Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
July-2025 Volume 67 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2025 Volume 67 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Decoding the role of cancer stem cells in digestive tract tumors: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Xiansheng Cao
    • Xuejing Geng
    • Chunlei Zhang
    • Lei Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery Ⅰ, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China, Department of Pediatrics, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China, Department of Colorectal and Anus Surgery, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Cao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 61
    |
    Published online on: June 25, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2025.5767
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a distinct subpopulation of cells within tumors, characterized by their ability to self‑renew, differentiate and promote tumorigenesis. CSCs have critical roles in the initiation, progression and therapeutic resistance of digestive tract tumors, including in esophageal, gastric, colorectal and pancreatic cancer. The present review comprehensively explores the biology of CSCs, their interactions with the tumor microenvironment and their clinical relevance in predicting patient prognosis and guiding treatment strategies. The emerging therapeutic approaches that target CSCs, including pathway inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and combination therapies, are also discussed, highlighting the potential of these strategies to improve patient outcomes in digestive tract cancer types. Additionally, future research directions and challenges in developing effective CSC‑targeted therapies are addressed, emphasizing the need for innovative strategies to overcome treatment resistance and increase therapeutic efficacy.
View Figures

Figure 1

Crosstalk Between CSCs and the TME.
This figure demonstrates how CSCs interact with the TME in
digestive tract tumors, including signaling pathways and cellular
interactions. The figure was constructed using Figdraw. TME, tumor
microenvironment; CSCs, cancer stem cells; HIF-1α,
hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; Tregs, regulatory T cells; MDSCs,
myeloid-derived suppressor cells; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand
1.

Figure 2

Targeted therapy of CSCs in digestive
tract tumors. This figure summarizes current and emerging
therapeutic strategies targeting CSCs in digestive tract tumors.
The figure was constructed using Figdraw. ALDH1, aldehyde
dehydrogenase 1; CSCs, cancer stem cells; PEITC, phenethyl
isothiocyanate; EGCG, epigallocatechin gallate; YAP1/TAZ-TEAD,
Yes-associated protein 1/transducer of transcription-TEA domain
family transcription factor.
View References

1 

Haddadin L and Sun X: Stem cells in cancer: From mechanisms to therapeutic strategies. Cells. 14:5382025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

El-Tanani M, Rabbani SA, Satyam SM, Rangraze IR, Wali AF, El-Tanani Y and Aljabali AAA: Deciphering the role of cancer stem cells: Drivers of tumor evolution, therapeutic resistance, and precision medicine strategies. Cancers (Basel). 17:3822025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Takebe N, Miele L, Harris PJ, Jeong W, Bando H, Kahn M, Yang SX and Ivy SP: Targeting Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt pathways in cancer stem cells: Clinical update. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 12:445–464. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A and Bray F: Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 71:209–249. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Gonzalez RS, Raza A, Propst R, Adeyi O, Bateman J, Sopha SC, Shaw J and Auerbach A: Recent advances in digestive tract tumors: Updates from the 5th edition of the world health organization 'blue book'. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 145:607–626. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Li K, Dan Z and Nie YQ: Gastric cancer stem cells in gastric carcinogenesis, progression, prevention and treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 20:5420–5426. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ayob AZ and Ramasamy TS: Cancer stem cells as key drivers of tumour progression. J Biomed Sci. 25:202018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Jahangiri L: Cancer stem cell markers and properties across gastrointestinal cancers. Curr. Tissue Microenviron. Rep. 4:77–89. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Sarabia-Sánchez MA, Tinajero-Rodríguez JM, Ortiz-Sánchez E and Alvarado-Ortiz E: Cancer stem cell markers: Symphonic masters of chemoresistance and immune evasion. Life Sci. 355:1230152024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Zhu Y, He S, Wang Z, Xi H, Lu W and Lin X: Predictive and clinicopathological importance of HMGB2 in various carcinomas: A meta and bioinformatic approach. Sci Rep. 15:110032025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Yang Y, Meng WJ and Wang ZQ: Cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer. Front Oncol. 11:8039742022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Zhang H, Steed A, Co M and Chen X: Cancer stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, ATP and their roles in drug resistance in cancer. Cancer Drug Resist. 4:684–709. 2021.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Sinha S, Hembram KC and Chatterjee S: Targeting signaling pathways in cancer stem cells: A potential approach for developing novel anti-cancer therapeutics. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 385:157–209. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Becerril-Rico J, Alvarado-Ortiz E, Toledo-Guzmán ME, Pelayo R and Ortiz-Sánchez E: The cross talk between gastric cancer stem cells and the immune microenvironment: a tumor-promoting factor. Stem Cell Res Ther. 12:4982021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Kapoor-Narula U and Lenka N: Cancer stem cells and tumor heterogeneity: Deciphering the role in tumor progression and metastasis. Cytokine. 157:1559682022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Otaegi-Ugartemendia M, Matheu A and Carrasco-Garcia E: Impact of cancer stem cells on therapy resistance in gastric cancer. Cancers (Basel). 14:14572022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Wang C, Xie J, Guo J, Manning HC, Gore JC and Guo N: Evaluation of CD44 and CD133 as cancer stem cell markers for colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep. 28:1301–1308. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Dhumal SN, Choudhari SK, Patankar S, Ghule SS, Jadhav YB and Masne S: Cancer stem cell markers, CD44 and ALDH1, for assessment of cancer risk in OPMDs and lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol. 16:453–465. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar :

