Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
June-2016 Volume 48 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June-2016 Volume 48 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Chemosensitizing effect of podophyllotoxin acetate on topoisomerase inhibitors leads to synergistic enhancement of lung cancer cell apoptosis

  • Authors:
    • Wan Gi Hong
    • Jeong Hyun Cho
    • Sang-Gu Hwang
    • Eunah Lee
    • Jaeseok Lee
    • Jong-Il Kim
    • Hong-Duck Um
    • Jong Kuk Park
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Geonggi-do, Republic of Korea, Department of Biological Science, College of Biological Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Department of Food and Microbial Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
    Copyright: © Hong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 2265-2276
    |
    Published online on: April 1, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2016.3471
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Podophyllotoxin acetate (PA) acts as a radiosensitizer against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we examined its potential role as a chemosensitizer in conjunction with the topoisomerase inhibitors etoposide (Eto) and camptothecin (Cpt). The effects of combinations of PA and Eto/Cpt were examined with CompuSyn software in two NSCLC cell lines, A549 and NCI-H1299. Combination index (CI) values indicated synergistic effects of PA and the topoisomerase inhibitors. The intracellular mechanism underlying synergism was further determined using propidium iodide uptake, immunoblotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Combination of PA with Eto/Cpt promoted disruption of the dynamics of actin filaments, leading to subsequent enhancement of apoptotic cell death via induction of caspase-3, -8, and -9, accompanied by increased phosphorylation of p38. Conversely, suppression of p38 phosphorylation blocked the apoptotic effect of the drug combinations. Notably, CREB-1, a transcription factor, was constitutively activated in both cell types, and synergistically inhibited upon combination treatment. Our results collectively indicate that PA functions as a chemosensitizer by enhancing apoptosis through activation of the p38/caspase axis and suppression of CREB-1.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z and Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 64:9–29. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Mitsudomi T, Suda K and Yatabe Y: Surgery for NSCLC in the era of personalized medicine. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 10:235–244. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Ismael GF, Rosa DD, Mano MS and Awada A: Novel cytotoxic drugs: Old challenges, new solutions. Cancer Treat Rev. 34:81–91. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Choi JY, Cho HJ, Hwang SG, Kim WJ, Kim JI, Um HD and Park JK: Podophyllotoxin acetate enhances γ-ionizing radiation-induced apoptotic cell death by stimulating the ROS/p38/caspase pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 70:111–118. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Gordaliza M, García PA, del Corral JM, Castro MA and Gómez-Zurita MA: Podophyllotoxin: Distribution, sources, applications and new cytotoxic derivatives. Toxicon. 44:441–459. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Guerram M, Jiang Z-Z and Zhang L-Y: Podophyllotoxin, a medicinal agent of plant origin: Past, present and future. Chin J Nat Med. 10:161–169. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Wall ME, Wani MC, Cooke CE, Palmer KH, McPhail AT and Sim GA: Plant antitumor agents. I. The isolation and structure of camptothecin, a novel alkaloidal leukemia and tumor nhibitor from Camptotheca acuminata. J Am Chem Soc. 88:3888–3890. 1966. View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Hsiang Y-H, Hertzberg R, Hecht S and Liu LF: Camptothecin induces protein-linked DNA breaks via mammalian DNA topoisomerase I. J Biol Chem. 260:14873–14878. 1985.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Gabr A, Kuin A, Aalders M, El-Gawly H and Smets LA: Cellular pharmacokinetics and cytotoxicity of camptothecin and topotecan at normal and acidic pH. Cancer Res. 57:4811–4816. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

10 

Venditto VJ and Simanek EE: Cancer therapies utilizing the camptothecins: A review of the in vivo literature. Mol Pharm. 7:307–349. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Choi JY, Hong WG, Cho JH, Kim EM, Kim J, Jung CH, Hwang SG, Um HD and Park JK: Podophyllotoxin acetate triggers anticancer effects against non-small cell lung cancer cells by promoting cell death via cell cycle arrest, ER stress and autophagy. Int J Oncol. 47:1257–1265. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

12 

Park JK, Jung HY, Park SH, Kang SY, Yi MR, Um HD and Hong SH: Combination of PTEN and gamma-ionizing radiation enhances cell death and G(2)/M arrest through regulation of AKT activity and p21 induction in non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 70:1552–1560. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Park JK, Park SH, So K, Bae IH, Yoo YD and Um HD: ICAM-3 enhances the migratory and invasive potential of human non-small cell lung cancer cells by inducing MMP-2 and MMP-9 via Akt and CREB. Int J Oncol. 36:181–192. 2010.

