Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
July 2013 Volume 43 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July 2013 Volume 43 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Bufalin induces G2/M phase arrest and triggers autophagy via the TNF, JNK, BECN-1 and ATG8 pathway in human hepatoma cells

  • Authors:
    • Chin-Mu Hsu
    • Yuhsin Tsai
    • Lei Wan
    • Fuu-Jen Tsai
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C., School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, 40402 Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
  • Pages: 338-348
    |
    Published online on: May 16, 2013
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1942
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Liver cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death worldwide. The study of more effective anti-hepatoma drugs is urgently required. Bufalin has been isolated from a traditional Chinese medicine and possesses less toxicity to normal cells. However, it has been found to inhibit growth of cancer cells. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of bufalin in Huh7, Hep3B and HA22T human hepatoma cells. The three cell lines were treated with bufalin, the proliferation was detected by WST-1 assay and cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry analysis. The results showed that bufalin inhibited the proliferation of hepatoma cells and regulated the hepatoma cell death program in a dose- and time-dependent manner without typical features of apoptosis. RT-PCR arrays were used to investigate the autophagy transcriptional response triggered by bufalin and 13 genes were altered and further confirmed by real-time PCR. The translation levels of selected genes were examined by western blot analysis to reveal the bufalin-induced autophagy cascade. Bufalin synergized with the JNK pathway to induce autophagy of hepatoma cells and is closely associated with the upregulation of TNF, BECN-1, MAPK and ATG8, together with the downregulation of Bcl-2 and Bid. Our study provided a multi-angle evaluation system for anti-hepatoma pharmacology for pre-clinical drug investigation. In this case, bufalin was capable of inducing hepatoma cell autophagy, suggesting a potential regimen for single or combined chemotherapy to overcome hepatoma in clinical practice.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1. 

Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E and Forman D: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 61:69–90. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

2. 

Forner A, Llovet JM and Bruix J: Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet. 379:1245–1255. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

3. 

Eheman C, Henley SJ, Ballard-Barbash R, et al: Annual Report to the Nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2008, featuring cancers associated with excess weight and lack of sufficient physical activity. Cancer. 118:2338–2366. 2012.

4. 

Saika K and Matsuda T: Time trends in liver cancer mortality (1980–2008) in Japan, the USA and Europe. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 42:842012.

5. 

Cao H, Phan H and Yang LX: Improved chemotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 32:1379–1386. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

6. 

Zhang S, Doudican NA, Quay E and Orlow SJ: Fluvastatin enhances sorafenib cytotoxicity in melanoma cells via modulation of AKT and JNK signaling pathways. Anticancer Res. 31:3259–3265. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

7. 

Hagman M, Hayes RA, Capon RJ and Shine R: Alarm cues experienced by cane toad tadpoles affect post-metamorphic morphology and chemical defences. Funct Ecol. 23:126–132. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

8. 

Gomes A, Bhattacharjee P, Mishra R, Biswas AK, Dasgupta SC and Giri B: Anticancer potential of animal venoms and toxins. Indian J Exp Biol. 48:93–103. 2010.

9. 

Gao H, Popescu R, Kopp B and Wang Z: Bufadienolides and their antitumor activity. Nat Prod Rep. 28:953–969. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

10. 

Qi F, Inagaki Y, Gao B, et al: Bufalin and cinobufagin induce apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via Fas- and mitochondria-mediated pathways. Cancer Sci. 102:951–958. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

11. 

Qi F, Li A, Inagaki Y, et al: Antitumor activity of extracts and compounds from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo gargarizans Cantor. Int Immunopharmacol. 11:342–349. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12. 

Xie CM, Chan WY, Yu S, Zhao J and Cheng CH: Bufalin induces autophagy-mediated cell death in human colon cancer cells through reactive oxygen species generation and JNK activation. Free Radic Biol Med. 51:1365–1375. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

13. 

Gao Y, Li HX, Xu LT, et al: Bufalin enhances the anti-proliferative effect of sorafenib on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through downregulation of ERK. Mol Biol Rep. 39:1683–1689. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14. 

Chen A, Yu J, Zhang L, et al: Microarray and biochemical analysis of bufalin-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells. Biotechnol Lett. 31:487–494. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15. 