19 

Hassn Mesrati M, Syafruddin SE, Mohtar MA and Syahir A: CD44: A multifunctional mediator of cancer progression. Biomolecules. 11:18502021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Gopalan V Islam F and Lam AK: Surface markers for the identification of cancer stem cells. Methods Mol Biol. 1692:17–29. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Makohon-Moore A and Iacobuzio-Donahue CA: Pancreatic cancer biology and genetics from an evolutionary perspective. Nat Rev Cancer. 16:553–565. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Tian S, Ma R, Liu Y, Chen F, Huang X, Yang Q, Nian W and Fan Z: Clinicopathological significance of cancer stem cell marker CD44/SOX2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients and construction of a nomogram to predict overall survival. Transl Cancer Res. 13:2971–2984. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Huang G, Yuan C, Zhang C, Yang F, Tan Y, Chen D, Li H and Qian K: Single-cell sequencing reveals the immune microenvironment associated with gastric cancer. Genes Dis. 12:1012182025. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Xue C, Chu Q, Shi Q, Zeng Y, Lu J and Li L: Wnt signaling pathways in biology and disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic advances. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 10:1062025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Shang T, Jia Z, Li J, Cao H, Xu H, Cong L, Ma D, Wang X and Liu J: Unraveling the triad of hypoxia, cancer cell stemness, and drug resistance. J Hematol Oncol. 18:322025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Wang S, Wang Y, Xun X, Zhang C, Xiang X, Cheng Q, Hu S, Li Z and Zhu J: Hedgehog signaling promotes sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma patient-derived organoids. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 39:222020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Tufail M, Jiang CH and Li N: Wnt signaling in cancer: From biomarkers to targeted therapies and clinical translation. Mol Cancer. 24:1072025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Lanauze CB, Sehgal P, Hayer K, Torres-Diz M, Pippin JA, Grant SFA and Thomas-Tikhonenko A: Colorectal Cancer-Associated Smad4 R361 Hotspot Mutations Boost Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling through Enhanced Smad4-LEF1 Binding. Mol Cancer Res. 19:823–833. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

López-Knowles E, Zardawi SJ, McNeil CM, Millar EK, Crea P, Musgrove EA, Sutherland RL and O'Toole SA: Cytoplasmic localization of beta-catenin is a marker of poor outcome in breast cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 19:301–309. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Aine M, Nacer DF, Arbajian E, Veerla S, Karlsson A, Häkkinen J, Johansson HJ, Rosengren F, Vallon-Christersson J, Borg A and Staaf J: The DNA methylation landscape of primary triple-negative breast cancer. Nat Commun. 16:30412025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Zhang Z and Zhang Y: Transcriptional regulation of cancer stem cell: regulatory factors elucidation and cancer treatment strategies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 43:992024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Darwiche N: Epigenetic mechanisms and the hallmarks of cancer: An intimate affair. Am J Cancer Res. 10:1954–1978. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Liu B, Peng Z, Zhang H, Zhang N, Liu Z, Xia Z, Huang S, Luo P and Cheng Q: Regulation of cellular senescence in tumor progression and therapeutic targeting: mechanisms and pathways. Mol Cancer. 24:1062025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Quail DF and Joyce JA: Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. Nat Med. 19:1423–1437. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Jia H, Chen X, Zhang L and Chen M: Cancer associated fibroblasts in cancer development and therapy. J Hematol Oncol. 18:362025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Shi Z, Hu C, Li Q and Sun C: Cancer-associated fibroblasts as the 'Architect' of the lung cancer immune microenvironment: Multidimensional roles and synergistic regulation with radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 26:32342025. View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Yu S, Wang S, Wang X and Xu X: The axis of tumor-associated macrophages, extracellular matrix proteins, and cancer-associated fibroblasts in oncogenesis. Cancer Cell Int. 24:3352024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Huang B, Lang X and Li X: The role of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in cancers. Front Oncol. 12:10231772022. View Article : Google Scholar :

39 

Li YR, Fang Y, Lyu Z, Zhu Y and Yang L: Exploring the dynamic interplay between cancer stem cells and the tumor microenvironment: Implications for novel therapeutic strategies. J Transl Med. 21:6862023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Rabinovich I, Sebastião APM, Lima RS, Urban CA, Junior ES, Anselmi KF, Elifio-Esposito S, De Noronha L and Moreno-Amaral AN: Cancer stem cell markers ALDH1 and CD44+/CD24− phenotype and their prognosis impact in invasive ductal carcinoma. Eur J Histochem. 62:29432018.

41 

Wang D, Li Y, Ge H, Ghadban T, Reeh M and Güngör C: The extracellular matrix: A key accomplice of cancer stem cell migration, metastasis formation, and drug resistance in PDAC. Cancers (Basel). 14:39982022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Tie Y, Tang F, Wei YQ and Wei XW: Immunosuppressive cells in cancer: Mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. J Hematol Oncol. 15:612022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Yin B, Cai Y, Chen L, Li Z and Li X: Immunosuppressive MDSC and Treg signatures predict prognosis and therapeutic response in glioma. Int Immunopharmacol. 141:1129222024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Lin Y, Song Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Kan L and Han S: New insights on anti-tumor immunity of CD8+ T cells: Cancer stem cells, tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy. J Transl Med. 23:3412025. View Article : Google Scholar :

