Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
April-2015 Volume 46 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2015 Volume 46 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Bitter melon juice targets molecular mechanisms underlying gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells

  • Authors:
    • Ranganatha R. Somasagara
    • Gagan Deep
    • Sangeeta Shrotriya
    • Manisha Patel
    • Chapla Agarwal
    • Rajesh Agarwal
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
  • Pages: 1849-1857
    |
    Published online on: February 9, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.2885
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Pancreatic cancer (PanC) is one of the most lethal malignancies, and resistance towards gemcitabine, the front‑line chemotherapy, is the main cause for dismal rate of survival in PanC patients; overcoming this resistance remains a major challenge to treat this deadly malignancy. Whereas several molecular mechanisms are known for gemcitabine resistance in PanC cells, altered metabolism and bioenergetics are not yet studied. Here, we compared metabolic and bioenergetic functions between gemcitabine‑resistant (GR) and gemcitabine‑sensitive (GS) PanC cells and underlying molecular mechanisms, together with efficacy of a natural agent bitter melon juice (BMJ). GR PanC cells showed distinct morphological features including spindle‑shaped morphology and a decrease in E‑cadherin expression. GR cells also showed higher ATP production with an increase in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR). Molecular studies showed higher expression of glucose transporters (GLUT1 and 4) suggesting an increase in glucose uptake by GR cells. Importantly, GR cells showed a significant increase in Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and their inhibition decreased cell viability, suggesting their role in survival and drug resistance of these cells. Recently, we reported strong efficacy of BMJ against a panel of GS cells in culture and nude mice, which we expanded here and found that BMJ was also effective in decreasing both Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and viability of GR PanC cells. Overall, we have identified novel mechanisms of gemcitabine resistance in PanC cells which are targeted by BMJ. Considering the short survival in PanC patients, our findings could have high translational potential in controlling this deadly malignancy.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Guillermet-Guibert J, Davenne L, Pchejetski D, Saint-Laurent N, Brizuela L, Guilbeau-Frugier C, Delisle MB, Cuvillier O, Susini C and Bousquet C: Targeting the sphingolipid metabolism to defeat pancreatic cancer cell resistance to the chemotherapeutic gemcitabine drug. Mol Cancer Ther. 8:809–820. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Huanwen W, Zhiyong L, Xiaohua S, Xinyu R, Kai W and Tonghua L: Intrinsic chemoresistance to gemcitabine is associated with constitutive and laminin-induced phosphorylation of FAK in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Mol Cancer. 8:1252009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Di Marco M, Di Cicilia R, Macchini M, Nobili E, Vecchiarelli S, Brandi G and Biasco G: Metastatic pancreatic cancer: Is gemcitabine still the best standard treatment? (Review). Oncol Rep. 23:1183–1192. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Kagawa S, Takano S, Yoshitomi H, et al: Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is crucial for gemcitabine resistance induced by Annexin II in pancreatic cancer cells. J Surg Res. 178:758–767. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Szakács G, Paterson JK, Ludwig JA, Booth-Genthe C and Gottesman MM: Targeting multidrug resistance in cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 5:219–234. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Fanciulli M, Bruno T, Giovannelli A, Gentile FP, Di Padova M, Rubiu O and Floridi A: Energy metabolism of human LoVo colon carcinoma cells: correlation to drug resistance and influence of lonidamine. Clin Cancer Res. 6:1590–1597. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Zhou M, Zhao Y, Ding Y, et al: Warburg effect in chemosensitivity: Targeting lactate dehydrogenase-A re-sensitizes taxol-resistant cancer cells to taxol. Mol Cancer. 9:332010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Vivanco I and Sawyers CL: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase AKT pathway in human cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2:489–501. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Tokunaga E, Oki E, Egashira A, Sadanaga N, Morita M, Kakeji Y and Maehara Y: Deregulation of the Akt pathway in human cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 8:27–36. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Chappell WH, et al: Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in cell growth, malignant transformation and drug resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1773:1263–1284. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Elstrom RL, Bauer DE, Buzzai M, et al: Akt stimulates aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. Cancer Res. 64:3892–3899. