Gallic acid induces apoptosis in A375.S2 human melanoma cells through caspase-dependent and -independent pathways

  • Authors:
    • Chyi Lo
    • Tung-Yuan Lai
    • Jen-Hung Yang
    • Jai-Sing Yang
    • Yi-Shih Ma
    • Shu-Wen Weng
    • Ya-Yin Chen
    • Jaung-Geng Lin
    • Jing-Gung Chung
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: August 1, 2010     https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo_00000686
  • Pages: 377-385
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Abstract

The natural antioxidant gallic acid (GA) has demonstrated a significant inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in a series of cancer cell lines. However, there is no available information to show whether GA induces apoptosis in human skin cancer cells. In the present study, we report GA-induced apoptosis in A375.S2 human melanoma cells. GA affected morphological changes, decreased the percentage of viable cells and induced apoptosis in A375.S2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Observation of the molecular mechanism of apoptosis in A375.S2 cells showed that GA up-regulated the proapoptotic proteins such as Bax, and induced caspase cascade activity, but down-regulated antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2. GA induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular Ca2+ productions and decreased the level of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in A375.S2 cells in a time-dependent manner. GA triggered cytosolic release of apoptotic molecules, cytochrome c, promoted activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and ultimately apoptotic cell death. In addition, GA also promoted cytosolic release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (Endo G). Therefore, GA may also induce apoptosis through a caspase-independent pathway. Our results suggest that GA might be a potential anticancer compound; however, in depth in vivo studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism.

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August 2010
Volume 37 Issue 2

Print ISSN: 1019-6439
Online ISSN:1791-2423

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Spandidos Publications style
Lo C, Lai T, Yang J, Yang J, Ma Y, Weng S, Chen Y, Lin J and Chung J: Gallic acid induces apoptosis in A375.S2 human melanoma cells through caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. Int J Oncol 37: 377-385, 2010.
APA
Lo, C., Lai, T., Yang, J., Yang, J., Ma, Y., Weng, S. ... Chung, J. (2010). Gallic acid induces apoptosis in A375.S2 human melanoma cells through caspase-dependent and -independent pathways. International Journal of Oncology, 37, 377-385. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo_00000686
MLA
Lo, C., Lai, T., Yang, J., Yang, J., Ma, Y., Weng, S., Chen, Y., Lin, J., Chung, J."Gallic acid induces apoptosis in A375.S2 human melanoma cells through caspase-dependent and -independent pathways". International Journal of Oncology 37.2 (2010): 377-385.
Chicago
Lo, C., Lai, T., Yang, J., Yang, J., Ma, Y., Weng, S., Chen, Y., Lin, J., Chung, J."Gallic acid induces apoptosis in A375.S2 human melanoma cells through caspase-dependent and -independent pathways". International Journal of Oncology 37, no. 2 (2010): 377-385. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo_00000686