Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
April-2026 Volume 68 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2026 Volume 68 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data1.pdf
    • Supplementary_Data2.pdf
    • Supplementary_Data3.pdf
    • Supplementary_Data4.xlsx
    • Supplementary_Data5.xlsx
Review Open Access

Beyond the membrane: Internalization and compartmentalization of insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor signaling in cancer pathogenesis and treatment (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Tiehong Zhang
    • Ling Li
    • Chunling Du
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 44
    |
    Published online on: February 18, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5857
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:


Abstract

The insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‑1R) plays a central role in tumor initiation, progression and response to treatment. IGF‑1R internalization and compartmentalization have profound effects on tumor biology, extending beyond classical signaling associated with receptors at the cell membrane. Following internalization, IGF‑1R alters its intracellular localization and induces new signaling functions. These changes affect the duration and spatial dynamics of signal activation, thereby influencing tumor cell proliferation, migration and the development of drug resistance. However, the exact molecular mechanisms that mediate these processes remain elusive, and the inherent complexity of the downstream signaling network continues to limit the clinical translation of IGF‑1R‑targeted therapies. The present review systematically summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of IGF‑1R internalization and compartmentalization, highlighting their roles in tumor progression and treatment response. The recent advancements and persistent challenges in this field are also critically discussed, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and new insights for the development of more efficient and effective therapeutic plans that specifically target IGF‑1R.
View Figures

Figure 1

Schematic of the canonical IGF-1R
signaling pathway. Upon binding to its ligand, IGF-1, IGF-1R
activates major downstream signaling cascades, primarily the
PI3K-Akt and Shc-Ras-MAPK pathways. These pathways collectively
promote cell proliferation, survival and metabolic reprogramming,
while inhibiting apoptosis, thereby driving oncogenic processes
(created with Figdraw). IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1
receptor; P, Phosphorylated; Ub, Ubiquitin; IRS-1, Insulin receptor
substrate 1; ELK, E twenty-six-like kinase 1.

Figure 2

Pan-cancer analysis of IGF-1R
expression across tumor and normal tissues. The expression levels
of IGF-1R (in TPM) were compared between tumor samples from The
Cancer Genome Atlas pan-cancer cohorts and matched normal tissue
samples from the Genotype-Tissue Expression project. Data for 33
cancer types were uniformly processed and obtained from the
University of California Santa Cruz XENA database. Statistical
significances between tumor and adjacent normal groups for each
cancer type were assessed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U
test (Wilcoxon rank-sum test); *P<0.05,
**P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. CESC, cervical
squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma; IGF-1R,
insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; KICH, kidney chromophobe;
KIRC, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; KIRP, kidney renal
papillary cell carcinoma; MESO, mesothelioma; PCPG,
pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma; SARC, sarcoma; STAD, stomach
adenocarcinoma; TPM, transcripts per million; UVM, uveal
melanoma.

Figure 3

ceRNA network regulating
IGF-1R-mediated cancer phenotypes. A conceptual model illustrating
how ncRNAs, including lncRNAs and circRNAs, can function as
molecular sponges to sequester miRNAs that target IGF-1R
mRNA. Through this ceRNA mechanism, these ncRNAs indirectly
upregulate IGF-1R expression and activity, thereby influencing key
cancer hallmarks, such as tumor progression, metastasis and
therapeutic resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. ceRNA,
competing endogenous RNA; IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1
receptor; ncRNAs, non-coding RNAs; lncRNAs, long non-coding RNAs;
circRNA, circular RNAs; miRs/miRNAs, microRNAs; MEX3A, Mex-3 RNA
binding family member A; RIGI, antiviral innate immune response
receptor RIG-I.

Figure 4

Compartmentalized signaling of IGF-1R
regulates diverse tumor biological behaviors. Following
ligand-induced activation and internalization, IGF-1R undergoes
complex intracellular trafficking. It can be i) recycled back to
the plasma membrane to sustain signaling; ii) targeted to lysosomes
for degradation to attenuate signaling; iii) transported to the
Golgi apparatus, where it can influence cell migration and
invasion; or iv) translocated to the nucleus, where it may directly
regulate gene expression. This spatial regulation critically
determines the diverse biological outputs of IGF-1R signaling in
cancer. (Created with Figdraw). IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor
1 receptor.