Takai N, Ueda T, Nishida M, Nasu K and Narahara H: Bufalin induces growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human endometrial and ovarian cancer cells. Int J Mol Med. 21:637–643. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

16. 

Berry DL and Baehrecke EH: Growth arrest and autophagy are required for salivary gland cell degradation in Drosophila. Cell. 131:1137–1148. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17. 

Cuervo AM and Macian F: Autophagy, nutrition and immunology. Mol Aspects Med. 33:2–13. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

18. 

Janku F, McConkey DJ, Hong DS and Kurzrock R: Autophagy as a target for anticancer therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 8:528–539. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19. 

Liu YL, Yang PM, Shun CT, Wu MS, Weng JR and Chen CC: Autophagy potentiates the anti-cancer effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma. Autophagy. 6:1057–1065. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20. 

Hsu CM, Hsu YA, Tsai Y, et al: Emodin inhibits the growth of hepatoma cells: finding the common anti-cancer pathway using Huh7, Hep3B and HepG2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 392:473–478. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

21. 

Takai N, Kira N, Ishii T, et al: Bufalin, a traditional oriental medicine, induces apoptosis in human cancer cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 13:399–402. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22. 

Li D, Qu X, Hou K, et al: PI3K/Akt is involved in bufalin-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs. 20:59–64. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23. 

Numazawa S, Shinoki MA, Ito H, Yoshida T and Kuroiwa Y: Involvement of Na+, K(+)-ATPase inhibition in K562 cell differentiation induced by bufalin. J Cell Physiol. 160:113–120. 1994.

24. 

Jing Y, Watabe M, Hashimoto S, Nakajo S and Nakaya K: Cell cycle arrest and protein kinase modulating effect of bufalin on human leukemia ML1 cells. Anticancer Res. 14:1193–1198. 1994.PubMed/NCBI

25. 

Hong SH and Choi YH: Bufalin induces apoptosis through activation of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in human bladder cancer cells. Oncol Rep. 27:114–120. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

26. 

Zhu Z, Sun H, Ma G, Wang Z, Li E and Liu Y: Bufalin induces lung cancer cell apoptosis via the inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 13:2025–2035. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27. 

Tsai SC, Yang JS, Peng SF, et al: Bufalin increases sensitivity to AKT/mTOR-induced autophagic cell death in SK-HEP-1 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol. 41:1431–1442. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

28. 

Han KQ, Huang G, Gu W, Su YH, Huang XQ and Ling CQ: Anti-tumor activities and apoptosis-regulated mechanisms of bufalin on the orthotopic transplantation tumor model of human hepatocellular carcinoma in nude mice. World J Gastroenterol. 13:3374–3379. 2007.

29. 

Yu CH, Kan SF, Pu HF, Jea Chien E and Wang PS: Apoptotic signaling in bufalin- and cinobufagin-treated androgen-dependent and -independent human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Sci. 99:2467–2476. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30. 

Wang N, Pan W, Zhu M, et al: Fangchinoline induces autophagic cell death via p53/sestrin2/AMPK signalling in human hepato-cellular carcinoma cells. Br J Pharmacol. 164:731–742. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31. 

Wang N, Feng Y, Zhu M, et al: Berberine induces autophagic cell death and mitochondrial apoptosis in liver cancer cells: the cellular mechanism. J Cell Biochem. 111:1426–1436. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

32. 

Pattingre S, Tassa A, Qu X, et al: Bcl-2 antiapoptotic proteins inhibit Beclin 1-dependent autophagy. Cell. 122:927–939. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33. 

Motyl T, Gajkowska B, Zarzynska J, Gajewska M and Lamparska-Przybysz M: Apoptosis and autophagy in mammary gland remodeling and breast cancer chemotherapy. J Physiol Pharmacol. 57(Suppl 7): 17–32. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

34. 

Zhang DM, Liu JS, Tang MK, et al: Bufotalin from Venenum Bufonis inhibits growth of multidrug resistant HepG2 cells through G(2)/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol. 692:19–28. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35. 

Trejo-Solis C, Jimenez-Farfan D, Rodriguez-Enriquez S, et al: Copper compound induces autophagy and apoptosis of glioma cells by reactive oxygen species and jnk activation. BMC Cancer. 12:1562012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36. 