45 

Galassi C, Musella M, Manduca N, Maccafeo E and Sistigu A: The immune privilege of cancer stem cells: A key to understanding tumor immune escape and therapy failure. Cells. 10:23612021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Luo H, Hu B, Gu XR, Chen J, Fan XQ, Zhang W, Wang RT, He XD, Guo W, Dai N, et al: The miR-23a/27a/24 − 2 cluster drives immune evasion and resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer. 23:2852024. View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Geng S, Zhu L, Wang Y, Liu Q, Yu C, Shi S and Yu S: Co-Colorectal cancer stem cells employ the FADS1/DDA axis to evade NK cell-mediated immunosuppression after co-cultured with NK cells under hypoxia. Int Immunopharmacol. 143(Pt 3): 1135352024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Liu S, Zhao H, Hu Y, Yan C, Mi Y, Li X, Tao D and Qin J: Lactate promotes metastasis of normoxic colorectal cancer stem cells through PGC-1α-mediated oxidative phosphorylation. Cell Death Dis. 13:6512022. View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Guo S, Zhao W, Zhang W, Li S, Teng G and Liu L: Vitamin D promotes ferroptosis in colorectal cancer stem cells via SLC7A11 downregulation. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2023:47721342023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Zhang Q, Tian H, Ge K and Wang F, Gao P, Chen A, Wang L, Zhao Y, Lian C and Wang F: PGD2/PTGDR2 signaling pathway affects the self-renewal capacity of gastric cancer stem cells by regulating ATG4B ubiquitination. Front Oncol. 14:14960502024. View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Chen Y, Li D, Wang D, Liu X, Yin N, Song Y, Lu SH, Ju Z and Zhan Q: Quiescence and attenuated DNA damage response promote survival of esophageal cancer stem cells. J Cell Biochem. 113:3643–3652. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Zhao Y, Bao Q, Schwarz B, Zhao L, Mysliwietz J, Ellwart J, Renner A, Hirner H, Niess H, Camaj P, et al: Stem cell-like side populations in esophageal cancer: A source of chemotherapy resistance and metastases. Stem Cells Dev. 23:180–192. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Song S, Ajani JA, Honjo S, Maru DM, Chen Q, Scott AW, Heallen TR, Xiao L, Hofstetter WL, Weston B, et al: Hippo coactivator YAP1 upregulates SOX9 and endows esophageal cancer cells with stem-like properties. Cancer Res. 74:4170–4182. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Xu DD, Zhou PJ, Wang Y, Zhang L, Fu WY, Ruan BB, Xu HP, Hu CZ, Tian L, Qin JH, et al: Reciprocal activation between STAT3 and miR-181b regulates the proliferation of esophageal cancer stem-like cells via the CYLD pathway. Mol Cancer. 15:402016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Liu CC, Chou KT, Hsu JW, Lin JH, Hsu TW, Yen DH, Hung SC and Hsu HS: High metabolic rate and stem cell characteristics of esophageal cancer stem-like cells depend on the Hsp27-AKT-HK2 pathway. Int J Cancer. 145:2144–2156. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Kai JD, Cheng LH, Li BF, Kang K, Xiong F, Fu JC and Wang S: MYH9 is a novel cancer stem cell marker and prognostic indicator in esophageal cancer that promotes oncogenesis through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis. Cell Biol Int. 46:2085–2094. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Wang X, Cao Y, Zhang S, Chen Z, Fan L, Shen X, Zhou S and Chen D: Stem cell autocrine CXCL12/CXCR4 stimulates invasion and metastasis of esophageal cancer. Oncotarget. 8:36149–36160. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Yue D, Zhang Z, Li J, Chen X, Ping Y, Liu S, Shi X, Li L, Wang L, Huang L, et al: Transforming growth factor-beta1 promotes the migration and invasion of sphere-forming stem-like cell subpopulations in esophageal cancer. Exp Cell Res. 336:141–149. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Wei JR, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Chen WM, Zhang XP, Zeng TT, Li Y, Zhu YH, Guan XY and Li L: QSOX1 facilitates dormant esophageal cancer stem cells to evade immune elimination via PD-L1 upregulation and CD8 T cell exclusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 121:e24075061212024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Guo M, Lian J, Liu Y, Dong B, He Q, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Qi Y, Zhang Y and Huang L: Loss of miR-637 promotes cancer cell stemness via WASH/IL-8 pathway and serves as a novel prognostic marker in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Biomark Res. 10:772022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Xun J, Ma Y, Wang B, Jiang X, Liu B, Gao R, Zhai Q, Cheng R, Wu X, Wu Y and Zhang Q: RGS1 targeted by miR-191-3p inhibited the stemness properties of esophageal cancer cells by suppressing CXCR4/PI3K/AKT signaling. Acta Histochem. 126:1521902024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Yu X, Teng Y, Jiang X, Yuan H and Jiang W: Genome-Wide DNA methylation pattern of cancer stem cells in esophageal cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 19:15330338209837932020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Gupta P, Rizvi SZ, Lal N, Gupta V, Srivastav AN and Musa O: Expression of CD44 and CD133 stem cell markers in squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 64:472–478. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Xu DD, Chen SH, Zhou PJ, Wang Y, Zhao ZD, Wang X, Huang HQ, Xue X, Liu QY, Wang YF and Zhang R: Suppression of Esophageal Cancer Stem-like Cells by SNX-2112 Is Enhanced by STAT3 Silencing. Front Pharmacol. 11:5323952020. View Article : Google Scholar :

