose-stimulated enhancer of zeste homolog-2 (EZH2) forces suppression of deptor to cause glomerular mesangial cell pathology. Cell Signal. 86:1100722021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

275 

Chen YX, Zhu SY, Huang C, Xu CY, Fang XD and Tu WP: LncRNA Dlx6os1 accelerates diabetic nephropathy progression by epigenetically repressing SOX6 via recruiting EZH2. Kidney Blood Press Res. 47:177–184. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

276 

Li X, Li C, Li X, Cui P, Li Q, Guo Q, Han H, Liu S and Sun G: Involvement of histone lysine methylation in p21 gene expression in rat kidney in vivo and rat mesangial cells in vitro under diabetic conditions. J Diabetes Res. 2016:38532422016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

277 

Goru SK and Gaikwad AB: Novel reno-protective mechanism of Aspirin involves H2AK119 monoubiquitination and Set7 in preventing type 1 diabetic nephropathy. Pharmacol Rep. 70:497–502. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

278 

Yuan H, Reddy MA, Deshpande S, Jia Y, Park JT, Lanting LL, Jin W, Kato M, Xu ZG, Das S and Natarajan R: Epigenetic histone modifications involved in profibrotic gene regulation by 12/15-lipoxygenase and its oxidized lipid products in diabetic nephropathy. Antioxid Redox Signal. 24:361–375. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

279 

Maxwell S, Okabe J, Kaipananickal H, Rodriguez H, Khurana I, Al-Hasani K, Chow BSM, Pitsillou E, Karagiannis TC, Jandeleit-Dahm K, et al: Set7 methyltransferase and phenotypic switch in diabetic glomerular endothelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol. 35:733–748. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

280 

Li X, Lu L, Hou W, Wang F, Huang T, Meng Z and Zhu M: The SETD8/ELK1/bach1 complex regulates hyperglycaemia-mediated EndMT in diabetic nephropathy. J Transl Med. 20:1472022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

281 

Lu L, Zhong Z, Gu J, Nan K, Zhu M and Miao C: ets1 associates with KMT5A to participate in high glucose-mediated EndMT via upregulation of PFN2 expression in diabetic nephropathy. Mol Med. 27:742021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

282 

Lu L, Li X, Zhong Z, Zhou W, Zhou D, Zhu M and Miao C: KMT5A downregulation participated in High Glucose-mediated EndMT via upregulation of ENO1 expression in diabetic nephropathy. Int J Biol Sci. 17:4093–4107. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

283 

Chen YY, Peng XF, Liu GY, Liu JS, Sun L, Liu H, Xiao L and He LY: Protein arginine methyltranferase-1 induces ER stress and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells and contributes to diabetic nephropathy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 1865:2563–2575. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

284 

Bai S, Xiong X, Tang B, Ji T, Li X, Qu X and Li W: hsa-miR-199b-3p prevents the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and dysfunction of the renal tubule by regulating E-cadherin through targeting KDM6A in diabetic nephropathy. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021:88141632021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

285 

Hung PH, Hsu YC, Chen TH, Ho C and Lin CL: The histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 Is a therapeutic target for the kidney fibrosis of diabetic kidney disease via DKK1 Modulation. Int J Mol Sci. 23:94072022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

286 

Shao J, Xu H, Wu X and Xu Y: Epigenetic activation of CTGF transcription by high glucose in renal tubular epithelial cells is mediated by myocardin-related transcription factor A. Cell Tissue Res. 379:549–559. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

287 

Dong L, Yu L and Zhong J: Histone lysine-specific demethylase 1 induced renal fibrosis via decreasing sirtuin 3 expression and activating TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 14:22022. View Article : Google Scholar

288 

Morschhauser F, Tilly H, Chaidos A, McKay P, Phillips T, Assouline S, Batlevi CL, Campbell P, Ribrag V, Damaj GL, et al: Tazemetostat for patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma: An open-label, single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 21:1433–1442. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

289 

Huang S, Wang Z, Zhou J, Huang J, Zhou L, Luo J, Wan YY, Long H and Zhu B: EZH2 inhibitor GSK126 suppresses antitumor immunity by driving production of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Res. 79:2009–2020. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

