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Article Open Access

Silvestrol inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and synergizes with CX‑5461: Insights from a proteomics study

  • Authors:
    • Maelinda Daker
    • Munirah Ahmad
    • Alan Soo-Beng Khoo
    • Lu Ping Tan
    • Siok-Fong Chin
    • Siaw San Hwang
    • Paul M. Neilsen
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor 40170, Malaysia, UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, National University of Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia, School of Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak 93350, Malaysia, College of Clinical Sciences, School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
    Copyright: © Daker et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 95
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    Published online on: August 19, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2890
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Abstract

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a cancer arising from the epithelial cells of the nasopharynx, which is rare in Western countries but extremely prevalent in Borneo and the Southern China region. Present‑day hurdles in NPC treatment that lead to poor quality of life and poor survival include distant metastasis and resistance to chemoradiotherapy. Silvestrol and its 5'''‑epimer, episilvestrol, are compounds isolated from the plant Aglaia stellatopilosa, which is endemic to Borneo. Silvestrol, a protein synthesis inhibitor, preferentially inhibits the translation of cancer‑associated mRNAs. CX‑5461 is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase I that catalyzes rRNA synthesis. The present study sought to evaluate the potential of silvestrol as a new therapeutic for NPC with two authenticated NPC cell lines, C666‑1 and HK1, and patient‑derived xenografts. Concentration‑response profiles were generated for silvestrol, episilvestrol, or CX‑5461 as a single agent or in combination. Cell death and cell cycle progression studies were performed, followed by proteomics profiling. The findings of the present study showed that silvestrol and episilvestrol, in the nM range, inhibited NPC cells and patient‑derived xenografts. While CX‑5461 alone induced S and G2/M phase arrest in NPC cells, silvestrol or episilvestrol synergized with CX‑5461 to arrest NPC cells at G0/G1 and increase NPC cell death. Differential protein expression profiling revealed that silvestrol‑CX‑5461 combination principally targeted processes critical to protein synthesis and downregulated proteins commonly upregulated in NPC, including eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), c‑myc, and Cyclin D1. Combining a translation inhibitor with an rRNA synthesis inhibitor may synergize to prevent the synthesis of proteins that NPC cells depend on for growth and survival. Given that c‑myc, Cyclin D1 and eIF5A are essential in cell cycle progression and cell proliferation, this finding puts forward a promising new synergistic treatment approach for NPC.
View Figures

Figure 1

Flow cytometry analysis of HK1 cells
treated with silvestrol, episilvestrol, CX-5461, or combinations,
at 3 days post-treatment. (A) Percentage sub-G1 in HK1.
The data shows mean ± SEM. Values above each bar refer to the
percentage sub-G1. (B) Histograms of DNA content of HK1.
Events below the G0/G1 peak were labelled as
sub-G1 and encompass dead cells. The x-axis annotated by
FL2-Area represents DNA content. *P<0.05.

Figure 2

Flow cytometric analysis of cell
cycle progression. (A) Percentage cell cycle progression of HK1
cells in the presence of CX-5461, silvestrol, episilvestrol, or
combinations, at 2 days post-treatment. The data shown is the mean.
Values rounded off to the nearest whole number within each bar
refer to the percentage of cells in a specific cell cycle phase.
(B) Representative histograms displaying the proportion of cells in
G1, S and G2 phases.

Figure 3

Flow cytometric apoptosis assay of
HK1 cells treated with silvestrol, episilvestrol, CX-5461, or
combinations, at 3 days post-treatment. (A) Percentage of apoptosis
in HK1 measured using FITC annexin V and propidium iodide double
staining. The data show mean ± SEM. Values above each bar refer to
the percentage of total apoptosis. (B) Dot plots showing apoptotic,
necrotic, dead and healthy events. *P<0.05.

Figure 4

Identification of novel targets of
silvestrol-CX-5461 combination-treatment by differential protein
expression profiling. (A) Venn diagram depicting the number of
proteins significantly downregulated following
combination-treatment in individual cell lines and overlaps between
cell lines, if any. Fold change <0.625; P<0.05. (B) Gene
Ontology terms, according to biological process, cellular
component, and molecular function, of the seven key proteins
significantly downregulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by
combination-treatment.

Figure 5

Validation of selected candidate
protein from differential expression profiling. (A) Western
blotting was used to detect eIF5A in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
compared with nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. β-actin served as an
internal control. The ratio of eIF5A expression to β-actin
expression is indicated for each cell line. (B) Western blotting of
eIF5A in HK1 and C666-1 treated with silvestrol, CX-5461, or
combinations. β-actin served as an internal control. The fold
change of eIF5A expression in HK1 and C666-1 relative to their
respective control is indicated. (C) Western blotting of c-myc and
cyclin D1 in HK1 and C666-1 treated with silvestrol, CX-5461, or
combinations. β-actin served as an internal control. The fold
change of c-myc and cyclin D1 expression in HK1 and C666-1 relative
to their respective control is indicated. DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide;
eIF5A, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A;
NaH2PO4, sodium dihydrogen phosphate.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Daker M, Ahmad M, Khoo AS, Tan LP, Chin S, Hwang SS and Neilsen PM: Silvestrol inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and synergizes with CX‑5461: Insights from a proteomics study. Mol Clin Oncol 23: 95, 2025.
APA
Daker, M., Ahmad, M., Khoo, A.S., Tan, L.P., Chin, S., Hwang, S.S., & Neilsen, P.M. (2025). Silvestrol inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and synergizes with CX‑5461: Insights from a proteomics study. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 23, 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2890
MLA
Daker, M., Ahmad, M., Khoo, A. S., Tan, L. P., Chin, S., Hwang, S. S., Neilsen, P. M."Silvestrol inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and synergizes with CX‑5461: Insights from a proteomics study". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 23.5 (2025): 95.
Chicago
Daker, M., Ahmad, M., Khoo, A. S., Tan, L. P., Chin, S., Hwang, S. S., Neilsen, P. M."Silvestrol inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and synergizes with CX‑5461: Insights from a proteomics study". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 23, no. 5 (2025): 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2890
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Daker M, Ahmad M, Khoo AS, Tan LP, Chin S, Hwang SS and Neilsen PM: Silvestrol inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and synergizes with CX‑5461: Insights from a proteomics study. Mol Clin Oncol 23: 95, 2025.
APA
Daker, M., Ahmad, M., Khoo, A.S., Tan, L.P., Chin, S., Hwang, S.S., & Neilsen, P.M. (2025). Silvestrol inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and synergizes with CX‑5461: Insights from a proteomics study. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 23, 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2890
MLA
Daker, M., Ahmad, M., Khoo, A. S., Tan, L. P., Chin, S., Hwang, S. S., Neilsen, P. M."Silvestrol inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and synergizes with CX‑5461: Insights from a proteomics study". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 23.5 (2025): 95.
Chicago
Daker, M., Ahmad, M., Khoo, A. S., Tan, L. P., Chin, S., Hwang, S. S., Neilsen, P. M."Silvestrol inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and synergizes with CX‑5461: Insights from a proteomics study". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 23, no. 5 (2025): 95. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2890
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