65 

Liu CC, Li HH, Lin JH, Chiang MC, Hsu TW, Li AF, Yen DH, Hsu HS and Hung SC: Esophageal Cancer Stem-like Cells Resist Ferroptosis-Induced Cell Death by Active Hsp27-GPX4 Pathway. Biomolecules. 12:482021. View Article : Google Scholar

66 

Mao J, Fan S, Ma W, Fan P, Wang B, Zhang J, Wang H, Tang B, Zhang Q, Yu X, et al: Roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the gastric cancer stem cells proliferation and salinomycin treatment. Cell Death Dis. 5:e10392014. View Article : Google Scholar

67 

Xu XF, Gao F, Wang JJ, Long C, Chen X, Tao L, Yang L, Ding L and Ji Y: BMX-ARHGAP fusion protein maintains the tumorigenicity of gastric cancer stem cells by activating the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Cancer Cell Int. 19:1332019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Wu Q, Yang Z, Wang F, Hu S, Yang L, Shi Y and Fan D: MiR-19b/20a/92a regulates the self-renewal and proliferation of gastric cancer stem cells. J Cell Sci. 126(Pt 18): 4220–4229. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

69 

Han ME, Baek SJ, Kim SY, Kang CD and Oh SO: ATOH1 can regulate the tumorigenicity of gastric cancer cells by inducing the differentiation of cancer stem cells. PLoS One. 10:e01260852015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Shen C, Wang J, Xu Z, Zhang L, Gu W and Zhou X: ONECUT2 which is targeted by hsa-miR-15a-5p enhances stemness maintenance of gastric cancer stem cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 246:2645–2659. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Li LQ, Pan D, Zhang SWY, Xie D, Zheng XL and Chen H: Autophagy regulates chemoresistance of gastric cancer stem cells via the Notch signaling pathway. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 22:3402–3407. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

72 

Xin L, Li SH, Liu C, Zeng F, Cao JQ, Zhou LQ, Zhou Q and Yuan YW: Methionine represses the autophagy of gastric cancer stem cells via promoting the methylation and phosphorylation of RAB37. Cell Cycle. 19:2644–2652. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Togano S, Yashiro M, Masuda G, Sugimoto A, Miki Y, Yamamoto Y, Sera T, Kushiyama S, Nishimura S, Kuroda K, et al: Gastric cancer stem cells survive in stress environments via their autophagy system. Sci Rep. 11:206642021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Yang SW, Zhang ZG, Hao YX, Zhao YL, Qian F, Shi Y, Li PA, Liu CY and Yu PW: HIF-1α induces the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer stem cells through the Snail pathway. Oncotarget. 8:9535–9545. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Sun LF, Yang K, Wang YG, Liu YX, Hou PX, Lu ZH, Chen XL, Zhang WH, Zhou ZG, Mo XM and Hu JK: The Role of HER2 in self-renewal, invasion, and tumorigenicity of gastric cancer stem cells. Front Oncol. 10:16082020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Seeneevassen L, Giraud J, Molina-Castro S, Sifré E, Tiffon C, Beauvoit C, Staedel C, Mégraud F, Lehours P, Martin OCB, et al: Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) inhibits cancer stem cells tumorigenic properties through hippo kinases activation in gastric cancer. Cancers (Basel). 12:20112020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Zhang Q and Wang F, Huang Y, Gao P, Wang N, Tian H, Chen A, Li Y and Wang F: PGD2/PTGDR2 signal affects the viability, invasion, apoptosis, and stemness of gastric cancer stem cells and prevents the progression of gastric cancer. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen. 27:933–946. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

78 

Wang X, Zhang F, Yang J, Huang X, Chao X, Ayidu A and Abudureyimu A: The chemotherapeutic effect of docetaxel, cisplatin and fluorouracil regimen on gastric cancer stem cells. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 17:983–999. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Zhang H, Wang M, He Y, Deng T, Liu R, Wang W, Zhu K, Bai M, Ning T, Yang H, et al: Chemotoxicity-induced exosomal lncFERO regulates ferroptosis and stemness in gastric cancer stem cells. Cell Death Dis. 12:11162021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Mao X, Wang L, Chen Z, Huang H, Chen J, Su J, Li Z, Shen G, Ren Y, Li Z, et al: SCD1 promotes the stemness of gastric cancer stem cells by inhibiting ferroptosis through the SQLE/cholesterol/mTOR signalling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol. 275(Pt 2): 1336982024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Ni T, Chu Z, Tao L, Zhao Y, Lv M, Zhu M, Luo Y, Sunagawa M, Wang H and Liu Y: Celastrus orbiculatus extract suppresses gastric cancer stem cells through the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. J Nat Med. 78:100–113. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

82 

Chen B, Zhang D, Kuai J, Cheng M, Fang X and Li G: Upregulation of miR-199a/b contributes to cisplatin resistance via Wnt/β-catenin-ABCG2 signaling pathway in ALDHA1(+) colorectal cancer stem cells. Tumour Biol. 39:10104283177151552017. View Article : Google Scholar

83 

Li J, Yu B, Deng P, Cheng Y, Yu Y, Kevork K, Ramadoss S, Ding X, Li X and Wang CY: KDM3 epigenetically controls tumorigenic potentials of human colorectal cancer stem cells through Wnt/β-catenin signalling. Nat Commun. 8:151462017. View Article : Google Scholar