Figure 5

Correlation between IGF-1R expression
and immune cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment across
cancers. A heatmap depicting Spearman's correlation coefficients
between IGF-1R expression levels (transcripts per million) and the
estimated abundance of various immune cell populations across 33
cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (*P<0.05).
Red indicates positive correlations and blue indicates negative
correlations. This pan-cancer analysis suggests the potential role
of IGF-1R in modulating the tumor-immune microenvironment. IGF-1R,
insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; cor, correlation. ACC,
adrenocortical carcinoma; BLCA, bladder urothelial carcinoma; BRCA,
breast invasive carcinoma; CESC, cervical squamous cell carcinoma
and endocervical adenocarcinoma; CHOL, cholangiocarcinoma; COAD,
colon adenocarcinoma; DLBC, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; ESCA,
esophageal carcinoma; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; HNSC, head and
neck squamous cell carcinoma; KICH, kidney chromophobe; KIRC,
kidney renal clear cell carcinoma; KIRP, kidney renal papillary
cell carcinoma; LAML, acute myeloid leukemia; LGG, brain lower
grade glioma; LIHC, liver hepatocellular carcinoma; LUAD, lung
adenocarcinoma; LUSC, lung squamous cell carcinoma; MESO,
mesothelioma; OV, ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma; PAAD,
pancreatic adenocarcinoma; PCPG, pheochromocytoma and
paraganglioma; PRAD, prostate adenocarcinoma; READ, rectum
adenocarcinoma; SARC, sarcoma; SKCM, skin cutaneous melanoma; STAD,
stomach adenocarcinoma; TGCT, testicular germ cell tumors; THCA,
thyroid carcinoma; THYM, thymoma; UCEC, uterine corpus endometrial
carcinoma; UCS, uterine carcinosarcoma; UVM, uveal melanoma; iDC,
immature dendritic cells; NK, natural killer cells; Tcm, T central
memory cells; Tem, T effector memory cells; Tgd, γδ T cells; TFH, T
follicular helper cells; Th1, T helper 1 cells.
View References

1 

Guven DC, Ahmed J, Stephen B and Naing A: IGF-1R inhibitors in cancer: A review of available evidence and future outlook. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 214:1048092025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Gui R, Li W, Li Z, Wang H, Wu Y, Jiao W, Zhao G, Shen Y, Wang L, Zhang J, et al: Effects and potential mechanisms of IGF1/IGF1R in the liver fibrosis: A review. Int J Biol Macromol. 251:1262632023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Robertson DM, Zhu M and Wu YC: Cellular distribution of the IGF-1R in corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 94:179–186. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Martin A, Fernandez MC, Miraglia S, Venara M, Clement F, Papendieck P, De Matteo E and Pennisi PA: Brachyury and IGF1R: Potential opposing roles in pediatric thyroid nodular pathology. J Endocrinol Invest. 48:2643–2655. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Truong T and Silkiss RZ: The role of insulin-like growth factor-1 and its receptor in the eye: A review and implications for IGF-1R inhibition. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 39:4–12. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Nieto Guil AF, Oksdath M, Weiss LA, Grassi DJ, Sosa LJ, Nieto M and Quiroga S: IGF-1 receptor regulates dynamic changes in neuronal polarity during cerebral cortical migration. Sci Rep. 7:77032017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ngo MT, Jeng HY, Kuo YC, Diony Nanda J, Brahmadhi A, Ling TY, Chang TS and Huang YH: The role of IGF/IGF-1R signaling in hepatocellular carcinomas: Stemness-related properties and drug resistance. Int J Mol Sci. 22:19312021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Liu G, Zhu M, Zhang M and Pan F: Emerging role of IGF-1 in prostate cancer: A promising biomarker and therapeutic target. Cancers (Basel). 15:12872023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Weiwei Z, Ya X, Wenwen W, Jia J, Jing B, Ruitao Z, Chunfang W and Ruixia G: IGF-1R anti-idiotypic antibody antagonist exhibited anti-ovarian cancer bioactivity and reduced cisplatin resistance. Hum Cell. 34:1197–1214. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Ben Elhadj M, Goucha A, Fourati A, Adouni O, Dhambri S, Hsairi M, El May MV and Mokni Baizig N: The prognostic significance of IGF-1R and the predictive risk value of circulating IGF-1 in tunisian patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Cancer Invest. 38:289–299. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Guo C, Zhang M, Qian J, Li P and Guo L: Oncogenic long noncoding RNA Linc01287 promotes IGF1R expression by sponging miR-98 in breast cancer. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 32:31–44. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Zhang Y, Gao C, Cao F, Wu Y, Chen S, Han X, Mo J, Qiu Z, Fan W, Zhou P and Shen L: Pan-cancer analysis of IGF-1 and IGF-1R as potential prognostic biomarkers and immunotherapy targets. Front Oncol. 11:7553412021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Liu F, Ye S, Zhao L and Niu Q: The role of IGF/IGF-1R signaling in the regulation of cancer stem cells. Clin Transl Oncol. 26:2924–2934. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Rieger L and O'Connor R: Controlled signaling-insulin-like growth factor receptor endocytosis and presence at intracellular compartments. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 11:6200132021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Peloso Maia ML, Albuquerque RM, do Carmo Silva SD, Lima CX, Costa Diniz PH and Vieira Teixeira Vidigal P: Immunohistochemical expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and its association with clinicopathological parameters in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncology. 102:494–502. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar :

16 

Soni UK, Jenny L and Hegde RS: IGF-1R targeting in cancer-does sub-cellular localization matter? J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 42:2732023. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Grice DM, Vetter I, Faddy HM, Kenny PA, Roberts-Thomson SJ and Monteith GR: Golgi calcium pump secretory pathway calcium ATPase 1 (SPCA1) is a key regulator of insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) processing in the basal-like breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. J Biol Chem. 285:37458–37466. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Rieger L, O'Shea S, Godsmark G, Stanicka J, Kelly G and O'Connor R: IGF-1 receptor activity in the Golgi of migratory cancer cells depends on adhesion-dependent phosphorylation of Tyr(1250) and Tyr(1251). Sci Signal. 13:eaba31762020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Crudden C and Girnita L: The tale of a tail: The secret behind IGF-1R's oncogenic power. Sci Signal. 13:eabb78872020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Werner H, Sarfstein R and Laron Z: The role of nuclear insulin and IGF1 receptors in metabolism and cancer. Biomolecules. 11:5312021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Amin HM, Morani AC, Daw NC, Lamhamedi-Cherradi SE, Subbiah V, Menegaz BA, Vishwamitra D, Eskandari G, George B, Benjamin RS, et al: IGF-1R/mTOR targeted therapy for ewing sarcoma: A meta-analysis of five IGF-1R-related trials matched to proteomic and radiologic predictive biomarkers. Cancers (Basel). 12:17682020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Batishchev OV, Kuzmina NV, Mozhaev AA, Goryashchenko AS, Mileshina ED, Orsa AN, Bocharov EV, Deyev IE and Petrenko AG: Activity-dependent conformational transitions of the insulin receptor-related receptor. J Biol Chem. 296:1005342021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Ferguson KM, Hu C and Lemmon MA: Insulin and epidermal growth factor receptor family members share parallel activation mechanisms. Protein Sci. 29:1331–1344. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Sheff J, Wang P, Xu P, Arbour M, Masson L, van Faassen H, Hussack G, Kemmerich K, Brunette E, Stanimirovic D, et al: Defining the epitope of a blood-brain barrier crossing single domain antibody specific for the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor. Sci Rep. 11:42842021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Wang C, Liu S, Wu Q, Cheng Y, Feng T, Song J, Yang R, Geng H, Lu G, Wang S and Hao L: Porcine IGF-1R synonymous mutations in the intracellular domain affect cell proliferation and alter kinase activity. Int J Biol Macromol. 152:147–153. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Bano N, Hossain MM, Bhat AQ, Ayaz MO, Kumari M, Sandhu P, Akhter Y and Dar MJ: Analyzing structural differences between insulin receptor (IR) and IGF1R for designing small molecule allosteric inhibitors of IGF1R as novel anti-cancer agents. Growth Horm IGF Res. 55:1013432020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Mills JV, Osher E, Rieunier G, Mills IG and Macaulay VM: IGF-1R nuclear import and recruitment to chromatin involves both alpha and beta subunits. Discov Oncol. 12:132021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Khan N, Althobiti M, Chinnadurai RK, Alharbi S and Kumar R: Evolutionary sequences and structural information-driven reconstruction of new insulin-like growth factor-I peptide variants. Curr Mol Med. 25:652–661. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Salvi R, Kumar C, Brahmbhatt K, Subedi R, Idicula-Thomas S, Madan T and Biswas B: N-Linked glycosylation in chinese hamster ovary cells is critical for insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling. Int J Mol Sci. 23:149522022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Vivian J, Rao AA, Nothaft FA, Ketchum C, Armstrong J, Novak A, Pfeil J, Narkizian J, Deran AD, Musselman-Brown A, et al: Toil enables reproducible, open source, big biomedical data analyses. Nat Biotechnol. 35:314–316. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Cheng H, Dodge J, Mehl E, Liu S, Poulin N, van de Rijn M and Nielsen TO: Validation of immature adipogenic status and identification of prognostic biomarkers in myxoid liposarcoma using tissue microarrays. Hum Pathol. 40:1244–1251. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Li F, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang J, Jing X, Jiang Q, Zhou J, Cao L, Peng H, Tong D and Huang C: RBM8A, a new target of TEAD4, promotes breast cancer progression by regulating IGF1R and IRS-2. J Transl Med. 22:8232024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Zhang J, Chen B, Li H, Wang Y, Liu X, Wong KY, Chan WN, Chan AK, Cheung AH, Leung KT, et al: Cancer-associated fibroblasts potentiate colorectal cancer progression by crosstalk of the IGF2-IGF1R and Hippo-YAP1 signaling pathways. J Pathol. 259:205–219. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Huang YK, Kang WM, Ma ZQ, Liu YQ, Zhou L and Yu JC: NUCKS1 promotes gastric cancer cell aggressiveness by upregulating IGF-1R and subsequently activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Carcinogenesis. 40:370–379. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Jassi C, Kuo WW, Chang YC, Wang TF, Li CC, Ho TJ, Hsieh DJ, Kuo CH, Chen MC and Huang CY: Aloin and CPT-11 combination activates miRNA-133b and downregulates IGF1R-PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK pathways to inhibit colorectal cancer progression. Biomed Pharmacother. 169:1159112023. View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Zhou Y, Deng Y, Wang J, Yan Z, Wei Q, Ye J, Zhang J, He TC and Qiao M: Effect of antibiotic monensin on cell proliferation and IGF1R signaling pathway in human colorectal cancer cells. Ann Med. 55:954–964. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Yang B, Li G, Wang S, Zheng Y, Zhang J, Pan B, Wang N and Wang Z: Tumor-associated macrophages/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 promotes breast cancer autophagy-mediated chemoresistance via IGF1R/STAT3/HMGB1 signaling. Cell Death Dis. 15:7432024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Zhu S, Soutto M, Chen Z, Blanca Piazuelo M, Kay Washington M, Belkhiri A, Zaika A, Peng D and El-Rifai W: Activation of IGF1R by DARPP-32 promotes STAT3 signaling in gastric cancer cells. Oncogene. 38:5805–5816. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Chen C, Gupta P, Parashar D, Nair GG, George J, Geethadevi A, Wang W, Tsaih SW, Bradley W, Ramchandran R, et al: ERBB3-induced furin promotes the progression and metastasis of ovarian cancer via the IGF1R/STAT3 signaling axis. Oncogene. 39:2921–2933. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Yang C, Zhang Y, Segar N, Huang C, Zeng P, Tan X, Mao L, Chen Z, Haglund F, Larsson O, et al: Nuclear IGF1R interacts with NuMA and regulates 53BP1-dependent DNA double-strand break repair in colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep. 46:1682021. View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Li L, Zhang Z, Huang N, Ren J, Qin Y and Luo Y: IGF1R activates FOXP3-β-catenin signaling to promote breast cancer development. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 211:467–478. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Guo C, Chu H, Gong Z, Zhang B, Li C, Chen J and Huang L: HOXB13 promotes gastric cancer cell migration and invasion via IGF-1R upregulation and subsequent activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Life Sci. 278:1195222021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Chen WJ, Tsai JH, Hsu LS, Lin CL, Hong HM and Pan MH: Quercetin blocks the aggressive phenotype of triple-negative breast cancer by inhibiting IGF1/IGF1R-mediated EMT program. J Food Drug Anal. 29:98–112. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Li W, Huang C, Qiu L, Tang Y, Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhao H, Miyagishi M, Kasim V and Wu S: p52-ZER6/IGF1R axis maintains cancer stem cell population to promote cancer progression by enhancing pro-survival mitophagy. Oncogene. 43:2115–2131. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Zhang R, Li L and Yu J: Lactate-induced IGF1R protein lactylation promotes proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of lung cancer cells. Open Life Sci. 19:202208742024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Zhang M, Li Z and Liu X: MiR-98-5p/IGF2 axis influence herceptin sensitivity through IGF1R/HER2 heterodimer formation and AKT/mTOR signal pathway in HER2 positive breast cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 22:3693–3703. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Jassi C, Kuo WW, Chang YC, Wang TF, Ho TJ, Hsieh DJ, Kuo CH, Chen MC, Li CC and Huang CY: MicroRNA-376a-3p sensitizes CPT-11-resistant colorectal cancer by enhancing apoptosis and reversing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the IGF1R/PI3K/AKT pathway. Transl Oncol. 50:1021252024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Catalano R, Giardino E, Treppiedi D, Mangili F, Morelli V, Elli FM, Serban AL, Luconi M, Mannelli M, Spada A, et al: The cytoskeleton actin binding protein filamin A impairs both IGF2 mitogenic effects and the efficacy of IGF1R inhibitors in adrenocortical cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 497:77–88. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Shin GC, Lee HM, Kim N, Seo SU, Kim KP and Kim KH: PRKCSH contributes to TNFSF resistance by extending IGF1R half-life and activation in lung cancer. Exp Mol Med. 56:192–209. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Xie Q, Chu Y, Yuan W, Li Y, Li K, Wu X, Liu X, Xu R, Cui S and Qu X: Activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) promotes growth of colorectal cancer through triggering the MEX3A-mediated degradation of RIG-I. Acta Pharm Sin B. 13:2963–2975. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Liu Z, Meng D, Wang J, Cao H, Feng P, Wu S, Wang N, Dang C, Hou P and Xia P: GASP1 enhances malignant phenotypes of breast cancer cells and decreases their response to paclitaxel by forming a vicious cycle with IGF1/IGF1R signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis. 13:7512022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Santos Fortes Dos Reis VM, Ramos FM, de Oliveira HL, Machado FD, Hartke S, Machado-Weber A, Germeyer A, Strowitzki T, Kliemann LM, von Eye Corleta H, et al: Effects of metformin treatment against endometrial cancer cells cultured in vitro or grafted into female balb/C nude mice: Insights into cell response and IGF-1R and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Cell Biochem Biophys. 83:5227–5245. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Kuo YC, Chen CL, Lee KL, Wang HF, Drew VJ, Lan PC, Ho YS and Huang YH: Nicotine-driven enhancement of tumor malignancy in triple-negative breast cancer via additive regulation of CHRNA9 and IGF1R. J Pathol. 266:230–245. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Deo AN, Thorat R, Dhadve AC, De A, Rekhi B and Ray P: IGF1R-α6 integrin-S100A4 network governs the organ-specific metastasis of chemoresistant epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 1868:1662822022. View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Noyan S and Gur Dedeoglu B: miR-770-5p-induced cellular switch to sensitize trastuzumab resistant breast cancer cells targeting HER2/EGFR/IGF1R bidirectional crosstalk. Turk J Biol. 48:153–162. 2024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Bustamante-Marin X, Devlin KL, McDonell SB, Dave O, Merlino JL, Grindstaff EJ, Ho AN, Rezeli ET, Coleman MF and Hursting SD: Regulation of IGF1R by MicroRNA-15b contributes to the anticancer effects of calorie restriction in a murine C3-TAg model of triple-negative breast cancer. Cancers (Basel). 15:43202023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Jiang S, Chen H, He K and Wang J: Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes attenuated prostate cancer progression via the miR-99b-5p/IGF1R axis. Bioengineered. 13:2004–2016. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Han B, Xu K, Feng D, Bai Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y and Zhou L: miR-144 inhibits the IGF1R-ERK1/2 signaling pathway via NUDCD1 to suppress the proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells: A study based on bioinformatics and in vitro and in vivo verification. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 148:1903–1918. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Zhang H, Zheng XD, Zeng XH, Li L and Zhou Q: miR-520b Inhibits IGF-1R to increase doxorubicin sensitivity and promote cell apoptosis in breast cancer. Yakugaku Zasshi. 141:415–426. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