290 

Chen Y, Dai R, Cheng M, Wang W, Liu C, Cao Z, Ge Y, Wang Y and Zhang L: Status and role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in renal fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother. 178:1172102024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

291 

Lv K, Li Q, Jiang N and Chen Q: Role of TRIM29 in disease: What is and is not known. Int Immunopharmacol. 147:1139832025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

292 

Chen Q, Gao C, Wang M, Fei X and Zhao N: TRIM18-regulated STAT3 signaling pathway via PTP1B promotes renal epithelial-mesenchymal transition, inflammation, and fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease. Front Physiol. 12:7095062021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

293 

Li Y, Ren D, Shen Y, Zheng X and Xu G: Altered DNA methylation of TRIM13 in diabetic nephropathy suppresses mesangial collagen synthesis by promoting ubiquitination of CHOP. EBioMedicine. 51:1025822020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

294 

Chen Z, Sun X, Chen Q, Lan T, Huang K, Xiao H, Lin Z, Yang Y, Liu P and Huang H: Connexin32 ameliorates renal fibrosis in diabetic mice by promoting K48-linked NADPH oxidase 4 polyubiquitination and degradation. Br J Pharmacol. 177:145–160. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

295 

Lin Z, Li S, Xiao H, Xu Z, Li C, Zeng J, Wang S, Liu Z and Huang H: The degradation of TGR5 mediated by Smurf1 contributes to diabetic nephropathy. Cell Rep. 42:1128512023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

296 

Kim D, Nam GY, Seo E and Jun HS: Inhibition of ChREBP ubiquitination via the ROS/Akt-dependent downregulation of Smurf2 contributes to lysophosphatidic acid-induced fibrosis in renal mesangial cells. J Biomed Sci. 29:312022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

297 

Yang Y, Xiao H, Lin Z, Chen R, Li S, Li C, Sun X, Hei Z, Gong W and Huang H: The ubiquitination of CKIP-1 mediated by Src aggravates diabetic renal fibrosis (original article). Biochem Pharmacol. 206:1153392022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

298 

Zhao X, He X, Wei W and Huang K: USP22 aggravated diabetic renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis progression through deubiquitinating and stabilizing Snail1. Eur J Pharmacol. 947:1756712023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

299 

Huang K and Zhao X: USP9X prevents AGEs-induced upregulation of FN and TGF-β1 through activating Nrf2-ARE pathway in rat glomerular mesangial cells. Exp Cell Res. 393:1121002020. View Article : Google Scholar

300 

Liu Z, Nan P, Gong Y, Tian L, Zheng Y and Wu Z: Endoplasmic reticulum stress-triggered ferroptosis via the XBP1-Hrd1-Nrf2 pathway induces EMT progression in diabetic nephropathy. Biomed Pharmacother. 164:1148972023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

301 

Sun XH, Xiao HM, Zhang M, Lin ZY, Yang Y, Chen R, Liu PQ, Huang KP and Huang HQ: USP9X deubiquitinates connexin43 to prevent high glucose-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in NRK-52E cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 188:1145622021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

302 

Chang L, Wang Q, Ju J, Li Y, Cai Q, Hao L and Zhou Y: Magnoflorine ameliorates inflammation and fibrosis in rats with diabetic nephropathy by mediating the stability of lysine-specific demethylase 3A. Front Physiol. 11:5804062020. View Article : Google Scholar

303 

Wang Y, Mao Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Peng W, Liang L, Shi M, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang F, et al: TAK1 may promote the development of diabetic nephropathy by reducing the stability of SnoN protein. Life Sci. 228:1–10. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

304 

Peng W, Zhou X, Xu T, Mao Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Liang L, Liu L, Liu L, Xiao Y, et al: BMP-7 ameliorates partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition by restoring SnoN protein level via Smad1/5 pathway in diabetic kidney disease. Cell Death Dis. 13:2542022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

305 

Gu C, Gao F, Zhang S, Kang L, Zhang W, Feng X, Liu J, Tian Y, Wei Q, Du Y, et al: Role of SUMOylation of STAT1 in tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by high glucose. Mol Med Rep. 27:422023. View Article : Google Scholar