84 

Hua F, Shang S, Yang YM, Zhang HZ, Xu TL, Yu JJ, Zhou DD, Cui B, Li K, Lv XX, et al: TRIB3 interacts With β-Catenin and TCF4 to increase stem cell features of colorectal cancer stem cells and tumorigenesis. Gastroenterology. 156:708–721.e15. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

85 

Yu W, Ma Y, Shankar S and Srivastava RK: SATB2/β-catenin/TCF-LEF pathway induces cellular transformation by generating cancer stem cells in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep. 7:109392017. View Article : Google Scholar

86 

Zhu Y, Huang S, Chen S, Chen J, Wang Z, Wang Y and Zheng H: SOX2 promotes chemoresistance, cancer stem cells properties, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by β-catenin and Beclin1/autophagy signaling in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis. 12:4492021. View Article : Google Scholar

87 

Izumi D, Ishimoto T, Miyake K, Eto T, Arima K, Kiyozumi Y, Uchihara T, Kurashige J, Iwatsuki M, Baba Y, et al: Colorectal cancer stem cells acquire chemoresistance through the upregulation of F-Box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 and the consequent degradation of c-Myc. Stem Cells. 35:2027–2036. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Honma S, Hisamori S, Nishiuchi A, Itatani Y, Obama K, Shimono Y and Sakai Y: F-Box/WD repeat domain-containing 7 induces chemotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer stem cells. Cancers (Basel). 11:6352019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Mukohyama J, Isobe T, Hu Q, Hayashi T, Watanabe T, Maeda M, Yanagi H, Qian X, Yamashita K, Minami H, et al: miR-221 Targets QKI to Enhance the tumorigenic capacity of human colorectal cancer stem cells. Cancer Res. 79:5151–5158. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

90 

Liu L, Zhang Z, Zhou L, Hu L, Yin C, Qing D, Huang S, Cai X and Chen Y: Cancer associated fibroblasts-derived exosomes contribute to radioresistance through promoting colorectal cancer stem cells phenotype. Exp Cell Res. 391:1119562020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Montalbán-Hernández K, Cantero-Cid R, Casalvilla-Dueñas JC, Avendaño-Ortiz J, Marín E, Lozano-Rodríguez R, Ter rón-A rcos V, Vica r io-Bravo M, Ma rcano C, Saavedra-Ambrosy J, et al: Colorectal cancer stem cells fuse with monocytes to form tumour hybrid cells with the ability to migrate and evade the immune system. Cancers (Basel). 14:34452022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Cavallucci V, Palucci I, Fidaleo M, Mercuri A, Masi L, Emoli V, Bianchetti G, Fiori ME, Bachrach G, Scaldaferri F, et al: Proinflammatory and cancer-promoting pathobiont fusobacterium nucleatum directly targets colorectal cancer stem cells. Biomolecules. 12:12562022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Tamura S, Isobe T, Ariyama H, Nakano M, Kikushige Y, Takaishi S, Kusaba H, Takenaka K, Ueki T, Nakamura M, et al: E-cadherin regulates proliferation of colorectal cancer stem cells through NANOG. Oncol Rep. 40:693–703. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

94 

Zou W, Zhang Y, Bai G, Zhuang J, Wei L, Wang Z, Sun M and Wang J: siRNA-induced CD44 knockdown suppresses the proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer stem cells through inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Mol Med. 26:1969–1978. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Vishnubalaji R, Manikandan M, Fahad M, Hamam R, Alfayez M, Kassem M, Aldahmash A and Alajez NM: Molecular profiling of ALDH1(+) colorectal cancer stem cells reveals preferential activation of MAPK, FAK, and oxidative stress pro-survival signalling pathways. Oncotarget. 9:13551–13564. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Agawa K, Yamashita K, Nakagawa A, Yamada K, Watanabe A, Mukohyama J, Saito M, Fujita M, Takiguchi G, Urakawa N, et al: Simple cancer stem cell markers predict neoadjuvant chemotherapy resistance of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 41:4117–4126. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Lin CH, Li HY, Liu YP, Kuo PF, Wang WC, Lin FC, Chang WL, Sheu BS, Wang YC, Hung WC, et al: High-CLDN4 ESCC cells harbor stem-like properties and indicate for poor concurrent chemoradiation therapy response in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 11:17588359198753242019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Trevellin E, Pirozzolo G, Fassan M and Vettor R: Prognostic value of stem cell markers in esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancer: A meta-analysis. J Cancer. 11:4240–4249. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Nishikawa S, Konno M, Hamabe A, Hasegawa S, Kano Y, Ohta K, Fukusumi T, Sakai D, Kudo T, Haraguchi N, et al: Aldehyde dehydrogenase high gastric cancer stem cells are resistant to chemotherapy. Int J Oncol. 42:1437–1442. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Gong DY, Chen X, Yang TL, Wang Y, Guo Y, Zeng JH and Chen SZ: Upregulation of ECT2 is associated with transcriptional program of cancer stem cells and predicts poor clinical outcome in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett. 20:542020.PubMed/NCBI

101 

Becerril-Rico J, Grandvallet-Contreras J, Ruíz-León MP, Dorantes-Cano S, Ramírez-Vidal L, Tinajero-Rodríguez JM and Ortiz-Sánchez E: Circulating gastric cancer stem cells as blood screening and prognosis factor in gastric cancer. Stem Cells Int. 2024:99991552024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Catalano V, Dentice M, Ambrosio R, Luongo C, Carollo R, Benfante A, Todaro M, Stassi G and Salvatore D: Activated thyroid hormone promotes differentiation and chemotherapeutic sensitization of colorectal cancer stem cells by regulating Wnt and BMP4 signaling. Cancer Res. 76:1237–1244. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

