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Review Open Access

Role of SPAG6 in regulating physiological functions and tumorigenesis (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yu Luo
    • Qibing Yan
    • Pohao Zhang
    • Hui Xu
    • Rong Zhang
    • Ruihe Wang
    • Yongkang Wu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Outpatient Department, West China Hospital Sichuan University Jintang Hospital, Jintang First People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610400, P.R. China, Clinical Laboratory, West China Hospital Sichuan University Jintang Hospital, Jintang First People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610400, P.R. China, Intensive Care Unit, West China Hospital Sichuan University Jintang Hospital, Jintang First People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610400, P.R. China, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital Sichuan University Jintang Hospital, Jintang First People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610400, P.R. China, Department of Neurology, West China Hospital Sichuan University Jintang Hospital, Jintang First People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610400, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Luo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 42
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    Published online on: February 12, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5855
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Abstract

Sperm‑associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) belongs to the cancer/testis antigen family. It is a microtubule‑binding protein located on chromosome 10p12.2 and it plays an important role in various physiological processes, including ciliary movement, immune synapse formation and neurodevelopment. Abnormal SPAG6 expression occurs in multiple malignancies and developmental disorders; however, its underlying molecular mechanisms in tumorigenesis, tumor progression, clinical outcomes and therapeutic response have not been presented. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological functions of SPAG6 and its mechanisms in disease, with a focus on its expression profile, function and association with disease progression and treatment response in hematologic malignancies (e.g., myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia and B‑cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia) and solid tumors (e.g., breast cancer, lung cancer and osteosarcoma). SPAG6 promotes tumor progression and drug resistance by attenuating the cell cycle and through epigenetic modifications and remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment. In addition, it may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for various diseases as well as a therapeutic target.
View Figures

Figure 1

Structural and functional
characteristics of SPAG6. SPAG6 undergoes alternative splicing to
generate four distinct isoforms. Its full-length transcript
comprises 10 exons, and the encoded protein contains 16 domains,
including 8 conserved armadillo repeat sequences. The SPAG6 protein
plays an important role in multiple biological processes, including
immune synapse formation, maintenance of cellular function,
stimulation of immune responses, cell proliferation and
differentiation, and maintenance of homeostasis. SPAG6,
sperm-associated antigen 6.

Figure 2

Alterations in SPAG6 among various
cancers as well as the associated signaling pathways and molecular
mechanisms. Arrows (↑/↓) indicate increased or decreased SPAG6
expression/activity in various cancers. The right panel depicts the
role of SPAG6 in hematological malignancies, whereas the left panel
illustrates its function in solid tumors. The regulatory pathways
annotated for each tumor type include PTEN-PI3K-AKT, JAK-STAT,
TGF-β-Smad, MAPK/ERK and AMPK-mTOR. These pathways are involved in
various biological processes, including cell proliferation, immune
regulation, metabolism and epigenetic modifications (e.g.,
methylation), as well as stem cell characteristics (e.g., Nanog,
Sox2 and ALDH1). SPAG6, sperm-associated antigen 6; AKT, AKT
serine/threonine kinase; ALDH1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family
member A1; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; DUSP1, dual
specificity phosphatase 1; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated
kinase; IFN-α, interferon alpha; JAK, Janus kinase; MAPK,
mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mechanistic target of
rapamycin; MYC, MYC proto-oncogene; Nanog, Nanog homeobox; PI3K,
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin
homolog; Smad, SMA- and MAD-related protein; Sox2, SRY-box
transcription factor 2; SPAG6, sperm associated antigen 6; STAT1/3,
signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/3; TGF-β,
transforming growth factor beta; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TRAIL,
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; ULK1, Unc-51 like autophagy
activating kinase 1.

Figure 3

Schematic diagram illustrating the
central role of the SPAG6 gene in oncogenesis: Its expression is
regulated by upstream mechanisms such as promoter methylation and
non-coding RNAs (e.g., circMYH9); subsequently, SPAG6 activates or
participates in key signaling pathways, including
PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR, ERK, and JAK/STAT, playing a core functional
role in various hematological malignancies (such as multiple
myeloma and acute myeloid leukemia) and solid tumors (such as
breast cancer and lung squamous cell carcinoma); ultimately, it
drives malignant progression by promoting cell proliferation,
inhibiting apoptosis, enhancing migration and invasion and inducing
therapy resistance. SPAG6, sperm-associated antigen 6. AKT, AKT
serine/threonine kinase; ALDH1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family
member A1; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; AMPK, AMP-activated protein
kinase; BL, Burkitt lymphoma; B-ALL, B-cell acute lymphoblastic
leukemia; circMYH9, circular RNA myosin heavy chain 9; ERK,
extracellular signal-regulated kinase; LUSC, lung squamous cell
carcinoma; MDS, myelodysplastic syndromes; MM, multiple myeloma;
MPN, myeloproliferative neoplasm; mTOR, mechanistic target of
rapamycin; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PTEN, phosphatase
and tensin homolog; Smad, SMA- and MAD-related protein; Sox2,
SRY-box transcription factor 2; SPAG6, sperm associated antigen 6;
STAT1/3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/3;
TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; ULK1, Unc-51 like autophagy
activating kinase 1.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Luo Y, Yan Q, Zhang P, Xu H, Zhang R, Wang R and Wu Y: Role of SPAG6 in regulating physiological functions and tumorigenesis (Review). Int J Oncol 68: 42, 2026.
APA
Luo, Y., Yan, Q., Zhang, P., Xu, H., Zhang, R., Wang, R., & Wu, Y. (2026). Role of SPAG6 in regulating physiological functions and tumorigenesis (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 68, 42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5855
MLA
Luo, Y., Yan, Q., Zhang, P., Xu, H., Zhang, R., Wang, R., Wu, Y."Role of SPAG6 in regulating physiological functions and tumorigenesis (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 68.4 (2026): 42.
Chicago
Luo, Y., Yan, Q., Zhang, P., Xu, H., Zhang, R., Wang, R., Wu, Y."Role of SPAG6 in regulating physiological functions and tumorigenesis (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 68, no. 4 (2026): 42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5855
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Luo Y, Yan Q, Zhang P, Xu H, Zhang R, Wang R and Wu Y: Role of SPAG6 in regulating physiological functions and tumorigenesis (Review). Int J Oncol 68: 42, 2026.
APA
Luo, Y., Yan, Q., Zhang, P., Xu, H., Zhang, R., Wang, R., & Wu, Y. (2026). Role of SPAG6 in regulating physiological functions and tumorigenesis (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 68, 42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5855
MLA
Luo, Y., Yan, Q., Zhang, P., Xu, H., Zhang, R., Wang, R., Wu, Y."Role of SPAG6 in regulating physiological functions and tumorigenesis (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 68.4 (2026): 42.
Chicago
Luo, Y., Yan, Q., Zhang, P., Xu, H., Zhang, R., Wang, R., Wu, Y."Role of SPAG6 in regulating physiological functions and tumorigenesis (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 68, no. 4 (2026): 42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5855
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