Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
August-2018 Volume 53 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2018 Volume 53 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

HRAS as a potential therapeutic target of salirasib RAS inhibitor in bladder cancer

  • Authors:
    • Satoshi Sugita
    • Hideki Enokida
    • Hirofumi Yoshino
    • Kazutaka Miyamoto
    • Masaya Yonemori
    • Takashi Sakaguchi
    • Yoichi Osako
    • Masayuki Nakagawa
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
  • Pages: 725-736
    |
    Published online on: June 11, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4435
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The active form of the small GTPase RAS binds to downstream effectors to promote cell growth and proliferation. RAS signal enhancement contributes to tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis in various different cancers. HRAS proto-oncogene GTPase (HRAS), one of the RAS isoforms, was the first human oncogene for which mutations were reported in T24 bladder cancer (BC) cells in 1982, and HRAS mutation or upregulation has been reported in several cancers. According to data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, HRAS expression was significantly upregulated in clinical BC samples compared to healthy samples (P=0.0024). HRAS expression was also significantly upregulated in BC with HRAS mutation compared to patients without HRAS mutation (P<0.0001). The tumor suppressive effect of salirasib, a RAS inhibitor, has been reported in several cancer types, but only at relatively high concentrations. As such, RAS inhibitors have not been used for clinical applications. The aim of the current study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of targeting HRAS using salirasib and small interfering RNA (siRNA) and to characterize the mechanism by which HRAS functions using recently developed quantitative in vitro proteome-assisted multiple reaction monitoring for protein absolute quantification (iMPAQT), in BC cells. iMPAQT allows measurement of the absolute abundance of any human protein with the high quantitative accuracy. Salirasib and siRNA targeting of HRAS inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in HRAS wild type and HRAS-mutated cell lines. Proteomic analyses revealed that several metabolic pathways, including the oxidative phosphorylation pathway and glycolysis, were significantly downregulated in salirasib-treated BC cells. However, the expression levels of hexokinase 2, phosphoglycerate kinase 1, pyruvate kinase, muscle (PKM)1, PKM2 and lactate dehydrogenase A, which are downstream of RAS and target genes of hypoxia inducible factor-1α, were not notably downregulated, which may explain the high concentration of salirasib required to inhibit cell viability. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms of salirasib, and suggest the need for novel therapeutic strategies to treat cancers such as BC.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Ferlay J, Steliarova-Foucher E, Lortet-Tieulent J, Rosso S, Coebergh JW, Comber H, Forman D and Bray F: Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 countries in 2012. Eur J Cancer. 49:1374–1403. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 65:87–108. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Abdollah F, Gandaglia G, Thuret R, Schmitges J, Tian Z, Jeldres C, Passoni NM, Briganti A, Shariat SF, Perrotte P, et al: Incidence, survival and mortality rates of stage-specific bladder cancer in United States: A trend analysis. Cancer Epidemiol. 37:219–225. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-analysis Collaboration: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 361:1927–1934. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Pylayeva-Gupta Y, Grabocka E and Bar-Sagi D: RAS oncogenes: Weaving a tumorigenic web. Nat Rev Cancer. 11:761–774. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Karnoub AE and Weinberg RA: Ras oncogenes: Split personalities. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 9:517–531. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ding L, Getz G, Wheeler DA, Mardis ER, McLellan MD, Cibulskis K, Sougnez C, Greulich H, Muzny DM, Morgan MB, et al: Somatic mutations affect key pathways in lung adenocarcinoma. Nature. 455:1069–1075. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Kiaris H and Spandidos D: Mutations of ras genes in human tumors (Review). Int J Oncol. 7:413–421. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Baines AT, Xu D and Der CJ: Inhibition of Ras for cancer treatment: The search continues. Future Med Chem. 3:1787–1808. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Cox AD, Fesik SW, Kimmelman AC, Luo J and Der CJ: Drugging the undruggable RAS: Mission possible? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 13:828–851. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Elad G, Paz A, Haklai R, Marciano D, Cox A and Kloog Y: Targeting of K-Ras 4B by S-trans, transfarnesyl thiosalicylic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1452:228–242. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Weisz B, Giehl K, Gana-Weisz M, Egozi Y, Ben-Baruch G, Marciano D, Gierschik P and Kloog Y: A new functional Ras antagonist inhibits human pancreatic tumor growth in nude mice. Oncogene. 18:2579–2588. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Riely GJ, Johnson ML, Medina C, Rizvi NA, Miller VA, Kris MG, Pietanza MC, Azzoli CG, Krug LM, Pao W, et al: A phase II trial of Salirasib in patients with lung adenocarcinomas with KRAS mutations. J Thorac Oncol. 6:1435–1437. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Badar T, Cortes JE, Ravandi F, O'Brien S, Verstovsek S, Garcia-Manero G, Kantarjian H and Borthakur G: Phase I study of S-trans, trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid (salirasib), a novel oral RAS inhibitor in patients with refractory hematologic malignancies. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 15:433–438.e2. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Bustinza-Linares E, Kurzrock R and Tsimberidou AM: Salirasib in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Future Oncol. 6:885–891. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Laheru D, Shah P, Rajeshkumar NV, McAllister F, Taylor G, Goldsweig H, Le DT, Donehower R, Jimeno A, Linden S, et al: Integrated preclinical and clinical development of S-trans, trans-Farnesylthiosalicylic Acid (FTS, Salirasib) in pancreatic cancer. Invest New Drugs. 30:2391–2399. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Makovski V, Haklai R and Kloog Y: Farnesylthiosalicylic acid (salirasib) inhibits Rheb in TSC2-null ELT3 cells: A potential treatment for lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Int J Cancer. 130:1420–1429. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Zundelevich A, Elad-Sfadia G, Haklai R and Kloog Y: Suppression of lung cancer tumor growth in a nude mouse model by the Ras inhibitor salirasib (farnesylthiosalicylic acid). Mol Cancer Ther. 6:1765–1773. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Matsumoto M, Matsuzaki F, Oshikawa K, Goshima N, Mori M, Kawamura Y, Ogawa K, Fukuda E, Nakatsumi H, Natsume T, et al: A large-scale targeted proteomics assay resource based on an in vitro human proteome. Nat Methods. 14:251–258. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Li B and Dewey CN: RSEM: Accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics. 12:3232011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Ichimi T, Enokida H, Okuno Y, Kunimoto R, Chiyomaru T, Kawamoto K, Kawahara K, Toki K, Kawakami K, Nishiyama K, et al: Identification of novel microRNA targets based on microRNA signatures in bladder cancer. Int J Cancer. 125:345–352. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Yoshino H, Chiyomaru T, Enokida H, Kawakami K, Tatarano S, Nishiyama K, Nohata N, Seki N and Nakagawa M: The tumoursuppressive function of miR-1 and miR-133a targeting TAGLN2 in bladder cancer. Br J Cancer. 104:808–818. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Masoud GN and Li W: HIF-1α pathway: Role, regulation and intervention for cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B. 5:378–389. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Qing G, Skuli N, Mayes PA, Pawel B, Martinez D, Maris JM and Simon MC: Combinatorial regulation of neuroblastoma tumor progression by N-Myc and hypoxia inducible factor HIF-1alpha. Cancer Res. 70:10351–10361. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Hong SS, Lee H and Kim KW: HIF-1alpha: A valid therapeutic target for tumor therapy. Cancer Res Treat. 36:343–353. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Hameiri-Grossman M, Porat-Klein A, Yaniv I, Ash S, Cohen IJ, Kodman Y, Haklai R, Elad-Sfadia G, Kloog Y, Chepurko E, et al: The association between let-7, RAS and HIF-1α in Ewing Sarcoma tumor growth. Oncotarget. 6:33834–33848. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Shih C and Weinberg RA: Isolation of a transforming sequence from a human bladder carcinoma cell line. Cell. 29:161–169. 1982. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Haliassos A, Liloglou T, Likourinas M, Doumas C, Ricci N and Spandidos D: H-ras oncogene mutations in the urine of patients with bladder-tumors - description of a noninvasive method for the detection of neoplasia. Int J Oncol. 1:731–734. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

