Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 51 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2017 Volume 51 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

E2F1 silencing inhibits migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via regulating DDR1 expression

  • Authors:
    • Zhaofeng Wang
    • Xianjie Sun
    • Yi Bao
    • Juanfen Mo
    • Hengchao Du
    • Jichao Hu
    • Xingen Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Rongjun Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China, Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jiaxing, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1639-1650
    |
    Published online on: October 16, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4165
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

In the present study, knockdown of E2F1 impaired the migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Further analysis showed that E2F1 knockdown decreased the expression of discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) which plays a crucial role in many fundamental processes such as cell differentiation, adhesion, migration and invasion. Luciferase and ChIP assays confirmed that E2F1 silencing attenuated the expression of DDR1 through disrupting E2F1-mediated transcription of DDR1 in osteosarcoma cells. Similarly with the effect of E2F1 silencing, DDR1 knockdown weakened the migratory and invasive capabilities of osteosarcoma cells; while overexpression of DDR1 resulted in a significant increase of cell motility and invasiveness, even after knocking down E2F1. Interestingly, inactivation of E2F1/DDR1 pathway by shRNA weakened STAT3 signaling and subsequently suppressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of osteosarcoma cells, as shown with decreased vimentin, MMP2, MMP9, and increased E‑cadherin. Consistently, high expressions of E2F1 and DDR1 observed in osteosarcoma tissues were related to TNM stage and metastasis. In addition, high level of E2F1 or DDR1 was associated with poor prognosis in osteosarcoma patients. These results suggest that E2F1/DDR1/STAT3 pathway is critical for malignancy of osteosarcoma, which may provide a novel prognostic indicator or approach for osteosarcoma therapy.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Anderson ME: Update on survival in osteosarcoma. Orthop Clin North Am. 47:283–292. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Poletajew S, Fus L and Wasiutyński A: Current concepts on pathogenesis and biology of metastatic osteosarcoma tumors. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 13:537–545. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Maximov VV and Aqeilan RI: Genetic factors conferring metastasis in osteosarcoma. Future Oncol. 12:1623–1644. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Dyson N: The regulation of E2F by pRB-family proteins. Genes Dev. 12:2245–2262. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Lee JS, Leem SH, Lee SY, Kim SC, Park ES, Kim SB, Kim SK, Kim YJ, Kim WJ and Chu IS: Expression signature of E2F1 and its associated genes predict superficial to invasive progression of bladder tumors. J Clin Oncol. 28:2660–2667. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Alla V, Engelmann D, Niemetz A, Pahnke J, Schmidt A, Kunz M, Emmrich S, Steder M, Koczan D and Pützer BM: E2F1 in melanoma progression and metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 102:127–133. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Liang YX, Lu JM, Mo RJ, He HC, Xie J, Jiang FN, Lin ZY, Chen YR, Wu YD, Luo HW, et al: E2F1 promotes tumor cell invasion and migration through regulating CD147 in prostate cancer. Int J Oncol. 48:1650–1658. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Rammal H, Saby C, Magnien K, Van-Gulick L, Garnotel R, Buache E, El Btaouri H, Jeannesson P and Morjani H: Discoidin domain receptors: Potential actors and targets in cancer. Front Pharmacol. 7:552016.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Miao L, Zhu S, Wang Y, Li Y, Ding J, Dai J, Cai H, Zhang D and Song Y: Discoidin domain receptor 1 is associated with poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer and promotes cell invasion via epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Med Oncol. 30:6262013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Koh M, Woo Y, Valiathan RR, Jung HY, Park SY, Kim YN, Kim HR, Fridman R and Moon A: Discoidin domain receptor 1 is a novel transcriptional target of ZEB1 in breast epithelial cells undergoing H-Ras-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Int J Cancer. 136:E508–E520. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Shimada K, Nakamura M, Ishida E, Higuchi T, Yamamoto H, Tsujikawa K and Konishi N: Prostate cancer antigen-1 contributes to cell survival and invasion though discoidin receptor 1 in human prostate cancer. Cancer Sci. 99:39–45. 2008.