103 

Prieur A, Cappellini M, Habif G, Lefranc MP, Mazard T, Morency E, Pascussi JM, Flacelière M, Cahuzac N, Vire B, et al: Targeting the Wnt pathway and cancer stem cells with anti-progastrin humanized antibodies as a potential treatment for K-RAS-mutated colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 23:5267–5280. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Chen Q, Song S, Wei S, Liu B, Honjo S, Scott A, Jin J, Ma L, Zhu H, Skinner HD, et al: ABT-263 induces apoptosis and synergizes with chemotherapy by targeting stemness pathways in esophageal cancer. Oncotarget. 6:25883–25896. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

105 

Narusaka T, Ohara T, Noma K, Nishiwaki N, Katsura Y, Kato T, Sato H, Tomono Y, Kikuchi S, Tazawa H, et al: Nanog is a promising chemoresistant stemness marker and therapeutic target by iron chelators for esophageal cancer. Int J Cancer. 149:347–357. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Xu ZY, Tang JN, Xie HX, Du YA, Huang L, Yu PF and Cheng XD: 5-Fluorouracil chemotherapy of gastric cancer generates residual cells with properties of cancer stem cells. Int J Biol Sci. 11:284–294. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Liu C, Wang JL, Wu DZ, Yuan YW and Xin L: Methionine restriction enhances the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of colorectal cancer stem cells by miR-320d/c-Myc axis. Mol Cell Biochem. 477:2001–2013. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Yu M, Fei B and Chu S: Targeting HNRNPA2B1 to overcome chemotherapy resistance in gastric cancer stem cells: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. J Biol Chem. 301:1082342025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Kim MJ, Koo JE, Han GY, Kim B, Lee YS, Ahn C and Kim CW: Dual-Blocking of PI3K and mTOR improves chemotherapeutic effects on SW620 human colorectal cancer stem cells by inducing differentiation. J Korean Med Sci. 31:360–370. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Tsunekuni K, Konno M, Haraguchi N, Koseki J, Asai A, Matsuoka K, Kobunai T, Takechi T, Doki Y, Mori M and Ishii H: CD44/CD133-positive colorectal cancer stem cells are sensitive to trifluridine exposure. Sci Rep. 9:148612019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Khoei SG, Sadeghi H and Dermani FK: Targeting the SPHK1/HIF1 PATHWAY TO INHIBIT colorectal cancer stem cells niche. J Gastrointest Cancer. 51:716–717. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

112 

Rio-Vilariño A, Cenigaonandia-Campillo A, García-Bautista A, Mateos-Gómez PA, Schlaepfer MI, Del Puerto-Nevado L, Aguilera O, García-García L, Galeano C, de Miguel I, et al: Inhibition of the AURKA/YAP1 axis is a promising therapeutic option for overcoming cetuximab resistance in colorectal cancer stem cells. Br J Cancer. 130:1402–1413. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Akrami H, Moradi B, Borzabadi Farahani D and Mehdizadeh K: Ibuprofen reduces cell proliferation through inhibiting Wnt/β catenin signaling pathway in gastric cancer stem cells. Cell Biol Int. 42:949–958. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Chen Y, Li Y, Wang XQ, Meng Y, Zhang Q, Zhu JY, Chen JQ, Cao WS, Wang XQ, Xie CF, et al: Phenethyl isothiocyanate inhibits colorectal cancer stem cells by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Phytother Res. 32:2447–2455. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Chen Y, Wang XQ, Zhang Q, Zhu JY, Li Y, Xie CF, Li XT, Wu JS, Geng SS, Zhong CY and Han HY: (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits colorectal cancer stem cells by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Nutrients. 9:5722017. View Article : Google Scholar

116 

Qi J, Cui D, Wu QN, Zhao Q, Chen ZH, Li L, Birchmeier W, Yu Y and Tao R: Targeting Wnt/β-catenin signaling by TET1/FOXO4 inhibits metastatic spreading and self-renewal of cancer stem cells in gastric cancer. Cancers (Basel). 14:32322022. View Article : Google Scholar

117 

Wen Z, Feng S, Wei L, Wang Z, Hong D and Wang Q: Evodiamine, a novel inhibitor of the Wnt pathway, inhibits the self-renewal of gastric cancer stem cells. Int J Mol Med. 36:1657–1663. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Sun J, Zhang S and Wang M, Cheng H, Wang Y, He S, Zuo Q, Wang N, Li Q and Wang M: Cinobufacini enhances the therapeutic response of 5-Fluorouracil against gastric cancer by targeting cancer stem cells via AKT/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling axis. Transl Oncol. 47:1020542024. View Article : Google Scholar

119 

Cao W, Li Y, Sun H, Yang C, Zhu J, Xie C, Li X, Wu J, Geng S, Wang L, et al: Apatinib suppresses gastric cancer stem cells properties by inhibiting the sonic hedgehog pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol. 9:6798062021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

120 

Yang C, Zheng X, Ye K, Sun Y, Lu Y, Fan Q and Ge H: miR-135a inhibits the invasion and migration of esophageal cancer stem cells through the hedgehog signaling pathway by targeting Smo. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 19:841–852. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

