Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
June 2013 Volume 42 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June 2013 Volume 42 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Okadaic acid activates the PKR pathway and induces apoptosis through PKR stimulation in MG63 osteoblast-like cells

  • Authors:
    • Tatsuji Haneji
    • Kanji Hirashima
    • Jumpei Teramachi
    • Hiroyuki Morimoto
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Histology and Oral Histology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan, Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yahatanishi, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
    Copyright: © Haneji et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 3.0].
  • Pages: 1904-1910
    |
    Published online on: April 17, 2013
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1911
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is one of the players in the cellular antiviral responses and is involved in transcriptional stimulation through activation of NF-κB. Treatment of the human osteosarcoma cell line MG63 with the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid stimulated the expression and phosphorylation of IκBα, as judged from the results of real-time PCR and western blot analysis. We investigated the functional relationship between PKR and signal transduction of NF-κB by establishing PKR-K/R cells that produced a catalytically inactive mutant of PKR. Phosphorylation of eIF-2α, a substrate of PKR, was not stimulated by okadaic acid in the PKR-K/R cells, whereas okadaic acid induced phosphorylation of eIF-2α in MG63 cells. Phosphorylation of NF-κB in MG63 cells was stimulated by okadaic acid; however, okadaic acid did not induce phosphorylation of NF-κB in the PKR-K/R cells. Finally, okadaic acid-induced apoptosis was inhibited in the PKR-K/R cells. Our results suggest that okadaic acid-induced phosphorylation of IκBα was mediated by PKR kinase activity, thus, indicating the involvement of this kinase in the control mechanism governing the activation of NF-κB and induction of apoptosis.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Sadler AJ and Williams BRG: Interferon-inducible antiviral effectors. Nat Rev Immunol. 8:559–568. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Pindel A and Sadler AJ: The role of protein kinase R in the interferon responses. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 31:59–70. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Nallagatla SR, Toroney R and Bevilacqua PC: Regulation of innate immunity through RNA structure and the protein kinase PKR. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 21:119–127. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Pfaller CK, Li Z, George CX and Samuel CE: Protein kinase PKR and RNA adenosine deaminase ADR1: new roles for old players as modulators of the interferon response. Curr Opin Immunol. 23:573–582. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Yang QL, Zhou LY, Mu YQ, Zhou QX, Luo JY, Cheng L, Deng ZL, He TC, Haydon RC and He BC: All-trans retinoic acid inhibits tumor growth of human osteosarcoma by activating Smad signaling-induced osteogenic differentiation. Int J Oncol. 41:153–160. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

6 

de Haro C, Méndez R and Santoyo J: The eIF-2α kinases and the control of protein synthesis. FASEB J. 10:1378–1387. 1996.

7 

Morimoto H, Okamura H, Yoshida K, Kitamura S and Haneji T: Okadaic acid induces apoptosis through double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor-2α pathway in human osteoblastic MG63 cells. J Biochem. 136:433–438. 2004.

8 

Yeung MC, Liu J and Lau AS: An essential role for the interferoninducible, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR in the tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis in U937 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:12451–12455. 1977. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Der SD, Yang YL, Weissmann C and Williams BRG: A double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway mediating stress-induced apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:3279–3283. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Kaufman RJ: Double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase mediates virus-induced apoptosis: A new role for an old actor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:11693–11695. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Gil J and Esteban M: Induction of apoptosis by the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR): Mechanism of action. Apoptosis. 5:107–114. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Saelens X, Kalai M and Vandenabeele P: Translation inhibition in apoptosis: caspase-dependent PKR activation and eIF2-α phosphorylation. J Biol Chem. 276:41620–41628. 2001.

13 

Szyszka R, Kudlicki W, Kramer G, Hardesty B, Galabru J and Hovanessian A: A type 1 phosphoprotein phosphatase active with phosphorylated Mr = 68,000 initiation factor 2 kinase. J Biol Chem. 264:3827–3831. 1989.PubMed/NCBI