Zhang XQ, Dunner K Jr and Benedict WF: Autophagy is induced by adenoviral-mediated interferon alpha treatment in interferon resistant bladder cancer and normal urothelial cells as a cell death protective mechanism but not by the bystander factors produced. Cancer Gene Ther. 17:579–584. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

37. 

Zhang L, Guo YF, Liu YZ, et al: Pathway-based genome-wide association analysis identified the importance of regulation-of-autophagy pathway for ultradistal radius BMD. J Bone Miner Res. 25:1572–1580. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

38. 

Gao M, Yeh PY, Lu YS, et al: OSU-03012, a novel celecoxib derivative, induces reactive oxygen species-related autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Res. 68:9348–9357. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39. 

Borsello T, Croquelois K, Hornung JP and Clarke PG: N-methyld-aspartate-triggered neuronal death in organotypic hippocampal cultures is endocytic, autophagic and mediated by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway. Eur J Neurosci. 18:473–485. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

40. 

Tanida I: Autophagosome formation and molecular mechanism of autophagy. Antioxid Redox Signal. 14:2201–2214. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41. 

Chen C, Wang Y, Huang P and Liu-Chen LY: Effects of C-terminal modifications of GEC1 protein and gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor-associated protein (GABARAP), two microtubule-associated proteins, on kappa opioid receptor expression. J Biol Chem. 286:15106–15115. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

42. 

Kawazoe N, Watabe M, Masuda Y, Nakajo S and Nakaya K: Tiam1 is involved in the regulation of bufalin-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells. Oncogene. 18:2413–2421. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43. 

Li DD, Wang LL, Deng R, et al: The pivotal role of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase-mediated Beclin 1 expression during anti-cancer agents-induced autophagy in cancer cells. Oncogene. 28:886–898. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

44. 

Byun JY, Yoon CH, An S, et al: The Rac1/MKK7/JNK pathway signals upregulation of Atg5 and subsequent autophagic cell death in response to oncogenic Ras. Carcinogenesis. 30:1880–1888. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hsu C, Tsai Y, Wan L and Tsai F: Bufalin induces G2/M phase arrest and triggers autophagy via the TNF, JNK, BECN-1 and ATG8 pathway in human hepatoma cells. Int J Oncol 43: 338-348, 2013.
APA
Hsu, C., Tsai, Y., Wan, L., & Tsai, F. (2013). Bufalin induces G2/M phase arrest and triggers autophagy via the TNF, JNK, BECN-1 and ATG8 pathway in human hepatoma cells. International Journal of Oncology, 43, 338-348. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1942
MLA
Hsu, C., Tsai, Y., Wan, L., Tsai, F."Bufalin induces G2/M phase arrest and triggers autophagy via the TNF, JNK, BECN-1 and ATG8 pathway in human hepatoma cells". International Journal of Oncology 43.1 (2013): 338-348.
Chicago
Hsu, C., Tsai, Y., Wan, L., Tsai, F."Bufalin induces G2/M phase arrest and triggers autophagy via the TNF, JNK, BECN-1 and ATG8 pathway in human hepatoma cells". International Journal of Oncology 43, no. 1 (2013): 338-348. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1942
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hsu C, Tsai Y, Wan L and Tsai F: Bufalin induces G2/M phase arrest and triggers autophagy via the TNF, JNK, BECN-1 and ATG8 pathway in human hepatoma cells. Int J Oncol 43: 338-348, 2013.
APA
Hsu, C., Tsai, Y., Wan, L., & Tsai, F. (2013). Bufalin induces G2/M phase arrest and triggers autophagy via the TNF, JNK, BECN-1 and ATG8 pathway in human hepatoma cells. International Journal of Oncology, 43, 338-348. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1942
MLA
Hsu, C., Tsai, Y., Wan, L., Tsai, F."Bufalin induces G2/M phase arrest and triggers autophagy via the TNF, JNK, BECN-1 and ATG8 pathway in human hepatoma cells". International Journal of Oncology 43.1 (2013): 338-348.
Chicago
Hsu, C., Tsai, Y., Wan, L., Tsai, F."Bufalin induces G2/M phase arrest and triggers autophagy via the TNF, JNK, BECN-1 and ATG8 pathway in human hepatoma cells". International Journal of Oncology 43, no. 1 (2013): 338-348. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2013.1942
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team