14 

Piva R, Belardo G and Santoro MG: NF-kappaB: A stress-regulated switch for cell survival. Antioxid Redox Signal. 8:478–486. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Shabbits JA, Hu Y and Mayer LD: Tumor chemosensitization strategies based on apoptosis manipulations. Mol Cancer Ther. 2:805–813. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Reed JC: Regulation of apoptosis by bcl-2 family proteins and its role in cancer and chemoresistance. Curr Opin Oncol. 7:541–546. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

LaCasse EC, Baird S, Korneluk RG and MacKenzie AE: The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and their emerging role in cancer. Oncogene. 17:3247–3259. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Turrini E, Ferruzzi L and Fimognari C: Natural compounds to overcome cancer chemoresistance: Toxicological and clinical issues. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 10:1677–1690. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Rudolf E and Cervinka M: Topoisomerases and tubulin inhibitors: A promising combination for cancer treatment. Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents. 3:421–429. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Houghton PJ, Cheshire PJ, Hallman JD II, Lutz L, Friedman HS, Danks MK and Houghton JA: Efficacy of topoisomerase I inhibitors, topotecan and irinotecan, administered at low dose levels in protracted schedules to mice bearing xenografts of human tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 36:393–403. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Bunn PA Jr and Kelly K: New chemotherapeutic agents prolong survival and improve quality of life in non-small cell lung cancer: A review of the literature and future directions. Clin Cancer Res. 4:1087–1100. 1998.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Elmore S: Apoptosis: A review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol. 35:495–516. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Lawenda BD, Kelly KM, Ladas EJ, Sagar SM, Vickers A and Blumberg JB: Should supplemental antioxidant administration be avoided during chemotherapy and radiation therapy? J Natl Cancer Inst. 100:773–783. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Van Laethem A, Nys K, Van Kelst S, Claerhout S, Ichijo H, Vandenheede JR, Garmyn M and Agostinis P: Apoptosis signal regulating kinase-1 connects reactive oxygen species to p38 MAPK-induced mitochondrial apoptosis in UVB-irradiated human keratinocytes. Free Radic Biol Med. 41:1361–1371. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Pang H, Cai L, Yang Y, Chen X, Sui G and Zhao C: Knockdown of osteopontin chemosensitizes MDA-MB-231 cells to cyclophosphamide by enhancing apoptosis through activating p38 MAPK pathway. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 26:165–173. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Shin DY, Lee WS, Lu JN, Kang MH, Ryu CH, Kim GY, Kang HS, Shin SC and Choi YH: Induction of apoptosis in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells by anthocyanins through suppression of Akt and activation of p38-MAPK. Int J Oncol. 35:1499–1504. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Chiu SJ, Chao JI, Lee YJ and Hsu TS: Regulation of gamma-H2AX and securin contribute to apoptosis by oxaliplatin via a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway in human colorectal cancer cells. Toxicol Lett. 179:63–70. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Lou X, Zhou Q, Yin Y, Zhou C and Shen Y: Inhibition of the met receptor tyrosine kinase signaling enhances the chemosensitivity of glioma cell lines to CDDP through activation of p38 MAPK pathway. Mol Cancer Ther. 8:1126–1136. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Crans HN and Sakamoto KM: Transcription factors and translocations in lymphoid and myeloid leukemia. Leukemia. 15:313–331. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Pigazzi M, Ricotti E, Germano G, Faggian D, Aricò M and Basso G: cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) over-expression CREB has been described as critical for leukemia progression. Haematologica. 92:1435–1437. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Shankar DB, Cheng JC, Kinjo K, Federman N, Moore TB, Gill A, Rao NP, Landaw EM and Sakamoto KM: The role of CREB as a proto-oncogene in hematopoiesis and in acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cell. 7:351–362. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Seo H-S, Liu DD, Bekele BN, Kim MK, Pisters K, Lippman SM, Wistuba II and Koo JS: Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein overexpression: A feature associated with negative prognosis in never smokers with non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 68:6065–6073. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Shaywitz AJ and Greenberg ME: CREB: A stimulus-induced transcription factor activated by a diverse array of extracellular signals. Annu Rev Biochem. 68:821–861. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Mayr B and Montminy M: Transcriptional regulation by the phosphorylation-dependent factor CREB. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2:599–609. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Mayr BM, Canettieri G and Montminy MR: Distinct effects of cAMP and mitogenic signals on CREB-binding protein recruitment impart specificity to target gene activation via CREB. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:10936–10941. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Amorino GP, Hamilton VM, Valerie K, Dent P, Lammering G and Schmidt-Ullrich RK: Epidermal growth factor receptor dependence of radiation-induced transcription factor activation in human breast carcinoma cells. Mol Biol Cell. 13:2233–2244. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Matsumoto K, Yamamoto T, Kurachi H, Nishio Y, Takeda T, Homma H, Morishige K, Miyake A and Murata Y: Human chorionic gonadotropin-alpha gene is transcriptionally activated by epidermal growth factor through cAMP response element in trophoblast cells. J Biol Chem. 273:7800–7806. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Swarthout JT, Tyson DR, Jefcoat SC Jr and Partridge NC: Induction of transcriptional activity of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein by parathyroid hormone and epidermal growth factor in osteoblastic cells. J Bone Miner Res. 17:1401–1407. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hong WG, Cho JH, Hwang S, Lee E, Lee J, Kim J, Um H and Park JK: Chemosensitizing effect of podophyllotoxin acetate on topoisomerase inhibitors leads to synergistic enhancement of lung cancer cell apoptosis. Int J Oncol 48: 2265-2276, 2016.
APA
Hong, W.G., Cho, J.H., Hwang, S., Lee, E., Lee, J., Kim, J. ... Park, J.K. (2016). Chemosensitizing effect of podophyllotoxin acetate on topoisomerase inhibitors leads to synergistic enhancement of lung cancer cell apoptosis. International Journal of Oncology, 48, 2265-2276. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2016.3471
MLA
Hong, W. G., Cho, J. H., Hwang, S., Lee, E., Lee, J., Kim, J., Um, H., Park, J. K."Chemosensitizing effect of podophyllotoxin acetate on topoisomerase inhibitors leads to synergistic enhancement of lung cancer cell apoptosis". International Journal of Oncology 48.6 (2016): 2265-2276.
Chicago
Hong, W. G., Cho, J. H., Hwang, S., Lee, E., Lee, J., Kim, J., Um, H., Park, J. K."Chemosensitizing effect of podophyllotoxin acetate on topoisomerase inhibitors leads to synergistic enhancement of lung cancer cell apoptosis". International Journal of Oncology 48, no. 6 (2016): 2265-2276. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2016.3471
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hong WG, Cho JH, Hwang S, Lee E, Lee J, Kim J, Um H and Park JK: Chemosensitizing effect of podophyllotoxin acetate on topoisomerase inhibitors leads to synergistic enhancement of lung cancer cell apoptosis. Int J Oncol 48: 2265-2276, 2016.
APA
Hong, W.G., Cho, J.H., Hwang, S., Lee, E., Lee, J., Kim, J. ... Park, J.K. (2016). Chemosensitizing effect of podophyllotoxin acetate on topoisomerase inhibitors leads to synergistic enhancement of lung cancer cell apoptosis. International Journal of Oncology, 48, 2265-2276. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2016.3471
MLA
Hong, W. G., Cho, J. H., Hwang, S., Lee, E., Lee, J., Kim, J., Um, H., Park, J. K."Chemosensitizing effect of podophyllotoxin acetate on topoisomerase inhibitors leads to synergistic enhancement of lung cancer cell apoptosis". International Journal of Oncology 48.6 (2016): 2265-2276.
Chicago
Hong, W. G., Cho, J. H., Hwang, S., Lee, E., Lee, J., Kim, J., Um, H., Park, J. K."Chemosensitizing effect of podophyllotoxin acetate on topoisomerase inhibitors leads to synergistic enhancement of lung cancer cell apoptosis". International Journal of Oncology 48, no. 6 (2016): 2265-2276. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2016.3471
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team