A case report of primary cutaneous natural killer/T‑cell lymphoma

Introduction

Patients with extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL-NT), which is prevalent in East Asian countries, usually present with localized extranodal disease (1). The identification of primary cutaneous ENKL-NT has improved with the application of immunohistochemical analysis of markers including CD2, CD3, CD56, T-cell-restricted intracellular antigen 1 (TIA-1) and Granzyme B (2). Primary cutaneous ENKL-NT has an aggressive course and a poor outcome despite chemotherapy and radiotherapy (3). The present study reported on an original case with primary cutaneous ENKL-NT.

Case report

A 64-year-old female patient initially presented with several red nodular lesions on the neck developed over four months. Subsequently, similar multiple erythematous plaques appeared on the patient's face, arms and lower extremities. The lesions were ~4×3 cm in size, protruding from the surface of the skin. The patient did not have any complaints of pain, while having low-grade fever and weight loss of 5 kg before hospitalization. The first cutaneous biopsy in December 2015, at an external hospital indicated inflammatory granuloma. Anti-inflammatory treatment did not improve the patient's condition, while the plaques appeared to suppurate. The patient was then admitted to our hospital (Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China). Ultrasonic B examination showed lymphadenopathy in the left axilla and bilateral groin. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest and abdomen revealed mediastinal invasion and hepatosplenomegaly. The results of a full blood count and liver function tests were within the normal range. Serum lactate dehydrogenase was elevated to 1,148 IU/l (normal range, 200–460 IU/l). The second cutaneous biopsy performed at our hospital indicated ENKL-NT, as cells were positive for CD3, CD56, CD5, CD8, TIA-1 and negative for CD2, CD34, CD7, CD20 and Granzyme B. Analysis of bone marrow aspirate showed no involvement. The patient was diagnosed with primary cutaneous ENKL-NT and was first treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP regimen) (4), but showed no improvement. Subsequently, a high-dose chemotherapy regimen comprising methotrexate, dexamethasone, ifosfamide, etoposide and L-asparaginasum (SMILE) was used. One month later, the patient succumbed to the disease.

Discussion

ENKL-NT has a markedly increased prevalence in East Asia, including China. It usually invades the upper aerodigestive tract, including the nasal cavity in >80% of affected patients. The skin is the second most frequently involved site (5). Patients with primary cutaneous ENKL-NT often present with cutaneous nodules or plaques with systemic symptoms including fever, malaise, weight loss and hemophagocytic syndrome. The identification of ENKL-NT has improved with the use of immunohistochemistry, with positivity for markers including CD3, CD5, CD8 and CD56 being specific characteristics. In addition, patients with ENKL-NT are usually positive for Epstein-Barr virus DNA (6). Staging procedures often include clinical examination, complete blood analysis, CT scan of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis, and analysis of bone marrow aspirate.

The median age of patients with primary cutaneous ENKL-NT is 50 years (7). Primary cutaneous ENKL-NT is an aggressive lymphoma type with poor prognosis. According to previous studies, the majority of patients with primary cutaneous ENKL-NT succumbed within a short time (<1 year) (8). The patient presented in the current case report succumbed within two months of the diagnosis.

In the clinic, early-stage cases (I and II), in which lesions are confined to a single region, are treated by irradiation therapy, following which the prognosis is rather favorable. However, in cases with multiple cutaneous plaques, ENKL-NT has a highly aggressive course, and patients are treated with multi-agent chemotherapies based on combinations of cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisolone. However, several studies have indicated that the efficacy of CHOP against ENKL-NT is inadequate, as disease progression often occurs during CHOP chemotherapy (9,10). In the present case, as the state of the patient was inferior at first, the CHOP regimen was used. However, disease progression occurred during chemotherapy with CHOP. High-dose chemotherapy is recommended (11). After treatment using the SMILE regimen, the plaque lesions significantly improved. However, one month later, the patient succumbed due to disease progression. A previous study has reported on the approach of radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy with the complete remission (CR) rate of 29% (12). The findings of the present and previous studies indicated that the prognosis of patients with ENKL-NT remains poor, irrespective of the treatment modality used.

Acknowledgements

The present study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 31301161, 81670104 and 81270603).

References