Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 51 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 51 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling activation in ovarian borderline tumors and ovarian carcinomas

  • Authors:
    • Petar Ozretić
    • Diana Trnski
    • Vesna Musani
    • Ivana Maurac
    • Držislav Kalafatić
    • Slavko Orešković
    • Sonja Levanat
    • Maja Sabol
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Laboratory for Hereditary Cancer, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
  • Pages: 1869-1877
    |
    Published online on: October 12, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4156
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Hedgehog signaling pathway has been implicated in the pathology of ovarian cancer, and Survivin (BIRC5) has been suggested as a novel target of this pathway. Herein we investigated the role of Hedgehog signaling pathway and Survivin in ovarian carcinoma and borderline tumor samples. We aimed to determine possible ways of pathway modulation on primary ovarian cancer cells and an established cell line. RNA was extracted from fresh tumors and control tissues and gene expression was examined using qRT-PCR. Pathway activity in cell lines was examined after treatment with cyclopamine, SHH protein, GANT-61 or lithium chloride using qRT-PCR, western blot and confocal microscopy. The difference between control tissue, borderline tumors and carcinomas can be seen in GLI1 and SUFU gene expression, which is significantly higher in borderline tumors compared to carcinomas. SUFU also shows lower expression levels in higher FIGO stages relative to lower stages. BIRC5 is expressed in all tumors and in healthy ovarian tissues compared to our control tissue, healthy fallopian tube samples. Primary cells developed from ovarian carcinoma tissue respond to cyclopamine treatment with a short-term decrease in cell proliferation, downregulation of Hedgehog pathway genes, including BIRC5, and changes in protein dynamics. Stimulation with SHH protein results in increased cell migration, while GLI1 transfection or PTCH1 silencing demonstrate pathway upregulation. The pathway activity can be modulated by LiCl at the GSK3β-SUFU-GLI level, suggesting at least partial non-canonical activation. Downregulation of the pathway with GANT-61 has proved to be more effective than cyclopamine. GLI inhibitors may be a superior treatment option in ovarian cancer compared to SMO inhibitors.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

American Cancer Society: Global Cancer Facts & Figures. 2nd Edition. American Cancer Society; Atlanta, GA: 2011, https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/cancer-org/research/cancer-facts-and-statistics/global-cancer-facts-and-figures/global-cancer-facts-and-figures-2nd-edition.pdf.

2 

Hart WR: Borderline epithelial tumors of the ovary. Mod Pathol. 18(Suppl 2): S33–S50. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Bell DA: Origins and molecular pathology of ovarian cancer. Mod Pathol. 18(Suppl 2): S19–S32. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Takai N, Miyazaki T, Nishida M, Nasu K and Miyakawa I: Expression of survivin is associated with malignant potential in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Int J Mol Med. 10:211–216. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

5 

Hoogstraat M, de Pagter MS, Cirkel GA, van Roosmalen MJ, Harkins TT, Duran K, Kreeftmeijer J, Renkens I, Witteveen PO, Lee CC, et al: Genomic and transcriptomic plasticity in treatment-naive ovarian cancer. Genome Res. 24:200–211. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar :

6 

Huntzicker EG, Estay IS, Zhen H, Lokteva LA, Jackson PK and Oro AE: Dual degradation signals control Gli protein stability and tumor formation. Genes Dev. 20:276–281. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Takenaka K, Kise Y and Miki H: GSK3beta positively regulates Hedgehog signaling through Sufu in mammalian cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 353:501–508. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Brun SN, Markant SL, Esparza LA, Garcia G, Terry D, Huang JM, Pavlyukov MS, Li XN, Grant GA, Crawford JR, et al: Survivin as a therapeutic target in Sonic hedgehog-driven medulloblastoma. Oncogene. 34:3770–3779. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar :

9 

Vlčková K, Ondrušová L, Vachtenheim J, Réda J, Dundr P, Zadinová M, Žáková P and Poučková P: Survivin, a novel target of the Hedgehog/GLI signaling pathway in human tumor cells. Cell Death Dis. 7:e20482016. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Zhang Y and Kalderon D: Hedgehog acts as a somatic stem cell factor in the Drosophila ovary. Nature. 410:599–604. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Russell MC, Cowan RG, Harman RM, Walker AL and Quirk SM: The hedgehog signaling pathway in the mouse ovary. Biol Reprod. 77:226–236. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Huang C-CJ and Yao HH-C: Diverse functions of Hedgehog signaling in formation and physiology of steroidogenic organs. Mol Reprod Dev. 77:489–496. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Wijgerde M, Ooms M, Hoogerbrugge JW and Grootegoed JA: Hedgehog signaling in mouse ovary: Indian hedgehog and desert hedgehog from granulosa cells induce target gene expression in developing theca cells. Endocrinology. 146:3558–3566. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Spicer LJ, Sudo S, Aad PY, Wang LS, Chun SY, Ben-Shlomo I, Klein C and Hsueh AJ: The hedgehog-patched signaling pathway and function in the mammalian ovary: A novel role for hedgehog proteins in stimulating proliferation and steroidogenesis of theca cells. Reproduction. 138:329–339. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Chen X, Horiuchi A, Kikuchi N, Osada R, Yoshida J, Shiozawa T and Konishi I: Hedgehog signal pathway is activated in ovarian carcinomas, correlating with cell proliferation: It's inhibition leads to growth suppression and apoptosis. Cancer Sci. 98:68–76. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Liao X, Siu MKY, Au CWH, Wong ES, Chan HY, Ip PP, Ngan HY and Cheung AN: Aberrant activation of hedgehog signaling pathway in ovarian cancers: Effect on prognosis, cell invasion and differentiation. Carcinogenesis. 30:131–140. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Bhattacharya R, Kwon J, Ali B, Wang E, Patra S, Shridhar V and Mukherjee P: Role of hedgehog signaling in ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 14:7659–7666. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Schmid S, Bieber M, Zhang F, Zhang M, He B, Jablons D and Teng NNH: Wnt and hedgehog gene pathway expression in serous ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 21:975–980. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Yang L, He J, Huang S, Zhang X, Bian Y, He N, Zhang H and Xie J: Activation of hedgehog signaling is not a frequent event in ovarian cancers. Mol Cancer. 8:1122009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Ciucci A, De Stefano I, Vellone VG, Lisi L, Bottoni C, Scambia G, Zannoni GF and Gallo D: Expression of the glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (gli1) in advanced serous ovarian cancer is associated with unfavorable overall survival. PLoS One. 8:e601452013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Chen Q, Xu R, Zeng C, Lu Q, Huang D, Shi C, Zhang W, Deng L, Yan R, Rao H, et al: Down-regulation of Gli transcription factor leads to the inhibition of migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells via integrin β4-mediated FAK signaling. PLoS One. 9:e883862014. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Steg AD, Burke MR, Amm HM, Katre AA, Dobbin ZC, Jeong DH and Landen CN: Proteasome inhibition reverses hedgehog inhibitor and taxane resistance in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget. 5:7065–7080. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

