Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
July-2018 Volume 53 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2018 Volume 53 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Differences between carcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon: Evidence based on clinical and embryological data

  • Authors:
    • Xin Xie
    • Zhangjian Zhou
    • Yongchun Song
    • Wei Wang
    • Chengxue Dang
    • Hao Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Xie et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 87-98
    |
    Published online on: April 12, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4366
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Developing rapidly from the cecal diverticulum in a 5-week-old embryo, the cecum, which is developed from the caudal limb of the midgut loop, is different from the ascending colon. The aim of this study was to analyze the different clinicopathological and biological characteristics of patients with carcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon. We accessed data for 59,035 patients with adenocarcinomas of the cecum and ascending colon from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database to explore the potential associations between the clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival. Furthermore, we analyzed the differences in gene expression between the two segments in the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The results were validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas database, as well as with another independent dataset from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. The results of this study revealed the potential prognostic differences between adenocarcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon, which may be caused by the differential expression levels of the SLCO1B3 gene. When including the expression levels of SLCO1B3 in intraoperatively examined lymph nodes, 8 factors were found able to predict the prognosis of patients with carcinomas of the cecum and ascending colon. As regards the surgical therapeutic strategies, the resection of >15 local lymph nodes is appropriate for improving the prognosis of patients.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 65:87–108. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Siegel RL, Miller KD and Jemal A: Cancer Statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 67:7–30. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Gervaz P, Bucher P and Morel P: Two colons-two cancers: Paradigm shift and clinical implications. J Surg Oncol. 88:261–266. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Mik M, Berut M, Dziki L, Trzcinski R and Dziki A: Right- and left-sided colon cancer - clinical and pathological differences of the disease entity in one organ. Arch Med Sci. 13:157–162. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Trosko JE and Lenz HJ: What roles do colon stem cells and gap junctions play in the left and right location of origin of colorectal cancers? J Cell Commun Signal. 11:79–87. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Jess P, Hansen IO, Gamborg M and Jess T; Danish Colorectal Cancer Group: A nationwide Danish cohort study challenging the categorisation into right-sided and left-sided colon cancer. BMJ Open. 3:e0026082013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Benedix F, Schmidt U, Mroczkowski P, Gastinger I, Lippert H and Kube R; Study Group 'Colon/Rectum Carcinoma (Primary Tumor)': Colon carcinoma - classification into right and left sided cancer or according to colonic subsite? - Analysis of 29,568 patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 37:134–139. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Yahagi M, Okabayashi K, Hasegawa H, Tsuruta M and Kitagawa Y: The worse prognosis of right-sided compared with left-sided colon cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 20:648–655. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Wong HL, Lee B, Field K, Lomax A, Tacey M, Shapiro J, McKendrick J, Zimet A, Yip D, Nott L, et al: Impact of primary tumor site on bevacizumab efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer. 15:e9–e15. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Bae JM, Kim JH and Kang GH: Molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer and their clinicopathologic features, with an emphasis on the serrated neoplasia pathway. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 140:406–412. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Yamauchi M, Morikawa T, Kuchiba A, Imamura Y, Qian ZR, Nishihara R, Liao X, Waldron L, Hoshida Y, Huttenhower C, et al: Assessment of colorectal cancer molecular features along bowel subsites challenges the conception of distinct dichotomy of proximal versus distal colorectum. Gut. 61:847–854. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Δ Δ C(T)) Method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Zhang Z: Propensity score method: A non-parametric technique to reduce model dependence. Ann Transl Med. 5:72017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Network NCC: (NCCN)Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Colon Cancer, Version 2. 2017, https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/colon.pdf. Accessed March 13, 2017.

15 

Messersmith WA: Systemic management of colorectal cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 15(5S): 699–702. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Thompson JS: Core Textbook of Anatomy. 1st edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Riverwoods, IL: 1977

17 

Guarner F and Malagelada JR: Gut flora in health and disease. Lancet. 361:512–519. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Dabareiner RM and White NA II: Diseases and surgery of the cecum. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 13:303–315. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Ruoff C, Hanna L, Zhi W, Shahzad G, Gotlieb V and Saif MW: Cancers of the appendix: Review of the literatures. ISRN Oncol. 2011:7285792011.PubMed/NCBI

20 

Price TJ, Beeke C, Ullah S, Padbury R, Maddern G, Roder D, Townsend AR, Moore J, Roy A, Tomita Y, et al: Does the primary site of colorectal cancer impact outcomes for patients with metastatic disease? Cancer. 121:830–835. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Loupakis F, Yang D, Yau L, Feng S, Cremolini C, Zhang W, Maus MK, Antoniotti C, Langer C, Scherer SJ, et al: Primary tumor location as a prognostic factor in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 107:dju4272015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

He WZ, Liao FX, Jiang C, Kong PF, Yin CX, Yang Q, Qiu HJ, Zhang B and Xia LP: Primary tumor location as a predictive factor for first-line bevacizumab effectiveness in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. J Cancer. 8:388–394. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Tejpar S, Stintzing S, Ciardiello F, Tabernero J, Van Cutsem E, Beier F, Esser R, Lenz HJ and Heinemann V: Prognostic and predictive relevance of primary tumor location in patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer: Retrospective analyses of the CRYSTAL and FIRE-3 trials. JAMA Oncol. Oct 10–2016.Epub ahead of print. PubMed/NCBI

24 

Timmcke AE: The ASCRS Textbook of Colon and Rectal Surgery. Ochsner J. 7:482007.

