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Review Open Access

Advances in the study of the breast carcinoma exosomal microRNAs: From basic mechanisms to clinical applications (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Zhi-Min Chen
    • Peng Huang
    • Dun-Yang Yang
    • Shu Lin
    • Si-Qing Cai
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China, Centre of Neurological and Metabolic Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 38
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    Published online on: January 30, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5851
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Abstract

Breast carcinoma remains a major global health burden requiring innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Exosomal miRNAs have emerged as key factors in breast carcinoma that influence tumor progression, metastasis and treatment resistance. Recent studies have elucidated their mechanisms of action, including their roles in regulating oncogenic and tumor‑suppressive pathways, modulating the tumor microenvironment and promoting chemo‑resistance. Advances in miRNA‑based therapies such as miRNA mimics and inhibitors have shown promise in combination treatments, enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, exosomal miRNAs play a role in breast carcinoma calcification, offering novel insights into tumor progression. Unlike previous reviews that focus on a single function or therapeutic potential of miRNAs, the present review systematically integrated the multilevel role of exosomal miRNAs in breast cancer from the two dimensions of oncogenicity and tumor inhibition and the regulatory mechanism of breast carcinoma calcification and proposes that the exosomal miRNA calcification axis may be a key link connecting tumor metabolism and pathological calcification. Despite the potential of miRNAs, challenges remain in optimizing exosome isolation techniques and standardizing miRNA detection methods for clinical applications. Future research should focus on refining miRNA‑based liquid biopsies, developing delivery systems that target exosomes to enhance therapeutic efficacy and early detection strategies and ultimately improving patient survival and quality of life. The present review comprehensively explored the roles of exosomal miRNAs and highlighted their importance in breast carcinoma research. The present review illustrated the potential of exosomal miRNAs as non‑invasive biomarkers and therapeutic targets in precision medicine.
View Figures

Figure 1

The formation process of exosomes.
Cells uptake extracellular substances such as nucleic acids and
proteins through endocytosis to form early endosomes and the
endoplasmic reticulum provides material support for them. The early
endosomes further evolve into multivesicular bodies. Subsequently,
some of them fuse with lysosomes and undergo lysis and their
contents are degraded; the other part releases exosomes into the
extracellular environment through secretion. Exosomes play a
crucial role in intercellular communication and are responsible for
transmitting biomolecules. This figure was created using Figdraw
(www.figdraw.com; Figure ID: TOO1W8c233).

Figure 2

The biosynthesis of miRNA. First, DNA
is transcribed by RNA polymerase II to produce a primary miRNA.
Subsequently, the primary miRNA in the nucleus is cleaved by a
complex composed of Drosha and DGCR8 to form pre-miRNA. Then, the
pre-miRNA is transported to the cytoplasm via Exportin-5. Finally,
the Pre-miRNA is cleaved again by the Dicer enzyme in the cytoplasm
to generate mature miRNA, while the other strand is degraded.
Ultimately, the mature miRNA participates in the regulation of gene
expression. This figure was created using Figdraw (www.figdraw.com; Figure ID: YSRAU454c4). miRNA,
microRNA.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chen Z, Huang P, Yang D, Lin S and Cai S: Advances in the study of the breast carcinoma exosomal microRNAs: From basic mechanisms to clinical applications (Review). Int J Oncol 68: 38, 2026.
APA
Chen, Z., Huang, P., Yang, D., Lin, S., & Cai, S. (2026). Advances in the study of the breast carcinoma exosomal microRNAs: From basic mechanisms to clinical applications (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 68, 38. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5851
MLA
Chen, Z., Huang, P., Yang, D., Lin, S., Cai, S."Advances in the study of the breast carcinoma exosomal microRNAs: From basic mechanisms to clinical applications (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 68.4 (2026): 38.
Chicago
Chen, Z., Huang, P., Yang, D., Lin, S., Cai, S."Advances in the study of the breast carcinoma exosomal microRNAs: From basic mechanisms to clinical applications (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 68, no. 4 (2026): 38. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5851
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen Z, Huang P, Yang D, Lin S and Cai S: Advances in the study of the breast carcinoma exosomal microRNAs: From basic mechanisms to clinical applications (Review). Int J Oncol 68: 38, 2026.
APA
Chen, Z., Huang, P., Yang, D., Lin, S., & Cai, S. (2026). Advances in the study of the breast carcinoma exosomal microRNAs: From basic mechanisms to clinical applications (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 68, 38. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5851
MLA
Chen, Z., Huang, P., Yang, D., Lin, S., Cai, S."Advances in the study of the breast carcinoma exosomal microRNAs: From basic mechanisms to clinical applications (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 68.4 (2026): 38.
Chicago
Chen, Z., Huang, P., Yang, D., Lin, S., Cai, S."Advances in the study of the breast carcinoma exosomal microRNAs: From basic mechanisms to clinical applications (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 68, no. 4 (2026): 38. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5851
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