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Gottlob K, Majewski N, Kennedy S, Kandel E, Robey RB and Hay N: Inhibition of early apoptotic events by Akt/PKB is dependent on the first committed step of glycolysis and mitochondrial hexokinase. Genes Dev. 15:1406–1418. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Plas DR, Talapatra S, Edinger AL, Rathmell JC and Thompson CB: Akt and Bcl-xL promote growth factor-independent survival through distinct effects on mitochondrial physiology. J Biol Chem. 276:12041–12048. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Majewski N, Nogueira V, Bhaskar P, Coy PE, Skeen JE, Gottlob K, Chandel NS, Thompson CB, Robey RB and Hay N: Hexokinase-mitochondria interaction mediated by Akt is required to inhibit apoptosis in the presence or absence of Bax and Bak. Mol Cell. 16:819–830. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Huang WC and Hung MC: Induction of Akt activity by chemotherapy confers acquired resistance. J Formos Med Assoc. 108:180–194. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Duxbury MS, Ito H, Zinner MJ, Ashley SW and Whang EE: siRNA directed against c-Src enhances pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell gemcitabine chemosensitivity. J Am Coll Surg. 198:953–959. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Yibchok-anun S, Adisakwattana S, Yao CY, Sangvanich P, Roengsumran S and Hsu WH: Slow acting protein extract from fruit pulp of Momordica charantia with insulin secretagogue and insulinomimetic activities. Biol Pharm Bull. 29:1126–1131. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Ganguly C, De S and Das S: Prevention of carcinogen-induced mouse skin papilloma by whole fruit aqueous extract of Momordica charantia. Eur J Cancer Prev. 9:283–288. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Claflin AJ, Vesely DL, Hudson JL, Bagwell CB, Lehotay DC, Lo TM, Fletcher MA, Block NL and Levey GS: Inhibition of growth and guanylate cyclase activity of an undifferentiated prostate adenocarcinoma by an extract of the balsam pear (Momordica charantia abbreviata). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 75:989–993. 1978. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Nagasawa H, Watanabe K and Inatomi H: Effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) or ginger rhizome (Zingiber offifinale rosc) on spontaneous mammary tumorigenesis in SHN mice. Am J Chin Med. 30:195–205. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Singh A, Singh SP and Bamezai R: Momordica charantia (Bitter Gourd) peel, pulp, seed and whole fruit extract inhibits mouse skin papillomagenesis. Toxicol Lett. 94:37–46. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Weng JR, Bai LY, Chiu CF, Hu JL, Chiu SJ and Wu CY: Cucurbitane triterpenoid from Momordica charantia induces apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells, in part, through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013:9356752013. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Kwatra D, Subramaniam D, Ramamoorthy P, Standing D, Moran E, Velayutham R, Mitra A, Umar S and Anant S: Methanolic extracts of bitter melon inhibit colon cancer stem cells by affecting energy homeostasis and autophagy. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013:7028692013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Hsiao PC, Liaw CC, Hwang SY, Cheng HL, Zhang LJ, Shen CC, Hsu FL and Kuo YH: Antiproliferative and hypoglycemic cucurbitane-type glycosides from the fruits of Momordica charantia. J Agric Food Chem. 61:2979–2986. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Limtrakul P, Khantamat O and Pintha K: Inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity and reversal of cancer multidrug resistance by Momordica charantia extract. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 54:525–530. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Kaur M, Deep G, Jain AK, Raina K, Agarwal C, Wempe MF and Agarwal R: Bitter melon juice activates cellular energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase causing apoptotic death of human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis. 34:1585–1592. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Agarwal C, Tyagi A, Kaur M and Agarwal R: Silibinin inhibits constitutive activation of Stat3, and causes caspase activation and apoptotic death of human prostate carcinoma DU145 cells. Carcinogenesis. 28:1463–1470. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Wu M, Neilson A, Swift AL, et al: Multiparameter metabolic analysis reveals a close link between attenuated mitochondrial bioenergetic function and enhanced glycolysis dependency in human tumor cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 292:C125–C136. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Brand MD and Nicholls DG: Assessing mitochondrial dysfunction in cells. Biochem J. 435:297–312. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Potter VR and Reif AE: Inhibition of an electron transport component by antimycin A. J Biol Chem. 194:287–297. 1952.