121 

Giraud J, Molina-Castro S, Seeneevassen L, Sifré E, Izotte J, Tiffon C, Staedel C, Boeuf H, Fernandez S, Barthelemy P, et al: Verteporfin targeting YAP1/TAZ-TEAD transcriptional activity inhibits the tumorigenic properties of gastric cancer stem cells. Int J Cancer. 146:2255–2267. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

122 

Jang MK, Mashima T and Seimiya H: Tankyrase inhibitors target colorectal cancer stem cells via AXIN-dependent downregulation of c-KIT tyrosine kinase. Mol Cancer Ther. 19:765–776. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

123 

Hu CT, Lin CF, Shih HM, You RI, Wu WS and Chen TC: Blockade of Src signaling prevented stemness gene expression and proliferation of patient-derived gastric cancer stem cells. Tzu Chi Med J. 37:65–71. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar

124 

Lamichhane A, Shahi Thakuri P, Singh S, Rafsanjani Nejad P, Heiss J, Luker GD and Tavana H: Therapeutic targeting of cancer stem cells prevents resistance of colorectal cancer cells to MEK inhibition. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 5:724–734. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

125 

Song S, Chen Q, Li Y, Lei G, Scott A, Huo L, Li CY, Estrella JS, Correa A, Pizzi MP, et al: Targeting cancer stem cells with a pan-BCL-2 inhibitor in preclinical and clinical settings in patients with gastroesophageal carcinoma. Gut. 70:2238–2248. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

126 

Park SR, Kim SR, Hong IS and Lee HY: A novel therapeutic approach for colorectal cancer stem cells: Blocking the PI3K/Akt signaling axis with caffeic acid. Front Cell Dev Biol. 8:5859872020. View Article : Google Scholar

127 

Yao HJ, Zhang YG, Sun L and Liu Y: The effect of hyaluronic acid functionalized carbon nanotubes loaded with salinomycin on gastric cancer stem cells. Biomaterials. 35:9208–9223. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

128 

Andrade F, Rafael D, Vilar-Hernández M, Montero S, Martínez-Trucharte F, Seras-Franzoso J, Díaz-Riascos ZV, Boullosa A, García-Aranda N, Cámara-Sánchez P, et al: Polymeric micelles targeted against CD44v6 receptor increase niclosamide efficacy against colorectal cancer stem cells and reduce circulating tumor cells in vivo. J Control Release. 331:198–212. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

129 

Quarni W, Dutta R, Green R, Katiri S, Patel B, Mohapatra SS and Mohapatra S: Mithramycin a inhibits colorectal cancer growth by targeting cancer stem cells. Sci Rep. 9:152022019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

130 

AlShamaileh H, Wang T, Xiang D, Yin W, Tran PH, Barrero RA, Zhang PZ, Li Y, Kong L, Liu K, et al: Aptamer-mediated survivin RNAi enables 5-fluorouracil to eliminate colorectal cancer stem cells. Sci Rep. 7:58982017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

131 

Zhu L and Wang H: Cholesterol-regulated cellular stiffness may enhance evasion of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in gastric cancer stem cells. FEBS Open Bio. 14:855–866. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

132 

Chen W, Dong J, Haiech J, Kilhoffer MC and Zeniou M: Cancer stem cell quiescence and plasticity as major challenges in cancer therapy. Stem Cells Int. 2016:17409362016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

133 

Huang T, Song X, Xu D, Tiek D, Goenka A, Wu B, Sastry N, Hu B and Cheng SY: Stem cell programs in cancer initiation, progression, and therapy resistance. Theranostics. 10:8721–8743. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

134 

Kim R, Ji JH, Kim JH, Hong JY, Lim HY, Kang WK, Lee J and Kim ST: Safety and anti-tumor effects of vismodegib in patients with refractory advanced gastric cancer: A single-arm, phase-II trial. J Cancer. 13:1097–1102. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

135 

Rao X, Zhang C, Luo H, Zhang J, Zhuang Z, Liang Z and Wu X: Targeting gastric cancer stem cells to enhance treatment response. Cells. 11:28282022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

136 

Zhong B, Cheng B, Huang X, Xiao Q, Niu Z, Chen YF, Yu Q, Wang W and Wu XJ: Colorectal cancer-associated fibroblasts promote metastasis by up-regulating LRG1 through stromal IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Cell Death Dis. 13:162021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

137 

Luo J, Chen H, Ma F, Xiao C, Sun B, Liu Y, Tang H, Yang Y, Liu W and Luo Z: Vitamin D metabolism pathway polymorphisms are associated with efficacy and safety in patients under anti-PD-1 inhibitor therapy. Front Immunol. 13:9374762022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

138 

Krishnamurthy N and Kurzrock R: Targeting the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway in cancer: Update on effectors and inhibitors. Cancer Treat Rev. 62:50–60. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

139 

Mohan A, Raj Rajan R, Mohan G, Kollenchery Puthenveettil P and Maliekal TT: Markers and reporters to reveal the hierarchy in heterogeneous cancer stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol. 9:6688512021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

140 

Li Y, Lu Y, Wu M, Wang H, Gong Y and Gu Y: Neogambogic acid suppresses characteristics and growth of colorectal cancer stem cells by inhibition of DLK1 and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Eur J Pharmacol. 929:1751122022. View Article : Google Scholar

141 

Zaafour A, Seeneevassen L, Nguyen TL, Genevois C, Nicolas N, Sifré E, Giese A, Porcheron C, Descarpentrie J, Dubus P, et al: Inhibition of proprotein convertases activity results in repressed stemness and invasiveness of cancer stem cells in gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 27:292–307. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