14 

Jammi NV and Beal PA: Phosphorylation of the RNA-dependent protein kinase regulates its RNA-binding activity. Nucleic Acids Res. 14:3020–3029. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Tan SL, Tareen SU, Melville MW, Blakely CM and Katze MG: The direct binding of the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 to the PKR protein kinase is necessary but not sufficient for inactivation and disruption of enzyme dimer formation. J Biol Chem. 277:36109–36117. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Jacobson MD, Weil M and Raff MC: Programmed cell death in animal development. Cell. 88:347–354. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Haneji T: Association of protein phosphatase 1 delta with nucleolin in osteoblastic cells and cleavage of nucleolin in apoptosis-inducing osteoblastic cells. Acta Histochem Cytochem. 38:1–8. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Tanaka H, Yoshida K, Okamura H, Morimoto H, Nagata T and Haneji T: Calyculin A induces apoptosis and stimulates phosphorylation of p65 NF-κB in human osteoblastic osteosarcoma MG63 cells. Int J Oncol. 31:389–396. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Lin CC, Kuo CL, Lee MH, Lai KC, Lin JP, Yang JS, Yu CS, Lu CC, Chiang JH, Chueh FS and Chung JG: Wogonin triggers apoptosis in human osteosarcoma U-2 cells through the endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase-3-dependent signaling pathways. Int J Oncol. 39:217–224. 2011.

20 

Li B, Yang Y, Jiang S, Ni B, Chen K and Jiang L: Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of BMP-9 inhibits human osteosarcoma cell growth and migration through downregulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Int J Oncol. 41:1809–1819. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Savill J and Fadok V: Corpse clearance defines the meaning of cell death. Nature. 407:784–788. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Wyllie AH: Glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis is associated with endogenous endonuclease activation. Nature. 284:555–556. 1980. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Gong J, Traganos F and Darzynkiewicz Z: A selected procedure for DNA extraction from apoptotic cells applicable for gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. Anal Biochem. 218:314–319. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Fernandez JJ, Candenas ML, Souto ML, Trujillo MM and Norte M: Okadaic acid, useful tool for studying cellular processes. Curr Med Chem. 9:229–262. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Goto K, Fukuda J and Haneji T: Okadaic acid stimulates apoptosis through expression of Fas receptor and Fas ligand in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. Oral Oncol. 38:16–22. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Fujita M, Goto K, Yoshida K, Okamura H, Morimoto H, Kito S, Fukuda J and Haneji T: Okadaic acid stimulates expression of Fas receptor and Fas ligand by activation of nuclear factor kappa-B in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. Oral Oncol. 40:199–206. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Morimoto Y, Ohba T, Kobayashi S and Haneji T: The protein phosphatase inhibitors okadaic acid and calyculin A induce apoptosis in human osteoblastic cells. Exp Cell Res. 230:181–186. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Morimoto H, Morimoto Y, Ohba T, Kido H, Kobayashi S and Haneji T: Inhibitors of protein synthesis and RNA synthesis protect against okadaic acid-induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cell line MG63 cells but not in Saos-2 cells. J Bone Miner Metab. 17:266–273. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Kito S, Shimizu K, Okamura H, Yoshida K, Morimoto H, Fujita M, Morimoto Y, Ohba T and Haneji T: Cleavage of nucleolin and argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region associated proteins in apoptosis-induced cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 300:950–956. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Haneji T, Teramachi J, Hirashima K, Kimura K and Morimoto H: Interaction of protein phosphatase 1δ with nucleophosmin in human osteoblastic cells. Acta Histochem Cytochem. 45:1–7. 2012.

31 

Ozaki A, Morimoto H, Tanaka H, Okamura H, Yoshida K, Amorim BR and Haneji T: Okadaic acid induces phosphorylation of p65NF-κB on serine 536 and activates NF-κB transcriptional activity in human osteoblastic MG63 cells. J Cell Biochem. 99:1275–1284. 2006.

32 

Meurs E, Chong K, Galabru J, Thomas NSB, Kerr IM, Williams BRG and Hovanessian AG: Molecular cloning and characterization of the human double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase induced by interferon. Cell. 62:379–390. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Takizawa T, Ohashi K and Nakanishi Y: Possible involvement of double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase in cell death by influenza virus infection. J Virol. 70:8128–8132. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Ishii T, Kwon H, Hiscott J, Mosialos G and Koromilas AE: Activation of the IκBα kinase (IKK) complex by double-stranded RNA-binding defective and catalytic inactive mutants of the interferon-inducible protein kinase PKR. Oncogene. 20:1900–1912. 2001.

35 

Gil J, García MA, Gomez-Puertas P, Guerra S, Rullas J, Nakano H, Alcamí J and Esteban M: TRAF family proteins link PKR with NF-κB activation. Mol Cell Biol. 24:4502–4512. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Morimoto H, Ozaki A, Okamura H, Yoshida K, Kitamura S and Haneji T: Okadaic acid induces tyrosine phosphorylation of IκBα that mediated by PKR pathway in human osteoblastic MG63 cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 276:211–217. 2005.

37 

Miskolci V, Castro-Alcaraz S, Nguyen P, Vancura A, Davidson D and Vancurova I: Okadaic acid induces sustained activation of NFκB and degradation of the nuclear IκBα in human neutrophils. Arch Biochem Biophys. 417:44–52. 2003.