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Kasuya K, Tsuchida A, Nagakawa Y, Suzuki M, Abe Y, Itoi T, Serizawa H, Nagao T, Shimazu M and Aoki T: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α expression and gemcitabine chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Oncol Rep. 26:1399–1406. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Zhao Y, Butler EB and Tan M: Targeting cellular metabolism to improve cancer therapeutics. Cell Death Dis. 4:e5322013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Gao T, Furnari F and Newton AC: PHLPP: a phosphatase that directly dephosphorylates Akt, promotes apoptosis, and suppresses tumor growth. Mol Cell. 18:13–24. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Gao AM, Ke ZP, Shi F, Sun GC and Chen H: Chrysin enhances sensitivity of BEL-7402/ADM cells to doxorubicin by suppressing PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 and ERK/Nrf2 pathway. Chem Biol Interact. 206:100–108. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Siegel R, Naishadham D and Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 62:10–29. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Tang D, Okada H, Ruland J, Liu L, Stambolic V, Mak TW and Ingram AJ: Akt is activated in response to an apoptotic signal. J Biol Chem. 276:30461–30466. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Jeong EK, Lee SY, Jeon HM, Ju MK, Kim CH and Kang HS: Role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in multicellular resistance to docetaxel in MCF-7 cells. Int J Oncol. 37:655–661. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Mirmohammadsadegh A, Mota R, Gustrau A, Hassan M, Nambiar S, Marini A, Bojar H, Tannapfel A and Hengge UR: ERK1/2 is highly phosphorylated in melanoma metastases and protects melanoma cells from cisplatin-mediated apoptosis. J Invest Dermatol. 127:2207–2215. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Song J, Qu Z, Guo X, Zhao Q, Zhao X, Gao L, Sun K, Shen F, Wu M and Wei L: Hypoxia-induced autophagy contributes to the chemoresistance of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Autophagy. 5:1131–1144. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Sui X, Chen R, Wang Z, et al: Autophagy and chemotherapy resistance: a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Cell Death Dis. 4:e8382013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Carew JS, Nawrocki ST, Kahue CN, Zhang H, Yang C, Chung L, Houghton JA, Huang P, Giles FJ and Cleveland JL: Targeting autophagy augments the anticancer activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA to overcome Bcr-Abl-mediated drug resistance. Blood. 110:313–322. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Yang ZJ, Chee CE, Huang S and Sinicrope FA: The role of autophagy in cancer: therapeutic implications. Mol Cancer Ther. 10:1533–1541. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Somasagara RR, Deep G, Shrotriya S, Patel M, Agarwal C and Agarwal R: Bitter melon juice targets molecular mechanisms underlying gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. Int J Oncol 46: 1849-1857, 2015.
APA
Somasagara, R.R., Deep, G., Shrotriya, S., Patel, M., Agarwal, C., & Agarwal, R. (2015). Bitter melon juice targets molecular mechanisms underlying gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology, 46, 1849-1857. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.2885
MLA
Somasagara, R. R., Deep, G., Shrotriya, S., Patel, M., Agarwal, C., Agarwal, R."Bitter melon juice targets molecular mechanisms underlying gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells". International Journal of Oncology 46.4 (2015): 1849-1857.
Chicago
Somasagara, R. R., Deep, G., Shrotriya, S., Patel, M., Agarwal, C., Agarwal, R."Bitter melon juice targets molecular mechanisms underlying gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells". International Journal of Oncology 46, no. 4 (2015): 1849-1857. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.2885
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Somasagara RR, Deep G, Shrotriya S, Patel M, Agarwal C and Agarwal R: Bitter melon juice targets molecular mechanisms underlying gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. Int J Oncol 46: 1849-1857, 2015.
APA
Somasagara, R.R., Deep, G., Shrotriya, S., Patel, M., Agarwal, C., & Agarwal, R. (2015). Bitter melon juice targets molecular mechanisms underlying gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology, 46, 1849-1857. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.2885
MLA
Somasagara, R. R., Deep, G., Shrotriya, S., Patel, M., Agarwal, C., Agarwal, R."Bitter melon juice targets molecular mechanisms underlying gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells". International Journal of Oncology 46.4 (2015): 1849-1857.
Chicago
Somasagara, R. R., Deep, G., Shrotriya, S., Patel, M., Agarwal, C., Agarwal, R."Bitter melon juice targets molecular mechanisms underlying gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer cells". International Journal of Oncology 46, no. 4 (2015): 1849-1857. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.2885
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team