60 

Han L: miR-99a inhibits proliferation and migration of cervical cancer cells by targeting IGF1R. J BUON 2021. 26:1782–1788. 2021.

61 

Bai R, Dou K, Wu Y, Ma Y and Sun J: The NF-ĸB modulated miR-194-5p/IGF1R/PPFIBP axis is crucial for the tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer. J Cancer. 11:3433–3445. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

62 

Hsu XR, Wu JE, Wu YY, Hsiao SY, Liang JL, Wu YJ, Tung CH, Huang MF, Lin MS, Yang PC, et al: Exosomal long noncoding RNA MLETA1 promotes tumor progression and metastasis by regulating the miR-186-5p/EGFR and miR-497-5p/IGF1R axes in non-small cell lung cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 42:2832023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Golestan S, Soltani BM, Jafarzadeh M, Ghaemi Z and Nafisi N: LINC02381 suppresses cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis via attenuating IGF1R/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in breast cancer. Funct Integr Genomics. 23:402023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Zhou L, Li H, Sun T, Wen X, Niu C, Li M, Li W, Hoffman AR, Hu JF and Cui J: HULC targets the IGF1R-PI3K-AKT axis in trans to promote breast cancer metastasis and cisplatin resistance. Cancer Lett. 548:2158612022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Zhang L, Cai Y, Tian C, Li Y, Ma K, Gao X, Liu L, Jiang Y, Wen W and Ma Z: LncRNA Opa interacting protein 5-antisense RNA 1 (OIP5-AS1) promotes the migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through targeting miR-147a/insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) pathway in cervical cancer tissues and cell model. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 48:1222–1232. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Liu Y, Peng H, Shen Y, Da R, Tian A and Guo X: Downregulation of long noncoding RNA myocardial infarction associated transcript suppresses cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glycolysis by regulation of miR-488-3p/IGF1R pathway in colorectal cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 37:927–938. 2022.

67 

Xie Q, Zhao S, Kang R and Wang X: lncRNA SNHG11 facilitates prostate cancer progression through the upregulation of IGF-1R expression and by sponging miR-184. Int J Mol Med. 48:1822021. View Article : Google Scholar

68 

Liu B, Jiang HY, Yuan T, Zhou WD, Xiang ZD, Jiang QQ and Wu DL: Long Non-coding RNA AFAP1-AS1 facilitates prostate cancer progression by regulating miR-15b/IGF1R axis. Curr Pharm Des. 27:4261–4269. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Capik O, Sanli F, Kurt A, Ceylan O, Suer I, Kaya M, Ittmann M and Karatas OF: CASC11 promotes aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells through miR-145/IGF1R axis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 24:891–902. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Zhang M, Lin B, Liu Y, Huang T, Chen M, Lian D, Deng S and Zhuang C: LINC00324 affects non-small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and invasion through regulation of the miR-139-5p/IGF1R axis. Mol Cell Biochem. 473:193–202. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Ma Z, Cai Y, Zhang L, Tian C and Lyu L: LINC00319 promotes cervical cancer progression via targeting miR-147a/IGF1R pathway. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. Jul 9–2020.Epub ahead of print.

72 

Du P, Liu F, Liu Y, Shao M, Li X and Qin G: Linc00210 enhances the malignancy of thyroid cancer cells by modulating miR-195-5p/IGF1R/Akt axis. J Cell Physiol. 235:1001–1012. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

73 

Cui Y, Xie M and Zhang Z: LINC00958 involves in bladder cancer through sponging miR-378a-3p to Elevate IGF1R. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 35:776–788. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

74 

Zhang R, Hao S, Yang L, Xie J, Chen S and Gu G: LINC00339 promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in pancreatic cancer via miR-497-5p/IGF1R axis. J BUON. 24:729–738. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

75 

Zhang X, Fang F, Zhang J, Zhang S, Li H, Li B, Zhong Y and Zhen P: Circ_0006174 upregulates IGF1R to enhance radioresistance and tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer via miR-940 suppression. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 197:497–517. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar

76 

Tang YF, Liu ZH, Zhang LY, Shi SH, Xu S, Ma JA, Hu CH and Zou FW: circ_PPAPDC1A promotes Osimertinib resistance by sponging the miR-30a-3p/IGF1R pathway in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mol Cancer. 23:912024. View Article : Google Scholar

77 

Gao S, Zhang X, Bai W, Wang J and Jiang B: Circ-IGF1R affects the progression of colorectal cancer by activating the miR-362-5p/HMGB3-Mediated Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. Biochem Genet. 61:1210–1229. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar

78 

Hua J, Wang X, Ma L, Li J, Cao G, Zhang S and Lin W: CircVAPA promotes small cell lung cancer progression by modulating the miR-377-3p and miR-494-3p/IGF1R/AKT axis. Mol Cancer. 21:1232022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Wang P, Sun Y, Yang Y, Chen Y and Liu H: Circ_0067835 knockdown enhances the radiosensitivity of colorectal cancer by miR-296-5p/IGF1R axis. Onco Targets Ther. 14:491–502. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Liu X, Zhou L, Chen Y, Jiang X and Jiang J: CircRNF13 promotes the malignant progression of pancreatic cancer through targeting miR-139-5p/IGF1R axis. J Oncol. 2021:69450462021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Wang Y, Yin L and Sun X: CircRNA I_circ_0002577 accelerates endometrial cancer progression through activating IGF1R/PI3K/Akt pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 39:1692020. View Article : Google Scholar

82 

Liu P, Zou Y, Li X, Yang A, Ye F, Zhang J, Wei W and Kong Y: circGNB1 facilitates triple-negative breast cancer progression by regulating miR-141-5p-IGF1R axis. Front Genet. 11:1932020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Wang X, Song Z, Meng Q, Xia S, Wang C and Huang X: Circular RNA circ_0006089 regulates the IGF1R expression by targeting miR-143-3p to promote gastric cancer proliferation, migration and invasion. Cell Cycle. 1–14. 2022.Epub ahead of print. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Dam DHM, Jelsma SA, Yu JM, Liu H, Kong B and Paller AS: Flotillin and AP2A1/2 Promote IGF-1 receptor association with clathrin and internalization in primary human keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 140:1743–1752 e4. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Kwon H, Choi M, Ahn Y, Jang D and Pak Y: Flotillin-1 palmitoylation turnover by APT-1 and ZDHHC-19 promotes cervical cancer progression by suppressing IGF-1 receptor desensitization and proteostasis. Cancer Gene Ther. 30:302–312. 2023. View Article : Google Scholar

86 

Xiu M, Huan X, Ou Y, Ying S and Wang J: The basic route of nuclear-targeted transport of IGF-1/IGF-1R and potential biological functions in intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Prolif. 54:e130302021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Crudden C, Song D, Cismas S, Trocme E, Pasca S, Calin GA, Girnita A and Girnita L: Below the surface: IGF-1R therapeutic targeting and its endocytic journey. Cells. 8:12232019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Chen X, Pang Z, Wang Y, Zhu L, Liu J and Du J: Cezanne contributes to cancer progression by playing a key role in the deubiquitination of IGF-1R. Am J Cancer Res. 10:4342–4356. 2020.

89 

Packham S, Warsito D, Lin Y, Sadi S, Karlsson R, Sehat B and Larsson O: Nuclear translocation of IGF-1R via p150(Glued) and an importin-β/RanBP2-dependent pathway in cancer cells. Oncogene. 34:2227–2238. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

90 

Sehat B, Tofigh A, Lin Y, Trocme E, Liljedahl U, Lagergren J and Larsson O: SUMOylation mediates the nuclear translocation and signaling of the IGF-1 receptor. Sci Signal. 3:ra102010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Gulec Taskiran AE, Husnugil HH, Soltani ZE, Oral G, Menemenli NS, Hampel C, Huebner K, Erlenbach-Wuensch K, Sheraj I, Schneider-Stock R, et al: Post-transcriptional regulation of Rab7a in lysosomal positioning and drug resistance in nutrient-limited cancer cells. Traffic. 25:e129562024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Wong WH, Liu SZ, Li ASR, Liu X, Manolson MF and Zirngibl RA: Evidence for Rab7b and its splice isoforms having distinct biological functions from Rab7a. Int J Mol Sci. 26:26102025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

93 

Hewawasam NV, Lhaf F, Taylor HA, Viloria K, Austin A, King A, Jones P, Jones L, Turner MD and Hill NJ: Modulation of Rab7a-mediated growth factor receptor trafficking inhibits islet beta cell apoptosis and autophagy under conditions of metabolic stress. Sci Rep. 10:157412020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

McDermott N, O'Shea S, Rieger L, Cox OT and O'Connor R: beta(1)-integrin controls IGF-1R internalization and intracellular signaling. J Biol Chem. 301:1080212025. View Article : Google Scholar