12 

Huo Y, Yang M, Liu W, Yang J, Fu X, Liu D, Li J, Zhang J, Hua R and Sun Y: High expression of DDR1 is associated with the poor prognosis in Chinese patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 34:882015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Xie R, Wang X, Qi G, Wu Z, Wei R, Li P and Zhang D: DDR1 enhances invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer via epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Tumour Biol. 37:12049–12059. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Pagliarini V, Giglio P, Bernardoni P, De Zio D, Fimia GM, Piacentini M and Corazzari M: Downregulation of E2F1 during ER stress is required to induce apoptosis. J Cell Sci. 128:1166–1179. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Shats I, Gatza ML, Liu B, Angus SP, You L and Nevins JR: FOXO transcription factors control E2F1 transcriptional specificity and apoptotic function. Cancer Res. 73:6056–6067. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Summy JM and Gallick GE: Src family kinases in tumor progression and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 22:337–358. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Valencia K, Ormazabal C, Zandueta C, Luis-Ravelo D, Antó I, Pajares MJ, Agorreta J, Montuenga LM, Martínez-Canarias S, Leitinger B, et al: Inhibition of collagen receptor discoidin domain receptor-1 (DDR1) reduces cell survival, homing, and colonization in lung cancer bone metastasis. Clin Cancer Res. 18:969–980. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Engelmann D and Pützer BM: The dark side of E2F1: In transit beyond apoptosis. Cancer Res. 72:571–575. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Meng P and Ghosh R: Transcription addiction: Can we garner the Yin and Yang functions of E2F1 for cancer therapy? Cell Death Dis. 5:e13602014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Ahn JD, Kim CH, Magae J, Kim YH, Kim HJ, Park KK, Hong S, Park KG, Lee IK and Chang YC: E2F decoy oligodeoxynucleotides effectively inhibit growth of human tumor cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 310:1048–1053. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Liontos M, Niforou K, Velimezi G, Vougas K, Evangelou K, Apostolopoulou K, Vrtel R, Damalas A, Kontovazenitis P, Kotsinas A, et al: Modulation of the E2F1-driven cancer cell fate by the DNA damage response machinery and potential novel E2F1 targets in osteosarcomas. Am J Pathol. 175:376–391. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Russo AJ, Magro PG, Hu Z, Li WW, Peters R, Mandola J, Banerjee D and Bertino JR: E2F-1 overexpression in U2OS cells increases cyclin B1 levels and cdc2 kinase activity and sensitizes cells to antimitotic agents. Cancer Res. 66:7253–7260. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Stevens C, Smith L and La Thangue NB: Chk2 activates E2F-1 in response to DNA damage. Nat Cell Biol. 5:401–409. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Galbiati L, Mendoza-Maldonado R, Gutierrez MI and Giacca M: Regulation of E2F-1 after DNA damage by p300-mediated acetylation and ubiquitination. Cell Cycle. 4:930–939. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Gao Y, Li H, Ma X, Fan Y, Ni D, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Liu K, Li X, Wang L, et al: KLF6 suppresses metastasis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma via transcriptional repression of E2F1. Cancer Res. 77:330–342. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Engelmann D, Mayoli-Nüssle D, Mayrhofer C, Fürst K, Alla V, Stoll A, Spitschak A, Abshagen K, Vollmar B, Ran S, et al: E2F1 promotes angiogenesis through the VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 axis in a feedback loop for cooperative induction of PDGF-B. J Mol Cell Biol. 5:391–403. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Sharma A, Yeow WS, Ertel A, Coleman I, Clegg N, Thangavel C, Morrissey C, Zhang X, Comstock CE, Witkiewicz AK, et al: The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor controls androgen signaling and human prostate cancer progression. J Clin Invest. 120:4478–4492. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Hu Y, Liu J, Jiang B, Chen J, Fu Z, Bai F, Jiang J and Tang Z: MiR-199a-5p loss up-regulated DDR1 aggravated colorectal cancer by activating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition related signaling. Dig Dis Sci. 59:2163–2172. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Shintani Y, Fukumoto Y, Chaika N, Svoboda R, Wheelock MJ and Johnson KR: Collagen I-mediated up-regulation of N-cadherin requires cooperative signals from integrins and discoidin domain receptor 1. J Cell Biol. 180:1277–1289. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Gao H, Chakraborty G, Zhang Z, Akalay I, Gadiya M, Gao Y, Sinha S, Hu J, Jiang C, Akram M, et al: Multi-organ site metastatic reactivation mediated by non-canonical discoidin domain receptor 1 signaling. Cell. 166:47–62. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Gialeli C, Theocharis AD and Karamanos NK: Roles of matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression and their pharmacological targeting. FEBS J. 278:16–27. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Juin A, Di Martino J, Leitinger B, Henriet E, Gary AS, Paysan L, Bomo J, Baffet G, Gauthier-Rouvière C, Rosenbaum J, et al: Discoidin domain receptor 1 controls linear invadosome formation via a Cdc42-Tuba pathway. J Cell Biol. 207:517–533. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Yang SH, Baek HA, Lee HJ, Park HS, Jang KY, Kang MJ, Lee DG, Lee YC, Moon WS and Chung MJ: Discoidin domain receptor 1 is associated with poor prognosis of non-small cell lung carcinomas. Oncol Rep. 24:311–319. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Castro-Sanchez L, Soto-Guzman A, Guaderrama-Diaz M, Cortes-Reynosa P and Salazar EP: Role of DDR1 in the gelatinases secretion induced by native type IV collagen in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Clin Exp Metastasis. 28:463–477. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Hidalgo-Carcedo C, Hooper S, Chaudhry SI, Williamson P, Harrington K, Leitinger B and Sahai E: Collective cell migration requires suppression of actomyosin at cell-cell contacts mediated by DDR1 and the cell polarity regulators Par3 and Par6. Nat Cell Biol. 13:49–58. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar :

36 

Ram R, Lorente G, Nikolich K, Urfer R, Foehr E and Nagavarapu U: Discoidin domain receptor-1a (DDR1a) promotes glioma cell invasion and adhesion in association with matrix metalloproteinase-2. J Neurooncol. 76:239–248. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wang Z, Sun X, Bao Y, Mo J, Du H, Hu J and Zhang X: E2F1 silencing inhibits migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via regulating DDR1 expression. Int J Oncol 51: 1639-1650, 2017.
APA
Wang, Z., Sun, X., Bao, Y., Mo, J., Du, H., Hu, J., & Zhang, X. (2017). E2F1 silencing inhibits migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via regulating DDR1 expression. International Journal of Oncology, 51, 1639-1650. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4165
MLA
Wang, Z., Sun, X., Bao, Y., Mo, J., Du, H., Hu, J., Zhang, X."E2F1 silencing inhibits migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via regulating DDR1 expression". International Journal of Oncology 51.6 (2017): 1639-1650.
Chicago
Wang, Z., Sun, X., Bao, Y., Mo, J., Du, H., Hu, J., Zhang, X."E2F1 silencing inhibits migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via regulating DDR1 expression". International Journal of Oncology 51, no. 6 (2017): 1639-1650. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4165
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wang Z, Sun X, Bao Y, Mo J, Du H, Hu J and Zhang X: E2F1 silencing inhibits migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via regulating DDR1 expression. Int J Oncol 51: 1639-1650, 2017.
APA
Wang, Z., Sun, X., Bao, Y., Mo, J., Du, H., Hu, J., & Zhang, X. (2017). E2F1 silencing inhibits migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via regulating DDR1 expression. International Journal of Oncology, 51, 1639-1650. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4165
MLA
Wang, Z., Sun, X., Bao, Y., Mo, J., Du, H., Hu, J., Zhang, X."E2F1 silencing inhibits migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via regulating DDR1 expression". International Journal of Oncology 51.6 (2017): 1639-1650.
Chicago
Wang, Z., Sun, X., Bao, Y., Mo, J., Du, H., Hu, J., Zhang, X."E2F1 silencing inhibits migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells via regulating DDR1 expression". International Journal of Oncology 51, no. 6 (2017): 1639-1650. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2017.4165
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team