McCann CK, Growdon WB, Kulkarni-Datar K, Curley MD, Friel AM, Proctor JL, Sheikh H, Deyneko I, Ferguson JA, Vathipadiekal V, et al: Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling antagonizes serous ovarian cancer growth in a primary xenograft model. PLoS One. 6:e280772011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Kandala PK and Srivastava SK: Diindolylmethane-mediated Gli1 protein suppression induces anoikis in ovarian cancer cells in vitro and blocks tumor formation ability in vivo. J Biol Chem. 287:28745–28754. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Ray A, Meng E, Reed E, Shevde LA and Rocconi RP: Hedgehog signaling pathway regulates the growth of ovarian cancer spheroid forming cells. Int J Oncol. 39:797–804. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Byrom J, Mudaliar V, Redman CW, Jones P, Strange RC and Hoban PR: Loss of heterozygosity at chromosome 9q22-31 is a frequent and early event in ovarian tumors. Int J Oncol. 24:1271–1277. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Tsuji T, Catasus L and Prat J: Is loss of heterozygosity at 9q22.3 (PTCH gene) and 19p13.3 (STK11 gene) involved in the pathogenesis of ovarian stromal tumors? Hum Pathol. 36:792–796. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Levanat S, Musani V, Komar A and Oreskovic S: Role of the hedgehog/patched signaling pathway in oncogenesis: A new polymorphism in the PTCH gene in ovarian fibroma. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1030:134–143. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Levanat S, Kappler R, Hemmerlein B, Döring P, Musani V, Komar A, Oreskovic S, Pavelic B and Hahn H: Analysis of the PTCH1 signaling pathway in ovarian dermoids. Int J Mol Med. 14:793–799. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Musani V, Sabol M, Car D, Ozretić P, Kalafatić D, Maurac I, Orešković S and Levanat S: PTCH1 gene polymorphisms in ovarian tumors: Potential protective role of c.3944T allele. Gene. 517:55–59. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Cretnik M, Musani V, Oreskovic S, Leovic D and Levanat S: The Patched gene is epigenetically regulated in ovarian dermoids and fibromas, but not in basocellular carcinomas. Int J Mol Med. 19:875–883. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

32 

Löf-Öhlin ZM, Levanat S, Sabol M, Sorbe B and Nilsson TK: Promoter methylation in the PTCH gene in cervical epithelial cancer and ovarian cancer tissue as studied by eight novel Pyrosequencing® assays. Int J Oncol. 38:685–692. 2011.

33 

Maurac I, Sabol M, Musani V, Car D, Ozretic P, Kalafatic D, Oreskovic S, Babic D and Levanat S: A low-grade ovarian carcinoma case with coincident LOH of PTCH1 and BRCA1, and a mutation in BRCA1. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 31:264–271. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Leovic D, Sabol M, Ozretic P, Musani V, Car D, Marjanovic K, Zubcic V, Sabol I, Sikora M, Grce M, et al: Hh-Gli signaling pathway activity in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 34:104–112. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

35 

McCall MN, McMurray HR, Land H and Almudevar A: On non- detects in qPCR data. Bioinformatics. 30:2310–2316. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Colton T: Statistics in Medicine. Little Brown & Co; Boston: 1974

37 

Xing J, Jia C-R, Wang Y, Guo J and Cai Y: Effect of shRNA targeting survivin on ovarian cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 138:1221–1229. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Kurman RJ and Shih IeM: The origin and pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer: A proposed unifying theory. Am J Surg Pathol. 34:433–443. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Jope RS: Lithium and GSK-3: One inhibitor, two inhibitory actions, multiple outcomes. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 24:441–443. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Stecca B, Ruiz I and Altaba A: Context-dependent regulation of the GLI code in cancer by HEDGEHOG and non-HEDGEHOG signals. J Mol Cell Biol. 2:84–95. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Koshiyama M, Matsumura N and Konishi I: Recent concepts of ovarian carcinogenesis: type I and type II. Biomed Res Int. 2014:9342612014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Sabol M, Trnski D, Uzarevic Z, Ozretic P, Musani V, Rafaj M, Cindric M and Levanat S: Combination of cyclopamine and tamoxifen promotes survival and migration of mcf-7 breast cancer cells - interaction of hedgehog-gli and estrogen receptor signaling pathways. PLoS One. 9:e1145102014. View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Shakoori A, Ougolkov A, Yu ZW, Zhang B, Modarressi MH, Billadeau DD, Mai M, Takahashi Y and Minamoto T: Deregulated GSK3β activity in colorectal cancer: Its association with tumor cell survival and proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 334:1365–1373. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Trnski D, Sabol M, Gojević A, Martinić M, Ozretić P, Musani V, Ramić S and Levanat S: GSK3β and Gli3 play a role in activation of Hedgehog-Gli pathway in human colon cancer - Targeting GSK3β downregulates the signaling pathway and reduces cell proliferation. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1852:2574–2584. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Rask K, Nilsson A, Brännström M, Carlsson P, Hellberg P, Janson PO, Hedin L and Sundfeldt K: Wnt-signalling pathway in ovarian epithelial tumours: Increased expression of β-catenin and GSK3β. Br J Cancer. 89:1298–1304. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Hilliard TS, Gaisina IN, Muehlbauer AG, Gaisin AM, Gallier F and Burdette JE: Glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibitors induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells and inhibit in-vivo tumor growth. Anticancer Drugs. 22:978–985. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