25 

Tsai CE, Wu KL, Chiu YC, Chuah SK, Tai WC, Hu ML and Liang CM: The incidence and clinical associated factors of interval colorectal cancers in Southern Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 117:185–190. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Parsons HM, Tuttle TM, Kuntz KM, Begun JW, McGovern PM and Virnig BA: Association between lymph node evaluation for colon cancer and node positivity over the past 20 years. JAMA. 306:1089–1097. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Guan X, Chen W, Liu Z, Jiang Z, Hu H, Zhao Z, Wang S, Chen Y, Wang G and Wang X: Whether regional lymph nodes evaluation should be equally required for both right and left colon cancer. Oncotarget. 7:59945–59956. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Shen H, Yang J, Huang Q, Jiang MJ, Tan YN, Fu JF, Zhu LZ, Fang XF and Yuan Y: Different treatment strategies and molecular features between right-sided and left-sided colon cancers. World J Gastroenterol. 21:6470–6478. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

O'Connor ES, Greenblatt DY, LoConte NK, Gangnon RE, Liou JI, Heise CP and Smith MA: Adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colon cancer with poor prognostic features. J Clin Oncol. 29:3381–3388. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Guan X, Chen W, Jiang Z, Liu Z, Miao D, Hu H, Zhao Z, Yang R and Wang X: Exploration of the optimal minimum lymph node count after colon cancer resection for patients aged 80 years and older. Sci Rep. 6:389012016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Konopke R, Distler M, Ludwig S and Kersting S: Location of liver metastases reflects the site of the primary colorectal carcinoma. Scand J Gastroenterol. 43:192–195. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Desai AG, Park CH and Schilling JF: 'Streaming' in portal vein. Its effect on the spread of metastases to the liver. Clin Nucl Med. 10:556–559. 1985. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

König J, Cui Y, Nies AT and Keppler D: Localization and genomic organization of a new hepatocellular organic anion transporting polypeptide. J Biol Chem. 275:23161–23168. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Evangeli L, Ioannis S, Valentinos K, Antigony M, Elli I, Eleftheria H, Vasiliki G and Evangelos B: SLCO1B3 screening in colorectal cancer patients using High-Resolution Melting Analysis method and immunohistochemistry. Tumour Biol. 39:1010428317691176. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Kullak-Ublick GA, Ismair MG, Stieger B, Landmann L, Huber R, Pizzagalli F, Fattinger K, Meier PJ and Hagenbuch B: Organic anion-transporting polypeptide B (OATP-B) and its functional comparison with three other OATPs of human liver. Gastroenterology. 120:525–533. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Letschert K, Faulstich H, Keller D and Keppler D: Molecular characterization and inhibition of amanitin uptake into human hepatocytes. Toxicol Sci. 91:140–149. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Kounnis V, Ioachim E, Svoboda M, Tzakos A, Sainis I, Thalhammer T, Steiner G and Briasoulis E: Expression of organic anion-transporting polypeptides 1B3, 1B1, and 1A2 in human pancreatic cancer reveals a new class of potential therapeutic targets. Onco Targets Ther. 4:27–32. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Lee W, Belkhiri A, Lockhart AC, Merchant N, Glaeser H, Harris EI, Washington MK, Brunt EM, Zaika A, Kim RB, et al: Overexpression of OATP1B3 confers apoptotic resistance in colon cancer. Cancer Res. 68:10315–10323. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Lockhart AC, Harris E, Lafleur BJ, Merchant NB, Washington MK, Resnick MB, Yeatman TJ and Lee W: Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) is overexpressed in colorectal tumors and is a predictor of clinical outcome. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 1:1–7. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Zarour LR, Anand S, Billingsley KG, Bisson WH, Cercek A, Clarke MF, Coussens LM, Gast CE, Geltzeiler CB, Hansen L, et al: Colorectal cancer liver metastasis: Evolving paradigms and future directions. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 3:163–173. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Brenner S, Riha J, Giessrigl B, Thalhammer T, Grusch M, Krupitza G, Stieger B and Jäger W: The effect of organic anion-transporting polypeptides 1B1, 1B3 and 2B1 on the antitumor activity of flavopiridol in breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol. 46:324–332. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xie X, Zhou Z, Song Y, Wang W, Dang C and Zhang H: Differences between carcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon: Evidence based on clinical and embryological data. Int J Oncol 53: 87-98, 2018.
APA
Xie, X., Zhou, Z., Song, Y., Wang, W., Dang, C., & Zhang, H. (2018). Differences between carcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon: Evidence based on clinical and embryological data. International Journal of Oncology, 53, 87-98. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4366
MLA
Xie, X., Zhou, Z., Song, Y., Wang, W., Dang, C., Zhang, H."Differences between carcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon: Evidence based on clinical and embryological data". International Journal of Oncology 53.1 (2018): 87-98.
Chicago
Xie, X., Zhou, Z., Song, Y., Wang, W., Dang, C., Zhang, H."Differences between carcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon: Evidence based on clinical and embryological data". International Journal of Oncology 53, no. 1 (2018): 87-98. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4366
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xie X, Zhou Z, Song Y, Wang W, Dang C and Zhang H: Differences between carcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon: Evidence based on clinical and embryological data. Int J Oncol 53: 87-98, 2018.
APA
Xie, X., Zhou, Z., Song, Y., Wang, W., Dang, C., & Zhang, H. (2018). Differences between carcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon: Evidence based on clinical and embryological data. International Journal of Oncology, 53, 87-98. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4366
MLA
Xie, X., Zhou, Z., Song, Y., Wang, W., Dang, C., Zhang, H."Differences between carcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon: Evidence based on clinical and embryological data". International Journal of Oncology 53.1 (2018): 87-98.
Chicago
Xie, X., Zhou, Z., Song, Y., Wang, W., Dang, C., Zhang, H."Differences between carcinoma of the cecum and ascending colon: Evidence based on clinical and embryological data". International Journal of Oncology 53, no. 1 (2018): 87-98. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4366
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team