306 

Zhou X, Gao C, Huang W, Yang M, Chen G, Jiang L, Gou F, Feng H, Ai N and Xu Y: High glucose induces sumoylation of Smad4 via SUMO2/3 in mesangial cells. Biomed Res Int. 2014:7826252014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

307 

Zhou XQ, Huang W, Xu Y and Yang MJ: High glucose induces sumoylation of Smad4 via SUMO2/3 in glomerular mesangial cells. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 45:380–385. 2014.In Chinese. PubMed/NCBI

308 

Park MJ, Kim DI, Lim SK, Choi JH, Han HJ, Yoon KC and Park SH: High glucose-induced O-GlcNAcylated carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP) mediates mesangial cell lipogenesis and fibrosis: The possible role in the development of diabetic nephropathy. J Biol Chem. 289:13519–13530. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

309 

Goldberg H, Whiteside C and Fantus IG: O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine supports p38 MAPK activation by high glucose in glomerular mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 301:E713–E726. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

310 

Aluksanasuwan S, Plumworasawat S, Malaitad T, Chaiyarit S and Thongboonkerd V: High glucose induces phosphorylation and oxidation of mitochondrial proteins in renal tubular cells: A proteomics approach. Sci Rep. 10:58432020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

311 

Veron D, Aggarwal PK, Li Q, Moeckel G, Kashgarian M and Tufro A: Podocyte VEGF-A knockdown induces diffuse glomerulosclerosis in diabetic and in eNOS knockout mice. Front Pharmacol. 12:7888862022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

312 

Veron D, Aggarwal PK, Velazquez H, Kashgarian M, Moeckel G and Tufro A: Podocyte-specific VEGF-a gain of function induces nodular glomerulosclerosis in eNOS null mice. J Am Soc Nephrol. 25:1814–1824. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

313 

Zhang X, Chen J, Lin R, Huang Y, Wang Z, Xu S, Wang L, Chen F, Zhang J, Pan K and Yin Z: Lactate drives epithelial-mesenchymal transition in diabetic kidney disease via the H3K14la/KLF5 pathway. Redox Biol. 75:1032462024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

314 

Hong J, Xu H, Yu L, Yu Z, Chen X, Meng Z, Zhu J, Li J and Zhu M: AARS1-mediated lactylation of H3K18 and STAT1 promotes ferroptosis in diabetic nephropathy. Cell Death Differ. Sep 23–2025.Epub ahead of print. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

315 

Luo W, Yu Y, Wang H, Liu K, Wang Y, Huang M, Xuan C, Li Y and Qi J: Up-regulation of MMP-2 by histone H3K9 β-hydroxybutyrylation to antagonize glomerulosclerosis in diabetic rat. Acta Diabetol. 57:1501–1509. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

316 

Lyu LX, Hu MY, Lei YQ, Pan SK, Liu DW, Zhou SJ and Liu ZS: The mechanism of β-hydroxybutyrylation in G6PDX regulated by β-hydroxybutyric acid on alleviating podocyte injury induced by high glucose. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 105:900–906. 2025.In Chinese. PubMed/NCBI

317 

Akimoto Y, Yan K, Miura Y, Tsumoto H, Toda T, Fukutomi T, Sugahara D, Kudo A, Arai T, Chiba Y, et al: O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of β-actin Ser199 in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 317:F1359–F1374. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

318 

Goru SK, Kadakol A, Pandey A, Malek V, Sharma N and Gaikwad AB: Histone H2AK119 and H2BK120 mono-ubiquitination modulate SET7/9 and SUV39H1 in type 1 diabetes-induced renal fibrosis. Biochem J. 473:3937–3949. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

319 

Li XQ, Jin B, Liu SX, Zhu Y, Li N, Zhang QY, Wan C, Feng Y, Xing YX, Ma KL, et al: Neddylation of RhoA impairs its protein degradation and promotes renal interstitial fibrosis progression in diabetic nephropathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 46:1692–1705. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

320 

Qu P, Li L, Jin Q, Liu D, Qiao Y, Zhang Y, Sun Q, Ran S, Li Z, Liu T and Peng L: Histone methylation modification and diabetic kidney disease: Potential molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches (Review). Int J Mol Med. 54:1042024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