142 

Santos LS, Silva VR, de Castro MVL, Dias RB, Valverde LF, Rocha CAG, Soares MBP, Quadros CA, Dos Santos ER, Oliveira RMM, et al: New ruthenium-xanthoxylin complex eliminates colorectal cancer stem cells by targeting the heat shock protein 90 chaperone. Cell Death Dis. 14:8322023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

143 

Soufizadeh P, Mansouri V and Ahmadbeigi N: A review of animal models utilized in preclinical studies of approved gene therapy products: trends and insights. Lab Anim Res. 40:172024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

144 

Johnson JI, Decker S, Zaharevitz D, Rubinstein LV, Venditti JM, Schepartz S, Kalyandrug S, Christian M, Arbuck S, Hollingshead M and Sausville EA: Relationships between drug activity in NCI preclinical in vitro and in vivo models and early clinical trials. Br J Cancer. 84:1424–1431. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

145 

Ni Z, Nie X, Zhang H, Wang L, Geng Z, Du X, Qian H, Liu W and Liu T: Atranorin driven by nano materials SPION lead to ferroptosis of gastric cancer stem cells by weakening the mRNA 5-hydroxymethylcytidine modification of the Xc-/GPX4 axis and its expression. Int J Med Sci. 19:1680–1694. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

146 

Shanavas S, Sen U, Banerjee R, Shenoy PS and Bose B: Effective targeting of colorectal cancer stem cells by inducing differentiation mediated by low-dose vitamin C via β-catenin retention in the cell membrane. J Cell Biochem. 126:e306862025. View Article : Google Scholar

147 

Paganelli F, Chiarini F, Palmieri A, Martinelli M, Sena P, Bertacchini J, Roncucci L, Cappellini A, Martelli AM, Bonucci M, et al: The Combination of AHCC and ETAS decreases migration of colorectal cancer cells, and reduces the expression of LGR5 and Notch1 genes in cancer stem cells: A novel potential approach for integrative medicine. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 14:13252021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

148 

Mao Y, Shangguan D, Huang Q, Xiao L, Cao D, Zhou H and Wang YK: Emerging artificial intelligence-driven precision therapies in tumor drug resistance: Recent advances, opportunities, and challenges. Mol Cancer. 24:1232025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

149 

Zhang Z, Wang ZX, Chen YX, Wu HX, Yin L, Zhao Q, Luo HY, Zeng ZL, Qiu MZ and Xu RH: Integrated analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing data reveals a pan-cancer stemness signature predicting immunotherapy response. Genome Med. 14:452022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

150 

Xia X, Zhu C, Zhong F and Liu L: TransCDR: A deep learning model for enhancing the generalizability of drug activity prediction through transfer learning and multimodal data fusion. BMC Biol. 22:2272024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

151 

Zhao X, Singhal A, Park S, Kong J, Bachelder R and Ideker T: Cancer mutations converge on a collection of protein assemblies to predict resistance to replication stress. Cancer Discov. 14:508–523. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

152 

Varinelli L, Illescas O, Lorenc EJ, Battistessa D, Di Bella M, Zanutto S and Gariboldi M: Organoids technology in cancer research: from basic applications to advanced ex vivo models. Front Cell Dev Biol. 13:15693372025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

153 

Beshiri ML, Tice CM, Tran C, Nguyen HM, Sowalsky AG, Agarwal S, Jansson KH, Yang Q, McGowen KM, Yin J, et al: A PDX/Organoid biobank of advanced prostate cancers captures genomic and phenotypic heterogeneity for disease modeling and therapeutic screening. Clin Cancer Res. 24:4332–4345. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

154 

Zhu Z, Shen J, Ho PC, Hu Y, Ma Z and Wang L: Transforming cancer treatment: Integrating patient-derived organoids and CRISPR screening for precision medicine. Front Pharmacol. 16:15631982025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

155 

Li P, Huang M, Li M, Li G, Ma Y, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zhang Y and Shi C: Combining molecular characteristics and therapeutic analysis of PDOs predict clinical responses and guide PDAC personalized treatment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 44:722025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Cao X, Geng X, Zhang C and Li L: Decoding the role of cancer stem cells in digestive tract tumors: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review). Int J Oncol 67: 61, 2025.
APA
Cao, X., Geng, X., Zhang, C., & Li, L. (2025). Decoding the role of cancer stem cells in digestive tract tumors: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 67, 61. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2025.5767
MLA
Cao, X., Geng, X., Zhang, C., Li, L."Decoding the role of cancer stem cells in digestive tract tumors: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 67.1 (2025): 61.
Chicago
Cao, X., Geng, X., Zhang, C., Li, L."Decoding the role of cancer stem cells in digestive tract tumors: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 67, no. 1 (2025): 61. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2025.5767
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Cao X, Geng X, Zhang C and Li L: Decoding the role of cancer stem cells in digestive tract tumors: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review). Int J Oncol 67: 61, 2025.
APA
Cao, X., Geng, X., Zhang, C., & Li, L. (2025). Decoding the role of cancer stem cells in digestive tract tumors: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 67, 61. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2025.5767
MLA
Cao, X., Geng, X., Zhang, C., Li, L."Decoding the role of cancer stem cells in digestive tract tumors: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 67.1 (2025): 61.
Chicago
Cao, X., Geng, X., Zhang, C., Li, L."Decoding the role of cancer stem cells in digestive tract tumors: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 67, no. 1 (2025): 61. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2025.5767
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team