38 

Schmidt KN, Traenckner EBM, Meier B and Baeuerle PA: Induction of oxidative stress by okadaic acid is required for activation of transcription factor NF-κB. J Biol Chem. 270:27136–27142. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

39 

Karin M and Lin A: NF-κB at the crossroads of life and death. Nat Immunol. 3:221–227. 2002.

40 

Imbert V, Rupec RA, Livolsi A, et al: Tyrosine phosphorylation of IκB-α activates NF-κB without proteolytic degradation of IκB-α. Cell. 86:787–798. 1996.

41 

Bonnet MC, Weil R, Dam E, Hovanessian AG and Meurs EF: PKR stimulates NF-κB irrespective of its kinase function by interacting with the IκB kinase complex. Mol Cell Biol. 20:4532–4542. 2000.

42 

Lu J, O’Hara EB, Trieselmann BA, Romano PR and Dever TE: The interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR will phosphorylate serine, threonine, or tyrosine at residue 51 in eukaryotic initiation factor 2α. J Biol Chem. 274:32198–32203. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

43 

Yoshida K, Okamura H, Amorim BR, Ozaki A, Tanaka H, Morimoto H and Haneji T: Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase is required for bone calcification in MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res. 311:117–125. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Yoshida K, Okamura H, Amorim BR, Hinode H, Yoshida H and Haneji T: PKR-mediated degradation of STAT1 regulates osteoblast differentiation. Exp Cell Res. 315:2105–2114. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Teramachi J, Morimoto H, Baba R, Doi Y, Hirashima K and Haneji T: Double stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase is involved in osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Exp Cell Res. 316:3254–3262. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Morimoto H, Baba R, Haneji T and Doi Y: Double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase regulates insulin-stimulated chondrogenesis in mouse clonal chondrogenic cells, ATDC-5. Cell Tissue Res. 35:41–47. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Abu-Amer Y, Dowdy SF, Ross FP, Clohisy JC and Teitelbaum SL: TAT fusion proteins containing tyrosine 42-deleted IκBα arrest osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem. 276:30499–30503. 2001.

48 

Clohisy JC, Roy BC, Biondo C, Frazier E, Willis D, Teitelbaum SL and Abu-Amer Y: Direct inhibition of NF-κB blocks bone erosion associated with inflammarory arthritis. J Immunol. 171:5547–5553. 2003.

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Haneji T, Hirashima K, Teramachi J and Morimoto H: Okadaic acid activates the PKR pathway and induces apoptosis through PKR stimulation in MG63 osteoblast-like cells. Int J Oncol 42: 1904-1910, 2013.
APA
Haneji, T., Hirashima, K., Teramachi, J., & Morimoto, H. (2013). Okadaic acid activates the PKR pathway and induces apoptosis through PKR stimulation in MG63 osteoblast-like cells. International Journal of Oncology, 42, 1904-1910. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1911
MLA
Haneji, T., Hirashima, K., Teramachi, J., Morimoto, H."Okadaic acid activates the PKR pathway and induces apoptosis through PKR stimulation in MG63 osteoblast-like cells". International Journal of Oncology 42.6 (2013): 1904-1910.
Chicago
Haneji, T., Hirashima, K., Teramachi, J., Morimoto, H."Okadaic acid activates the PKR pathway and induces apoptosis through PKR stimulation in MG63 osteoblast-like cells". International Journal of Oncology 42, no. 6 (2013): 1904-1910. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1911
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Haneji T, Hirashima K, Teramachi J and Morimoto H: Okadaic acid activates the PKR pathway and induces apoptosis through PKR stimulation in MG63 osteoblast-like cells. Int J Oncol 42: 1904-1910, 2013.
APA
Haneji, T., Hirashima, K., Teramachi, J., & Morimoto, H. (2013). Okadaic acid activates the PKR pathway and induces apoptosis through PKR stimulation in MG63 osteoblast-like cells. International Journal of Oncology, 42, 1904-1910. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1911
MLA
Haneji, T., Hirashima, K., Teramachi, J., Morimoto, H."Okadaic acid activates the PKR pathway and induces apoptosis through PKR stimulation in MG63 osteoblast-like cells". International Journal of Oncology 42.6 (2013): 1904-1910.
Chicago
Haneji, T., Hirashima, K., Teramachi, J., Morimoto, H."Okadaic acid activates the PKR pathway and induces apoptosis through PKR stimulation in MG63 osteoblast-like cells". International Journal of Oncology 42, no. 6 (2013): 1904-1910. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1911
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team