95 

Guglielmi V, Lam D and D'Angelo MA: Nucleoporin Nup358 drives the differentiation of myeloid-biased multipotent progenitors by modulating HDAC3 nuclear translocation. Sci Adv. 10:eadn89632024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Guo Y, Tao T, Wu T, Hou J and Lin W: Nucleoporin Nup98 is an essential factor for ipo4 dependent protein import. J Cell Biochem. 125:e305732024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Artico LL, Laranjeira ABA, Campos LW, Correa JR, Zenatti PP, Carvalheira JBC, Brambilla SR, Nowill AE, Brandalise SR and Yunes JA: Physiologic IGFBP7 levels prolong IGF1R activation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Adv. 5:3633–3646. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Chakraborty S, Bhat AM, Mushtaq I, Luan H, Kalluchi A, Mirza S, Storck MD, Chaturvedi N, Lopez-Guerrero JA, Llombart-Bosch A, et al: EHD1-dependent traffic of IGF-1 receptor to the cell surface is essential for Ewing sarcoma tumorigenesis and metastasis. Commun Biol. 6:7582023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Zong R, Chen X, Feng J and Xu S: IGF-1R depletion sensitizes colon cancer cell lines to radiotherapy. Cancer Biomark. 32:199–206. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Ko JC, Syu JJ, Chen JC, Wang TJ, Chang PY, Chen CY, Jian YT, Jian YJ and Lin YW: Resveratrol enhances etoposide-induced cytotoxicity through down-regulating ERK1/2 and AKT-Mediated X-ray repair cross-complement group 1 (XRCC1) protein expression in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 117:383–391. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Toulany M, Dittmann K, Fehrenbacher B, Schaller M, Baumann M and Rodemann HP: PI3K-Akt signaling regulates basal, but MAP-kinase signaling regulates radiation-induced XRCC1 expression in human tumor cells in vitro. DNA Repair (Amst). 7:1746–1756. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

102 

Deng H, Lin Y, Badin M, Vasilcanu D, Stromberg T, Jernberg-Wiklund H, Sehat B and Larsson O: Over-accumulation of nuclear IGF-1 receptor in tumor cells requires elevated expression of the receptor and the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 404:667–671. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

103 

Li J, Yin Q, Xuan N, Gan Q, Liu C, Zhang Q, Yang M and Yang C: LYSMD proteins promote activation of Rab32-family GTPases for lysosome-related organelle biogenesis. J Cell Biol. 223:e2024020162024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Haga K and Fukuda M: Comprehensive knockout analysis of the RAB family small GTPases reveals an overlapping role of RAB2 and RAB14 in autophagosome maturation. Autophagy. 21:21–36. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar :

105 

Matsumoto N, Sekiya M, Sun-Wada GH, Wada Y and Nakanishi-Matsui M: The lysosomal V-ATPase a3 subunit is involved in localization of Mon1-Ccz1, the GEF for Rab7, to secretory lysosomes in osteoclasts. Sci Rep. 12:84552022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

106 

Wang X, Wang Y, Lei P, Qu X, Qi R, Chen D and Chang Y: IGFBP5 regulates fibrocartilage differentiation and cartilage injury induced by T-2 toxin via blocking IGF-1/IGF-1R signalling. Rheumatology (Oxford). 64:4051–4060. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

107 

Peng SW, Ngo MT, Kuo YC, Teng MH, Guo CL, Lai HC, Chang TS and Huang YH: Niclosamide revitalizes sorafenib through insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R)/stemness and metabolic changes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers (Basel). 15:9312023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Stuard WL, Titone R and Robertson DM: The IGF/Insulin-IGFBP axis in corneal development, wound healing, and disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 11:242020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Zeng B, Liu L, Liao X and Zhang C: Cardiomyocyte protective effects of thyroid hormone during hypoxia/reoxygenation injury through activating of IGF-1-mediated PI3K/Akt signalling. J Cell Mol Med. 25:3205–3215. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Icard P, Coquerel A, Wu Z, Gligorov J, Fuks D, Fournel L, Lincet H and Simula L: Understanding the central role of citrate in the metabolism of cancer cells and tumors: An update. Int J Mol Sci. 22:65872021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Mafi S, Mansoori B, Taeb S, Sadeghi H, Abbasi R, Cho WC and Rostamzadeh D: mTOR-Mediated Regulation of Immune Responses in Cancer and Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol. 12:7741032022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Nwabo Kamdje AH, Seke Etet PF, Kipanyula MJ, Vecchio L, Tagne Simo R, Njamnshi AK, Lukong KE and Mimche PN: Insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling in the tumor microenvironment: Carcinogenesis, cancer drug resistance, and therapeutic potential. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 13:9273902022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Stefani C, Miricescu D, Stanescu-Spinu II, Nica RI, Greabu M, Totan AR and Jinga M: Growth factors, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in colorectal cancer pathogenesis: Where are we now? Int J Mol Sci. 22:102602021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Zhu E, Liu Y, Xie S, Hou J, Yang X, Xu M, Yang F, Li Z, Zhu B and Zha H: IGF2-IGF1R signaling inhibition delays the growth of IGF2-high colorectal cancer by modulating MDSCs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 746:1512302025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Wan M, Mei J, Cai Y, Zhou J, Xue N, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Huang J and Zhu Y: Targeting IGF1R overcomes armored and cold tumor microenvironment and boosts immune checkpoint blockade in triple-negative breast cancer. Adv Sci (Weinh). 12:e013412025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

116 

Somri-Gannam L, Meisel-Sharon S, Hantisteanu S, Bar-Noy T, Sigal E, Groisman G, Hallak M, Werner H and Bruchim I: IGF1R inhibition and PD-1 blockade improve anti-tumor immune response in epithelial ovarian cancer. Front Oncol. 14:14104472024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Heitzeneder S, Sotillo E, Shern JF, Sindiri S, Xu P, Jones R, Pollak M, Noer PR, Lorette J, Fazli L, et al: Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in ewing sarcoma: Role in tumor growth and immune evasion. J Natl Cancer Inst. 111:970–982. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Alfaro-Arnedo E, Lopez IP, Pineiro-Hermida S, Canalejo M, Gotera C, Sola JJ, Roncero A, Peces-Barba G, Ruiz-Martinez C and Pichel JG: IGF1R acts as a cancer-promoting factor in the tumor microenvironment facilitating lung metastasis implantation and progression. Oncogene. 41:3625–3639. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