321 

Hu H, Ji R, Hao Y, Liu Z, Yang J, Cao Y and Yang Q: XIAP-ULK1-mediated mitophagy modulates carnitine metabolism to mitigate diabetic kidney disease. Autophagy. 22:207–228. 2026. View Article : Google Scholar

322 

Memarian E, t Hart LM, Slieker RC, Lemmers RFL, van der Heijden AA, Rutters F, Nijpels G, Schoep E, Lieverse AG, Sijbrands EJG, et al: Plasma protein N-glycosylation is associated with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, and retinopathy in type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 9:e0023452021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

323 

Azushima K, Kovalik JP, Yamaji T, Ching J, Chng TW, Guo J, Liu JJ, Nguyen M, Sakban RB, George SE, et al: Abnormal lactate metabolism is linked to albuminuria and kidney injury in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 104:1135–1149. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

324 

Chen H, Du P, Jiang T, Li Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Yang B, Kang J, Duan J, Ma Y, et al: Identification of potential biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy via UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 16:15816912025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

325 

Zhang JY, Wu J, Chen ZH, Liu SY, Li P and Chen DQ: Acetylation in renal physiology and pathophysiology. Front Pharmacol. 16:16601092025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

326 

Siddhi J, Sherkhane B, Kalavala AK, Arruri V, Velayutham R and Kumar A: Melatonin prevents diabetes-induced nephropathy by modulating the AMPK/SIRT1 axis: Focus on autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. Cell Biol Int. 46:2142–2157. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

327 

Gu W, Wang X, Zhao H, Geng J, Li X, Zheng K, Guan Y, Hou X, Wang C and Song G: Resveratrol ameliorates diabetic kidney injury by reducing lipotoxicity and modulates expression of components of the junctional adhesion molecule-like/sirtuin 1 lipid metabolism pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 918:1747762022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

328 

Ren H, Shao Y, Wu C, Ma X, Lv C and Wang Q: Metformin alleviates oxidative stress and enhances autophagy in diabetic kidney disease via AMPK/SIRT1-FoxO1 pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 500:1106282020. View Article : Google Scholar

329 

Qi B, Chen Y, Chai S, Lu X and Kang L: O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification: Emerging pathogenesis and a therapeutic target of diabetic nephropathy. Diabet Med. 42:e154362025. View Article : Google Scholar

330 

Fontecha-Barriuso M, Martin-Sanchez D, Ruiz-Andres O, Poveda J, Sanchez-Niño MD, Valiño-Rivas L, Ruiz-Ortega M, Ortiz A and Sanz AB: Targeting epigenetic DNA and histone modifications to treat kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 33:1875–1886. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

331 

Matsui S, Yamamoto T, Takabatake Y, Takahashi A, Namba-Hamano T, Matsuda J, Minami S, Sakai S, Yonishi H, Nakamura J, et al: Defective autophagy and AMPK inactivation drive ferroptosis in diabetic kidney disease. Diabetologia. Nov 28–2025.Epub ahead of print. PubMed/NCBI

332 

Zhou X, Zang X, Ponnusamy M, Masucci MV, Tolbert E, Gong R, Zhao TC, Liu N, Bayliss G, Dworkin LD and Zhuang S: Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 inhibition attenuates renal fibrosis by maintaining Smad7 and phosphatase and tensin homolog expression. J Am Soc Nephrol. 27:2092–2108. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

333 

Cao J, Chen G, Qiu L, Zhang L, Jiang M, Cheng Y, Zhang Q, Liu L, Li P, Shuang Y, et al: Efficacy and safety of tazemetostat, an EZH2 inhibitor, in Chinese patients with relapsed/refractory follicular lymphoma: A multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. EClinicalMedicine. 87:1033992025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

334 

Zinzani PL, Izutsu K, Mehta-Shah N, Barta SK, Ishitsuka K, Córdoba R, Kusumoto S, Bachy E, Cwynarski K, Gritti G, et al: Valemetostat for patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma (VALENTINE-PTCL01): A multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 25:1602–1613. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

335 

Maruyama D, Jacobsen E, Porcu P, Allen P, Ishitsuka K, Kusumoto S, Narita T, Tobinai K, Foss F, Tsukasaki K, et al: Valemetostat monotherapy in patients with relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A first-in-human, multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol. 25:1589–1601. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