47 

Lauth M, Bergström A, Shimokawa T and Toftgård R: Inhibition of GLI-mediated transcription and tumor cell growth by small- molecule antagonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104:8455–8460. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Tostar U, Toftgård R, Zaphiropoulos PG and Shimokawa T: Reduction of human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma tumor growth by inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway. Genes Cancer. 1:941–951. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Gonnissen A, Isebaert S and Haustermans K: Targeting the Hedgehog signaling pathway in cancer: Beyond Smoothened. Oncotarget. 6:13899–13913. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Elias KM, Emori MM, Papp E, MacDuffie E, Konecny GE, Velculescu VE and Drapkin R: Beyond genomics: Critical evaluation of cell line utility for ovarian cancer research. Gynecol Oncol. 139:97–103. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Ozretić P, Trnski D, Musani V, Maurac I, Kalafatić D, Orešković S, Levanat S and Sabol M: Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling activation in ovarian borderline tumors and ovarian carcinomas. Int J Oncol 51: 1869-1877, 2017.
APA
Ozretić, P., Trnski, D., Musani, V., Maurac, I., Kalafatić, D., Orešković, S. ... Sabol, M. (2017). Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling activation in ovarian borderline tumors and ovarian carcinomas. International Journal of Oncology, 51, 1869-1877. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4156
MLA
Ozretić, P., Trnski, D., Musani, V., Maurac, I., Kalafatić, D., Orešković, S., Levanat, S., Sabol, M."Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling activation in ovarian borderline tumors and ovarian carcinomas". International Journal of Oncology 51.6 (2017): 1869-1877.
Chicago
Ozretić, P., Trnski, D., Musani, V., Maurac, I., Kalafatić, D., Orešković, S., Levanat, S., Sabol, M."Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling activation in ovarian borderline tumors and ovarian carcinomas". International Journal of Oncology 51, no. 6 (2017): 1869-1877. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4156
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ozretić P, Trnski D, Musani V, Maurac I, Kalafatić D, Orešković S, Levanat S and Sabol M: Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling activation in ovarian borderline tumors and ovarian carcinomas. Int J Oncol 51: 1869-1877, 2017.
APA
Ozretić, P., Trnski, D., Musani, V., Maurac, I., Kalafatić, D., Orešković, S. ... Sabol, M. (2017). Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling activation in ovarian borderline tumors and ovarian carcinomas. International Journal of Oncology, 51, 1869-1877. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4156
MLA
Ozretić, P., Trnski, D., Musani, V., Maurac, I., Kalafatić, D., Orešković, S., Levanat, S., Sabol, M."Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling activation in ovarian borderline tumors and ovarian carcinomas". International Journal of Oncology 51.6 (2017): 1869-1877.
Chicago
Ozretić, P., Trnski, D., Musani, V., Maurac, I., Kalafatić, D., Orešković, S., Levanat, S., Sabol, M."Non-canonical Hedgehog signaling activation in ovarian borderline tumors and ovarian carcinomas". International Journal of Oncology 51, no. 6 (2017): 1869-1877. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4156
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team