119 

Hanzelmann S, Castelo R and Guinney J: GSVA: Gene set variation analysis for microarray and RNA-seq data. BMC Bioinformatics. 14:72013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

120 

Bindea G, Mlecnik B, Tosolini M, Kirilovsky A, Waldner M, Obenauf AC, Angell H, Fredriksen T, Lafontaine L, Berger A, et al: Spatiotemporal dynamics of intratumoral immune cells reveal the immune landscape in human cancer. Immunity. 39:782–795. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

121 

Kang J, Guo Z, Zhang H, Guo R, Zhu X and Guo X: Dual inhibition of EGFR and IGF-1R signaling leads to enhanced antitumor efficacy against esophageal squamous cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 23:103822022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Kumar S and Chaudhri S: Recent update on IGF-1/IGF-1R signaling axis as a promising therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer. Pathol Res Pract. 263:1556202024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

123 

Zhao Q and Shen J: Insulin-like growth factor-neutralizing antibodies for cancer therapy. J Leukoc Biol. 117:qiaf1222025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

124 

Shen HT, Chien PJ, Sheu GT, Wang BY and Chang WW: Reciprocal regulation between B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog and type I insulin-like growth factor receptor in pemetrexed-resistant lung cancer cells. Tzu Chi Med J. 37:285–292. 2025. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

125 

Cao D, Lei Y, Ye Z, Zhao L, Wang H, Zhang J, He F, Huang L, Shi D, Liu Q, et al: Blockade of IGF/IGF-1R signaling axis with soluble IGF-1R mutants suppresses the cell proliferation and tumor growth of human osteosarcoma. Am J Cancer Res. 10:3248–3266. 2020.PubMed/NCBI

126 

Yang K, Hu Y, Feng Y, Li K, Zhu Z, Liu S, Lin Y and Yu B: IGF-1R mediates crosstalk between nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and osteoclasts and promotes tumor bone metastasis. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 43:462024. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

127 

Liu Y, Yu S, Xu T, Bodenko V, Orlova A, Oroujeni M, Rinne SS, Tolmachev V, Vorobyeva A and Graslund T: Preclinical evaluation of a new format of (68)Ga- and (111)In-labeled affibody molecule Z(IGF-1R:4551) for the Visualization of IGF-1R expression in malignant tumors using PET and SPECT. Pharmaceutics. 14:14752022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

128 

Choi JH and Park JY: Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor targeted fluorescent imaging for gallbladder cancer in orthotopic mouse models. Gut Liver. 16:606–612. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar :

129 

Molina ER, Chim LK, Lamhamedi-Cherradi SE, Mohiuddin S, McCall D, Cuglievan B, Krishnan S, Porter RW, Ingram DR, Wang WL, et al: Correlation of nuclear pIGF-1R/IGF-1R and YAP/TAZ in a tissue microarray with outcomes in osteosarcoma patients. Oncotarget. 13:521–533. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

130 

Gennari A, Foca F, Zamarchi R, Rocca A, Amadori D, De Censi A, Bologna A, Cavanna L, Gianni L, Scaltriti L, et al: Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression on circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and metastatic breast cancer outcome: Results from the TransMYME trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 181:61–68. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang T, Li L and Du C: Beyond the membrane: Internalization and compartmentalization of insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor signaling in cancer pathogenesis and treatment (Review). Int J Oncol 68: 44, 2026.
APA
Zhang, T., Li, L., & Du, C. (2026). Beyond the membrane: Internalization and compartmentalization of insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor signaling in cancer pathogenesis and treatment (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 68, 44. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5857
MLA
Zhang, T., Li, L., Du, C."Beyond the membrane: Internalization and compartmentalization of insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor signaling in cancer pathogenesis and treatment (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 68.4 (2026): 44.
Chicago
Zhang, T., Li, L., Du, C."Beyond the membrane: Internalization and compartmentalization of insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor signaling in cancer pathogenesis and treatment (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 68, no. 4 (2026): 44. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5857
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang T, Li L and Du C: Beyond the membrane: Internalization and compartmentalization of insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor signaling in cancer pathogenesis and treatment (Review). Int J Oncol 68: 44, 2026.
APA
Zhang, T., Li, L., & Du, C. (2026). Beyond the membrane: Internalization and compartmentalization of insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor signaling in cancer pathogenesis and treatment (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 68, 44. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5857
MLA
Zhang, T., Li, L., Du, C."Beyond the membrane: Internalization and compartmentalization of insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor signaling in cancer pathogenesis and treatment (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 68.4 (2026): 44.
Chicago
Zhang, T., Li, L., Du, C."Beyond the membrane: Internalization and compartmentalization of insulin‑like growth factor 1 receptor signaling in cancer pathogenesis and treatment (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 68, no. 4 (2026): 44. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2026.5857
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team