336 

Rong QX, Chen MT, Yang W, Huang RQ, Shu DT, Zhang Y, Xue C, Cai YC, An X, Li HF and Shi YX: Chidamide (a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor) Plus abiraterone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC): A phase Ib trial. MedComm (2020). 6:e704702025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

337 

Zhang Y, Chen X, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Wu J, Guo N, Chen X and Liu J: Down-regulation of IRAK1 attenuates podocyte apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 506:529–535. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

338 

Chen J, Wang X, He Q, Yang HC, Fogo AB and Harris RC: Inhibition of transcriptional coactivator YAP Impairs the expression and function of transcription factor WT1 in diabetic podocyte injury. Kidney Int. 105:1200–1211. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

339 

Zhan M, Usman I, Yu J, Ruan L, Bian X, Yang J, Yang S, Sun L and Kanwar YS: Perturbations in mitochondrial dynamics by p66Shc lead to renal tubular oxidative injury in human diabetic nephropathy. Clin Sci (Lond). 132:1297–1314. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

340 

Ma Y, Yan R, Wan Q, Lv B, Yang Y, Lv T and Xin W: Inhibitor of growth 2 regulates the high glucose-induced cell cycle arrest and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in renal proximal tubular cells. J Physiol Biochem. 76:373–382. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

341 

Du L, Qian X, Li Y, Li XZ, He LL, Xu L, Liu YQ, Li CC, Ma P, Shu FL, et al: Sirt1 inhibits renal tubular cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition through YY1 deacetylation in diabetic nephropathy. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 42:242–251. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

342 

Xu H, Wu X, Qin H, Tian W, Chen J, Sun L, Fang M and Xu Y: Myocardin-related transcription factor a epigenetically regulates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 26:1648–1660. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

343 

Li Y, Hu Q, Li C, Liang K, Xiang Y, Hsiao H, Nguyen TK, Park PK, Egranov SD, Ambati CR, et al: PTEN-induced partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition drives diabetic kidney disease. J Clin Invest. 129:1129–1151. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

344 

Pontrelli P, Conserva F, Menghini R, Rossini M, Stasi A, Divella C, Casagrande V, Cinefra C, Barozzino M, Simone S, et al: Inhibition of lysine 63 ubiquitination prevents the progression of renal fibrosis in diabetic DBA/2J mice. Int J Mol Sci. 22:51942021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
He M, Wang Z, Miao Z, Zhao Y, Wei L, Zhang L, Yin R, Wang Y and Yang L: Post‑translational modifications in diabetic kidney disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 57: 88, 2026.
APA
He, M., Wang, Z., Miao, Z., Zhao, Y., Wei, L., Zhang, L. ... Yang, L. (2026). Post‑translational modifications in diabetic kidney disease (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 57, 88. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5759
MLA
He, M., Wang, Z., Miao, Z., Zhao, Y., Wei, L., Zhang, L., Yin, R., Wang, Y., Yang, L."Post‑translational modifications in diabetic kidney disease (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57.4 (2026): 88.
Chicago
He, M., Wang, Z., Miao, Z., Zhao, Y., Wei, L., Zhang, L., Yin, R., Wang, Y., Yang, L."Post‑translational modifications in diabetic kidney disease (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57, no. 4 (2026): 88. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5759
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
He M, Wang Z, Miao Z, Zhao Y, Wei L, Zhang L, Yin R, Wang Y and Yang L: Post‑translational modifications in diabetic kidney disease (Review). Int J Mol Med 57: 88, 2026.
APA
He, M., Wang, Z., Miao, Z., Zhao, Y., Wei, L., Zhang, L. ... Yang, L. (2026). Post‑translational modifications in diabetic kidney disease (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 57, 88. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5759
MLA
He, M., Wang, Z., Miao, Z., Zhao, Y., Wei, L., Zhang, L., Yin, R., Wang, Y., Yang, L."Post‑translational modifications in diabetic kidney disease (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57.4 (2026): 88.
Chicago
He, M., Wang, Z., Miao, Z., Zhao, Y., Wei, L., Zhang, L., Yin, R., Wang, Y., Yang, L."Post‑translational modifications in diabetic kidney disease (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 57, no. 4 (2026): 88. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2026.5759
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team