30 

Zhang X and Zhang Y: Bladder cancer and genetic mutations. Cell Biochem Biophys. 73:65–69. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Kompier LC, Lurkin I, van der Aa MN, van Rhijn BW, van der Kwast TH and Zwarthoff EC: FGFR3, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS and PIK3CA mutations in bladder cancer and their potential as biomarkers for surveillance and therapy. PLoS One. 5:e138212010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Beukers W, Hercegovac A and Zwarthoff EC: HRAS mutations in bladder cancer at an early age and the possible association with the Costello Syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 22:837–839. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar :

33 

Pandith AA, Shah ZA, Khan NP, Baba KM, Wani MS and Siddiqi MA: HRAS T81C polymorphism modulates risk of urinary bladder cancer and predicts advanced tumors in ethnic Kashmiri population. Urol Oncol. 31:487–492. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Goldberg L, Israeli R and Kloog Y: FTS and 2-DG induce pancreatic cancer cell death and tumor shrinkage in mice. Cell Death Dis. 3:e2842012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Goldberg L, Ocherashvilli A, Daniels D, Last D, Cohen ZR, Tamar G, Kloog Y and Mardor Y: Salirasib (farnesyl thiosalicylic acid) for brain tumor treatment: A convection-enhanced drug delivery study in rats. Mol Cancer Ther. 7:3609–3616. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Charette N, De Saeger C, Lannoy V, Horsmans Y, Leclercq I and Stärkel P: Salirasib inhibits the growth of hepatocarcinoma cell lines in vitro and tumor growth in vivo through ras and mTOR inhibition. Mol Cancer. 9:2562010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Kurzrock R, Kantarjian HM, Blascovich MA, Bucher C, Verstovsek S, Wright JJ, Pilat SR, Cortes JE, Estey EH, Giles FJ, et al: Phase I study of alternate-week administration of tipifarnib in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Clin Cancer Res. 14:509–514. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Lancet JE, Gojo I, Gotlib J, Feldman EJ, Greer J, Liesveld JL, Bruzek LM, Morris L, Park Y, Adjei AA, et al: A phase 2 study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in poor-risk and elderly patients with previously untreated acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood. 109:1387–1394. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Welsch ME, Kaplan A, Chambers JM, Stokes ME, Bos PH, Zask A, Zhang Y, Sanchez-Martin M, Badgley MA, Huang CS, et al: Multivalent small-molecule Pan-RAS inhibitors. Cell. 168:878–889.e29. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Sugita S, Enokida H, Yoshino H, Miyamoto K, Yonemori M, Sakaguchi T, Osako Y and Nakagawa M: HRAS as a potential therapeutic target of salirasib RAS inhibitor in bladder cancer. Int J Oncol 53: 725-736, 2018.
APA
Sugita, S., Enokida, H., Yoshino, H., Miyamoto, K., Yonemori, M., Sakaguchi, T. ... Nakagawa, M. (2018). HRAS as a potential therapeutic target of salirasib RAS inhibitor in bladder cancer. International Journal of Oncology, 53, 725-736. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4435
MLA
Sugita, S., Enokida, H., Yoshino, H., Miyamoto, K., Yonemori, M., Sakaguchi, T., Osako, Y., Nakagawa, M."HRAS as a potential therapeutic target of salirasib RAS inhibitor in bladder cancer". International Journal of Oncology 53.2 (2018): 725-736.
Chicago
Sugita, S., Enokida, H., Yoshino, H., Miyamoto, K., Yonemori, M., Sakaguchi, T., Osako, Y., Nakagawa, M."HRAS as a potential therapeutic target of salirasib RAS inhibitor in bladder cancer". International Journal of Oncology 53, no. 2 (2018): 725-736. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4435
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Sugita S, Enokida H, Yoshino H, Miyamoto K, Yonemori M, Sakaguchi T, Osako Y and Nakagawa M: HRAS as a potential therapeutic target of salirasib RAS inhibitor in bladder cancer. Int J Oncol 53: 725-736, 2018.
APA
Sugita, S., Enokida, H., Yoshino, H., Miyamoto, K., Yonemori, M., Sakaguchi, T. ... Nakagawa, M. (2018). HRAS as a potential therapeutic target of salirasib RAS inhibitor in bladder cancer. International Journal of Oncology, 53, 725-736. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4435
MLA
Sugita, S., Enokida, H., Yoshino, H., Miyamoto, K., Yonemori, M., Sakaguchi, T., Osako, Y., Nakagawa, M."HRAS as a potential therapeutic target of salirasib RAS inhibitor in bladder cancer". International Journal of Oncology 53.2 (2018): 725-736.
Chicago
Sugita, S., Enokida, H., Yoshino, H., Miyamoto, K., Yonemori, M., Sakaguchi, T., Osako, Y., Nakagawa, M."HRAS as a potential therapeutic target of salirasib RAS inhibitor in bladder cancer". International Journal of Oncology 53, no. 2 (2018): 725-736. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2018.4435
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team